He next proceeds to answer the queBion, When and where the C-d-r in C-f gained his honours? by what inftances of military skill and capacity he derived his emoluments? and refers his antagonist to “the united voice of the army which ferved under him, to the glorious teftimony of Prince Ferdinand [xxi. 431. xxii. 170.], and to vanquished enemies who fled before him.

"Junius," fays he, "repeats the complaints of the army against p—————y inluence. Let Junius point out the time then it has not prevailed. It was of the #aft force in the time of that great man, se late Duke of Cumberland, who, as prince of the blood, was able as well as Alling to ftem a torrent which would ave overborn any private fubject. In ime of war this influence is fmall. In eace, when difcontent and faction have he fureft means to operate, especially in his country, and when, from a fcarcity f public spirit, the wheels of government re rarely moved, but by the power and orce of obligations, its weight is always so great.

Juoius is forced to allow that our army t home may be in fome tolerable order; et how kindly does he invite our late e. emies to the invasion of Ireland, by af aring them, that the army in that kingam is totally ruined! (The colonels of at army are much obliged to him.) hough the military talents of the Lord ieutenant, and the diligence and capa. ty of the officers there, make this inredible; yet, (adds Sir William), if om fome ftrange unaccountable fatality, e people of that kingdom cannot be duced to consult their own security, by ch an effectual augmentation, as may able the troops there to act with power en. Minutes and memorandums are neMary. When business is over, these are with their fecretaries, or in their bu Should therefore any infidious man, ther at dinner, or after dinner, importune et perfon to give him fome preferment, hich, from the want of thefe minutes, he ght not then recollect to be engaged, and obtain a promife of it; yet if it fhould pear from the infpection of thefe memoadams afterwards, that fuch preferment pre-engaged, I must again repeat, that fuch a cafe it would be a virtue to break unguarded promife made at dinner, or convivial mirth, and to adhere to the first gement. Thefe things have happened, happen, and may happen again to the temperate men living.

and energy, is the commander in chief here to blame? Or is he to blame, bécaufe the troops in the Mediterranean, in the West Indies, in America, labour under great difficulties from that scarcity of men, which is but too visible all over these kingdoms? Many of our forces are in climates unfavourable to British conftitutions, their lofs is in proportion. Britain must recruit all these regiments from her own emaciated bofom, or more precariously, by Catholics from Ireland. We are likewife fubject to the fatal drains to the East Indies, to Senegal, and the alarming emigrations of our people to other countries. Such depopulation can only be repaired by a long peace, or by fome fenfible bill of naturalization."

Sir William proceeds to his own vindication; and after complaining of the attacks of an invisible enemy, whofe dagger in the air is only to be regarded becaufe one cannot fee the hand that holds it, "mark," fays he, "how a plain, talę fhall put him down."

Junius tells me, that at my return I zealously undertook the cause of the gal lant army, by whose bravery at Manilla my own fortunes were established; that I complained, that I even appealed to the public in print. I did fo; I glory in having done fo, as I had an undoubted right to vindicate my own character, at、 tacked by a Spanish memorial, and to affert the rights of my brave companions. I glory like wife, that I have never taken up my pen, but to vindicate the injured. Junius afks, by what accident did it hap pen, that in the midft of all this bustle, and all thefe clamours for juftice to the injured troops, the Manilla ranfom was fuddenly buried in a profound, and fince that time an uninterrupted filence? I will feveral minifters who have been employ. explain the caufe to the public. The ed fince that time, have been very des firous to do us juftice, from two most lau dable motives, a strong inclination to af fift injured bravery, and to acquire a well-deferved popularity to themselves. Their efforts have been in vain. Some were ingenuous enough to own, that they could not think of involving this diftreffed nation in another war for our private concerns. In fhort, our rights, for the prefent, are facrificed to national convenience; and I must confess, that although I may lofe five and twenty thou fand pounds by their acquiefcence to this breach of faith in the Spaniards, I think

they

they are in the right to temporize, confidering the critical fituation of this country, convulfed in every part by poifon infuled by anonymous, wicked, and incendiary writers. Lord Shelburne will do me the juftice to own, that, in September last, I waited upon him with a joint memorial from the admiral Sir S. Cornifh, and myfelf, in behalf of our injured companions. His Lordship was as frank upon the occafion as other fecretaries had been before him. He did not deceive us, by giving any immediate hopes of relief.

Junius would bafely infinuate, that my filence may have been purchased by my government, by my blushing ribband, by my regiment, by the fale of the regiment, and by half-pay as an Irish colonel.

