Messrs. D. & J. Henderson about 1829, who in 1830 exhibited a "flint stoneware." Three years later, or in 1833, David Henderson organized the American Pottery Manufacturing Company, "for the purpose of manufacturing the various kinds of pottery at the works already erected." This factory during the next seven years produced ware with a buff or cream-colored body, which was much used. It is interesting to note that these works were the first in America to use the English method of transfer printing in decoration.

About 1843 the name of the factory was changed to the Jersey City Pottery Company, and it is stated by Mr. Barber,1 from whose book the above description is taken, that many of the "best potters of the old school in the United States learned their trade at this factory." The pottery subsequently passed into other hands, and in 1892 the old buildings, which had stood for 65 years and from which many fine pieces of work had been turned out, were finally demolished.

At Trenton. The pottery industry at Trenton, which at the present day has assumed such vast proportions, had its birth probably about 1852, at which time Hattersly's pottery was in operation with one small kiln 6 feet in diameter. Since that time the increase has been steady, but sure, and the events can perhaps be best listed chronologically as follows:

1852. Taylor & Speeler began manufacture of yellow and rockingham ware, adding white granite in 1856. 1853. Millington & Astbury organized first sanitary ware pottery in America.

1853. Wm. Young's Sons began manufacture of C. C. ware in leased pottery located on present site of City Pottery Company works.

1857. Wm. Young leased Hattersly pottery for a term of five years, but later built his own pottery.

1859. Rhodes & Yates. First pottery to make white granite and C. C. ware exclusively.

1859-1891. Trenton China Company.

1E. A. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, p. 117.

20 CL G

1862. Greenwood Pottery Company organized, started by W. Tams and W. Barnard, and operated in turn under name of Stephens, Tams & Co., and Breasley & Co., the present name being adopted in 1868.

1863. Etruria pottery built by Bloor, Ott & Booth; succeeded by Bloor, Ott & Brewer in 1864. Shortly after changed to Ott & Brown. Later it became the Cook pottery.

1863. Coxon & Co. started the Empire pottery.

1863. John Moses founded a pottery.

1869. James Moses bought the Mercer pottery from Mr. Thomp

son.

1869-1889. Union Pottery Company.

1869. James Mayer founded the Arsenal pottery.

1873. East Trenton Pottery Company.

1879. International Pottery Company began operations on site of Speeler's old pottery.

1879. New Jersey pottery organized, but re-organized in 1883 under name of Union Pottery Company.

1879. Burroughs & Mountford pottery established in what was formerly the Eagle pottery.

1879. The Willets Manufacturing Company bought the Wm. Young's Sons' pottery.

1880. Prospect Hill pottery started by Dale & Davis.

1881. Trenton China Company established.

1881. Enterprise Pottery Company established.

1881. Crescent pottery established.

1882. Harris Manufacturing Company began manufacture of porous tile.

1882. Thos. Maddock & Sons took the old Millington & Astbury

pottery.

1884. Delaware pottery started.

1889. Ceramic Art Company organized.

1890. Greenwood China Company started.

1890. Crown Porcelain Works established by Barlow & Marsh.

1891. Imperial Porcelain Company organized.

1892. Keystone Pottery Company began operations.

1892. Trenton Potteries Company began operations and purchased the Crescent, Delaware, Empire and Equitable potteries. Also built the Ideal.

1893. Maddock Pottery Company organized and purchased plant formerly owned by the Trenton China Company.

1894. Bellmark Pottery Company.

1894. Hart Brewer Pottery Company, started originally as Isaac Davis pottery, and passed in turn into the hands of Fell

& Throp and then of the present owners.

1895. Electrical Porcelain & Manufacturing Company.

1895. Economy Pottery Company.

1895. John Maddock & Sons.

1896. Monument Pottery Company.

1896. Artistic Porcelain Company.

1897. Cook Pottery Company.

1897. Sanitary & Earthenware Specialty Company.

1899. Star Porcelain Company.

1900. Diamond Porcelain Company.

1901. Elite Pottery Company.

1901. Acme Sanitary Pottery Company.

1902. Fidelity Pottery Company, successors to the Egyptian pot

tery.

