NOTE 48, p. 202.-Burke's reasoning has been more than justified by subsequent history. Cobden: "Writings," i., 98, more than fifty years after Burke spoke, declared: “The people of the United States constitute our largest and most valuable connection. The business we carry on with them is nearly twice as extensive as that with any other people.” The American official returns since 1850 show that more than one third of the imports came from England, and that more than one half of the exports go to England.

NOTE 49, p. 202.--A curious adaptation from Virgil. Ecl. iv., 26. If, while he was changing parentis to parentum he had omitted poterit, he would at least have left a good Latin sentence. But Burke quoted from memory and was often inexact, not only in the choice of words, but also in pronunciation. Harford relates that he was once indulging in some very severe animadversions on Lord North's management of the public purse. While this philippic was going on, North appeared to be half-asleep, "heaving backward and forward like a great turtle." Burke introduced the aphorism: magnum vectigal est parsimonia, putting a wrong accent on the second word and calling it vectigal. The scholarly ear of North was sufficiently attentive to catch the mistake, and he shouted out vectigal. "I thank the noble lord," responded Burke, "for the correction, more particularly as it gives me the opportunity to repeat what he greatly needs to have reiterated upon him. He then thundered out: "Magnum vectigal est parsimonia.”

NOTE 50, p. 206.—In allusion to the well-known story told at length by Valerius Maximus, lib. v., 7; and in briefer form by Pliny, "Nat. Hist.," vii., 36.

NOTE 51, p. 208.-The whole of this magnificent passage was founded upon very substantial facts. Massachusetts had 183 vessels, carrying 13,820 tons in the North, and 120 vessels, carrying 14,026 tons in the South. It was in 1775,

the very year of Burke's speech, that English ships were first fitted out to follow the Americans into the fisheries of the South Seas. See Quarterly Review, lxiii., 318.

NOTE 52, p. 211.-At the time of the great struggle against the Stuarts. In the Annual Register, for 1775, p. 14, Burke says: "The American freeholders at present are nearly, in point of condition, what the English yeomen were of old when they rendered us formidable to all Europe, and our name celebrated throughout the world. The former, from many obvious circumstances, are more enthusiastical lovers of liberty than even our yeomen were."

NOTE 53, p. 213.-The differences here indicated are fully explained in Marshall's "American Colonies," Story "On the Constitution," Lodge's "English Colonies in America," and more briefly in vol. iv., chap. vi., of Bancroft. It is noteworthy that it was not in the most democratic forms of government that the most violent resolutions were passed, See Ann. Reg. for 1775, p. 6.

NOTE 54, p. 218.-General Gage had prohibited the calling of town meetings after August 1, 1774. The meetings held before August Ist were adjourned over from time to time, and consequently there was no need of "calling" meetings. Gage complained that by such means they could keep their meetings alive for ten years. See Bancroft, vii., chap. viii., and

Ann. Reg., 1775, P. II.

NOTE 55, p. 219.-The "ministrum fulminis alitem" of Horace, bk. iv., ode i.

NOTE 56, p. 227.—In 1766, Lieutenant-Governor Fauquier had written to the Lords in Trade: "In disobedience to all proclamations, in defiance of law, and without the least shadow of right to claim or defend their property, people are daily going out to settle beyond the Alleghany Mountains." Migration hither was prohibited. "But the prohibition only set apart the Great Valley as the sanctuary of the unhappy,

the adventurous, and the free; of those whom enterprise, or curiosity, or disgust at the forms of life in the old plantations raised above royal edicts." Bancroft, vi.. 33.

NOTE 57, p. 233.-Reference is made to the brutal attack of Sir Edward Coke upon Sir Walter Raleigh, the details of which are given in IIowell's "State Trials," ii., 7.

NOTE 58, p. 240.-Milton's " Paradise Lost," ii., 594. NOTE 59, p. 240.-This passage has been much admired for the skill with which Burke excludes the general question of the right of taxation, and confines himself to the expediency of particular methods. But this was in accordance with all of Burke's political philosophy. In his "Appeal from the Old to the New Whigs," he announces the principle which governs him in all such cases: "Nothing universal can be rationally affirmed on any moral or any political subject. Pure methaphysical abstraction does not belong to these matters. The lines of morality are not like ideal lines of mathematics. They are broad and deep as well as long. They admit of exceptions; they demand modifications. These exceptions and modifications are not made by the process of logic, but by the rules of prudence. Prudence is not only the first in rank of the virtues political and moral, but she is the director, the regulator, the standard of them all."