His Majesty was plealed to give me my government for my fervices at Madrals. I had my first regiment in 1757. Upon my return from Manilla, his Ma jesty, by Lord Egremont, informed me, that I fhould have the first vacant red ribband, as a reward for my fervices in an enterprise, which I had planned as well as executed. The Duke of Bedford and Mr Grenville confirmed thofe affurances many months before the Spaniards had protested the ranfom-bills. To accommodate Lord Clive, then going upon a most important fervice to Bengal, I waved my claim to the vacancy which then happened. As there was no other vacancy until the Duke of Grafton and Lord Rockingham were joint ministers, I was then honoured with the order; and it is furely no fmall honour to me, that in fuch a fucceffion of ministers, they were all pleafed to think that I had defered it; in my favour they were all united. Upon the reduction of the 79th regiment, which had ferved fo gloriously in the Eaft Indies, his Majefty, unfolicited by me, gave me the 16th of foot, as an equivajent. My motives for retiring after wards are foreign to the purpose; let it fuffice, that bis Majefty was pleafed to approve of them; they are fuch as no man can think indecent, who knows the fhocks that repeated viciffitudes of heat and cold, of dangerous and fickly climates, will give to the beft conftitutions, in a pretty long courfe of fervice. I refigned my regiment to Col. Gisborne, a very good officer, for his half-pay, 12001. I rifh annuity; fo that, according to Junius, I have been bribed to fay nothing more of the Manila ranfom, and facri

fice those brave men, by the strange rice of accepting 380!. per ann. and ving up 800!.! If this be bribery, not the bribery of thefe times. A my flattery, thofe who know me, judge of it. By the afperity of Jun style, I cannot indeed call him a flat er, unless it be as a cynick or mat if he wags his tail, he will still growl, long to bite. The public will now ji of the credit that ought to be give Junius's writtings, from the falfities he has infinuated with refpect to my

[By, this explanation the public is informed of the motives of government fo clining a popular measure, which is not obtained without a new war.] Gent. N

Select pieces in Agriculture, N° 1.

Here is not any domestic animal

I ca

than a fow. It comes the fooneft to fection of any creature of the fize, is prolific, and affords great variety of rishment. Its food is in a great meafur offals of the farm-house; and if care taken to provide greater plenty of food a able to them, their number might be gr increafed. If pigs have rings put in nofes early, they may be put to fee lucern, or clover, which they are very of. In Germany the method is to cu with a pair of fciffars the griftly fno nofe, by which alone they are enabl grub up the ground; no harm whatever follow to the pig, for it will feed agai half an hour after the operation. here avoid cenfuring a strange inattenti told of the excellency of parfneps for 1 our country-inhabitants, who have long yet have scarcely ever raised a parsnej that purpose. In Brittany, where they been long in ufe, as well as in Gue and Jersey, they reckon a good crop of neps cqual in value to two crops of w chiefly for the nourishing of fwine a cattle. There is not any food that fa the first sooner, or gives a better reli their fleth. For this purpose they are or boiled a little. The wafte liquors of kitchen are very proper for this pu When cows are fed with them, they plenty of excellently well-relithed which, in the dead of winter, yields flavoured butter; and yet this most plant has been hitherto entirely neglec a food for cattle. The reason feems t

that many people have conceived an op that parfueps are not wholefome food for but I can, from my own experience, as as that of others, affirm that they are wholesome, and more wholesome than haps any other root.

A defcription of the famous COPPER. MINE, belonging to the Duke of De vanbire, at Edon Hill, Staffordshire. Cton bill, that part of it in which the mine is fituated, is of a conical igure; its perpendicular height, next he river Dove, which runs clofe by, is about 700 feet; its diameter from the ame, quite through, about half a mile; he upper ftrata, or mould, is about fteen inches thick, and produces exreding fine herbage, for fheep, and oer cattle, who conftantly grafe on the and fides; and where the declivity #permit the plough, very fine wheat, rley, and oats, are produced in great

enty.

to

This copper-mine was discovered about irty years ago, by a Cornifh miner, bn, in paffing over the hill, accidentally cked up a bit of ore, annexed ne fine fpar, which that metal ufually heres to. On viewing the fituation, id confidering the great height of the Il, he concluded that vast quantities of pper-ore might be found there; and that should be the cafe, no place could more convenient for working it: and erefore be communicated his fentiments d difcoveries to fome adventurers at hburn; who approving the project, plied to the then Duke of Devonshire randfather to his prefent Grace) for a ale to search for copper on that hill. appears by the most authentic accounts, at more than 13,000l. were expended fore any returns were made; and feval of the original adventurers despair g of fuccefs, fold out their fhares at a nfiderable lofs. But the second adventers were more fortunate. After fink ? a fhaft of about 200 yards deep, and wing in an adit, immenfe quantities of pper-ore were found, which continued increase, the lower they defcended, I the termination of the leafe, by which ty confiderable fortunes were acqui

About fix months before the decease the late Duke, (father to his prefent Face), the lease expired, and the whole dertaking fell into his Grace's hands, d has ever fince continued working to west advantage.