1902. Hudson Porcelain Company.

1903. Morris & Wilmore Company.

In 1852 there was one pottery with one kiln. In 1879 there were 19 potteries with 57 kilns, producing about $2,000,000 worth of wares annually. In 1883 the number of potteries had increased to 23 with 110 kilns and in 1903 there are 41 with 258 kilns.

Up to 1863 the products included white, sanitary, yellow, and rockingham ware; in 1903 they include china, C. C. ware, white granite ware, sanitary ware, belleek, and porcelain.

The technical advances that have taken place in the pottery industry at Trenton have been well summarized recently by Mr. E. C. Stover.1 One of the early improvements was the production of a ware that would not craze, following which came the

1

Transactions American Ceramic Society, Vol. II, p. 147.

introduction of Belleek porcelain by Messrs. Ott & Brewer. Later a superior quality of hotel china was introduced by the Greenwood Pottery Company which at the present day has secured a wide and enviable reputation. The production of a good quality of sanitary ware was another important development, and the manufacture of this has grown, so that at the present day, Trenton is without question at the head of this branch of the pottery industry. The Trenton potter has not stopped, however, at a satisfactory body, but makes successfully the most complicated forms of sanitary appliances, much of this ware being exported.

Still another important advance has been made in the manufacture of fire-clay bath tubs and sinks which are made in one firing. In this line of work Trenton also leads, having the largest single pottery in the world, devoted exclusively to the manufacture of these goods. The product comes into successful com

petition with foreign wares.

Trenton is the most important potting centre in New Jersey, and in fact is one of the two great pottery centres of the United States, East Liverpool, Ohio, being the other. The wares produced at Trenton include table and toilet wares, sanitary wares, ornamental articles, druggist supplies, door knobs, electrical goods, hardware trimmings, washtubs, bath tubs, sinks, etc. The statistics of production are given on another page.

Trenton has assumed its importance as a pottery centre, not because of a wealth of raw materials in the immediate neighborhood, but rather because of its central location as regards transportation facilities, for probably the only New Jersey raw materials used by most of the Trenton potters are sagger and wad clays. The others, such as kaolin, flint and spar, are all brought from other states, as is also most of the ball clay. The sanitary ware branch of the potting trade is the one that has developed most rapidly in Trenton, so that more of this class of ware is now produced there than at any other locality in the United States.

At other localities.-Outside of Trenton the manufacture of pottery is carried on at scattered points in the State, the product consisting usually of either red earthenware or stoneware. Sani

tary ware is made by the Camden Pottery Company, at Camden, and washtubs and sinks are produced by the Perth Amboy Ceramic Company, of Perth Amboy.

The clays used by these other potteries outside of Trenton are in most cases obtained from the Middlesex district.

The following list includes all of the potteries outside of Trenton, so far as the Survey could determine them:

Ironside pottery, Bordentown-Sanitary ware;

Smith & Son, Bridgeton-Earthenware;

Camden Pottery Company, Camden-Sanitary ware;

Julius Einsiedel, Egg Harbor City-Earthenware;

The Fulper Pottery Company, at Flemington, established in 1805 as an earthenware factory, but now making stoneware exclusively;

Chas. Wingender & Bro., Haddonfield-Stoneware and Earthenware;

Marion Pottery Works, Jersey City-Porous cups for batteries;

Dunlop & Lisk, Matawan-Stoneware and earthenware;

Belmont Avenue pottery, Belmont Ave., Newark-Stoneware and earthenware;

Excelsior Pottery Works, Newark-Earthenware;

Union Pottery & Drainpipe Works, Newark-Earthenware;.

Perth Amboy Ceramic Company, Perth Amboy-Sinks and tubs ;

C. L. & H. A. Poillion, Woodbridge;

Rahway Pottery Works, Rahway.

The value of the pottery manufactured in New Jersey in 1902 is as follows:1

Of this amount Trenton produced $5,545,580, which, together with $151,831 of miscellaneous pottery products not enumerated in the above table, was 23.61 per cent. of the entire production for the United States.

'Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, Chap. on the Clay-working Industry.