NOTE 60, p. 244.-The pamphlet from which Lord North seems to have borrowed these ideas," was by Dean Tucker, a work to which, Dr. Johnson in "Taxation no Tyranny," (Works, x., 139) pays his respects, and which Burke had alluded to in no very complimentary terms in his speech on "American Taxation." But Mr. Forster, in his Life of Goldsmith," i., 412, speaks of Tucker as "the only man of that day who thoroughly anticipated the judgment and experience of our own on the question of the American colonies." The fact is that Tucker was a "free trader," and was in favor of the establishment of complete freedom of trade, as the best that

could possibly be done with the colonies.

To an account of

Dean Tucker's pamphlets several interesting pages are given in Smyth's "Modern History," Lecture xxxii., Am. ed., p. 571, seq.

NOTE 61, p. 248.-The English settlers in Ireland were obliged to keep themselves within certain boundaries known as "The Pale." They were distinct from the Irish, and were governed by English lords. By an act in the time of James I., the privileges of the Pale were first extended to the rest of Ireland. NOTE 62, p. 249.-In 1612, Sir John Davis, who had been much in Ireland, and knew Irish affairs better than any other person in his time, published a book entitled: "Discoverie of the true Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued until the beginning of his Majestie's happy reign."

NOTE 63, p. 250.-Under Henry III., Wales was ruled by its own Prince Llewellen, who secured the assistance of Henry against a rebellious son, and as a reward acknowledged fealty as a vassal. It was not till Edward I., that the conquest was completed. O'Connell once said: "Wales was once the Ireland of the English Government," and then proceeded to apply to Ireland what Burke here says of Wales."O'Connell's speech of Aug. 30, 1826."

NOTE 64, p. 252.-When the reduction to order of Wales was found impossible by ordinary means, the English King granted to the Lords Marchers "such lands as they could win from the Welshmen." On these lands the lords were allowed "to take upon themselves such prerogative and authority as were fit for the quiet government of the country." About the castles of the Lords Marchers grew up the towns of Wales. Within their domains they exercised English laws; but on the unconquered lands the old Welsh laws still prevailed. The courts, therefore, had to administer both forms of law, and there was consequently great confusion even in the most peaceful times. There were fifteen acts of penal regulation, pro

viding that no Welshman should be allowed to become a burgess, or purchase any land in town. Henry IV., ii., chaps. xii.-xx. In the time of Edward I., the special privileges of the Lords Marchers were swept away. See Stubbs' "Con. Hist.," 8vo ed., i., 514-520, and ii., 117-137; Scott's "Betrothed," and the Appendix to Pennant's "Tour in Wales."

NOTE 65, p. 254.-Horace, "Odes,” bk. i., 12, 27. The allusion is to the deification of Augustus and the superintending influence of Castor and Pollux. The passage was translated by Gifford thus:

"When their auspicious star

To the sailor shines afar,

The troubled waters leave the rocks at rest;

The clouds are gone, the winds are still,

The angry wave obeys their will,

And calmly sleeps upon the ocean's breast."

66

NOTE 66, p. 258.-Milton's Comus," 1. 633, not quite correctly quoted.

NOTE 67, p. 261.-Horace, "Satir.," ii., 2.

"The precept

is not mine. Ofellus gave it in his rustic strain irregular, but wise."

NOTE 68, p. 261.—In allusion to the declaration in Exodus xx., 25: "If thou lift up thy tool upon it [the altar] thou hast polluted it."

NOTE 69, p. 265.—In allusion to a statement that had been made by Grenville. Burke said in his speech on American taxation: "He has declared in this House an hundred times, that the colonies could not legally grant any revenues to the Crown."

NOTE 70, p. 278.-This was in strict accordance with Burke's political philosophy. In a letter to the Sheriff of Bristol, he wrote: "Of one thing I am perfectly clear, that it is not by deciding the suit, but by compromising the difference, that peace can be restored or kept."