To take a view of this stupendous cop-mine, you must enter at an adit at e bafe of the hill by the river Dove, proceed about 400 yards, almoft in threat line. At your entrance, for a VOL. XXXI.

bout fixty yards, it is four feet and a half high, walled up on each fide with good stone mafonry; but afterwards it varies in its height, and rifes in fome places to fix feet. When you arrive at the centre, there is a fpacious lodgement of timber, for landing and receiving the ore from below, which is drawn up by a man at a winch, who generally works naked, and is put into four-wheel waggons that will hold about a tun and a half each. Thefe waggons have cast-brafs wheels, and are run in grooves through the adit, by boys from twelve to fourteen years of age, with great facility.

When on the lodgement, you behold a large hollow over your head, at least 250 yards high; by the fides of which there is a paffage to the fummit, but dangerous to attempt, as the timberworks feem in a decayed state.

Thus far into the mountain, with the aid of lights, it is eafy enough of access. The late Duke of Devonshire ventured to this platform, took a curfory view of the works, gave the miners ten guineas to drink; but returned immediately, not chufing to defcend below. Indeed, fach a horrid gloom, fuch rattling of waggons, noife of workmen boring of rocks under. your feet, fuch explosions in blafting, and fuch a dreadful gulf to defcend, prefent a scene of terror, that few people who are not verfed in mining, care to pass through.

From the platform the descent is about 160 yards, through different lodgements, by ladders, lobs*, and cross pieces of timber let into the rock, to the place of action, where a new scene, ten thousand times more aftonishing than that above, presents itself; a place as horrible to view, as imagination can conceive. — On the paffage down, the conftant blafting of the rocks, ten times louder than the loudeft thunder, feems to roll and flake the whole body of the mountain. When at the bottom, frangers are obliged to take shelter in a nitch cut in the rock, to avoid the effects of blasting the rocks, as the miners generally give a falute of half a dozen blafts, in quick fuccellion, by way of welcome to those diabolical manfions.

At the bottom of this amazing work, the monstrous cavern or vacuum above, the glimmering light of candles, and

Lobs are steps that afcend and defcend within the mines, as ftairs up and down from a chamber.

I

nasty

pasty fuffocating fmell of fulphur and gunpowder, all confpire to increase your furprife, and heighten your apprehenGions.

This fingular mine, in its pofition, fi tuation, and inclination, is different from any yet difcovered in Europe, Asia, Africa, or America. The wonderful mafs of copper ore with which the mountain is impregnated, runs not in regular veins, or courfes; but finks perpendicular down, widening and fwelling out at the bottom, in form like a bell *.

The principal copper, lead, and tin mines, in Cornwall and Devonthire, all di

rect their courfes from the N. E. to the E.

points, parallel to each other, inclining, or dipping to the north or fouth, according to the fide of the hill where they are found. This inclination or dipping is fometimes one foot in fix, eight, ten, or twelve, in

form of the roof of a house: and although thefe veins or courfes fometimes fly off in all directions, only as it were the sports of nature, they fall again at a little distance into their former ftations. The fame is likewife obferved in other mines in England, Scot land, Wales, and Ireland.

The copper-mines in and near the Carpathian hills in Hungary, fuppofed to have been now worked at leaft 1100 years, extend, under ground, in feveral places, ten, twelve, and fitteen English miles in length, employing generally 4000 miners under ground, befides thofe of all ages and fexes above. Their veins, or courfes, all direct from the N. to the E. point, inclining or dipping generally one foot in ten, fome more, fome lefs." Some of these mines are from 300 to 400 fathoms deep; the fhafts are all timbered with great fquare logs of pine, laid one upon another, and pinned together with oak trunels. This method is Atronger and more lafting than planking, which is usually done in fome mines in Eng.

Jand.

The filver-mines at Freiberg in Saxony, upwards of 400 English fathom deep, fuppofed to have been difcovered in the year 1180, and continued ever fince, from whence immenfe quantities of filver have been gotten, extend to a great length under ground, for many miles, in the direction from the N. to the E. points; at different times flying off and aerofs, from N. W. to W. S. W. and back to the S. E. but foon return to their former ftation, inclining, or dipping, to the north; then perpendicular for a few fathoms, till they jet off again to their natural floping polition.

In thofe famous mines of filver, copper, Ipad, and tin, which are in fuch plenty,

Suppose yourself now upwards of 2 fathoms deep in the bowels of a lar mountain, in a great hollow of immer diameter; then fuppofe around you impenetrable wall of lime-tone ro interfperfed with fmall veins of coppe ore, yellow, black, and fome brow intermixed with fpar, marcafite, mund and other fulphureous compofitions, all colours; and at the fame time fig to yourself the footy complexions of miners, their labour, and miferable w of living in thofe fubterraneous region and you will then be apt to fancy your in another world. Yet these inhabitan being trained up in darkness and flave are not perhaps lefs happy, or lefs c tented, than those who poffels the m flattering enjoyments of light and lib ty t. Hence the wisdom of Provider has placed happiness no where to be ho is confpicuous, which, as Pope

or every where.

た

Th

and from whence fuch incredible quanti of filver have, and ftill are imported f the vast empires of Chili and Peru, in N Spain, or South America, which extend bove forty degrees of fouth latitude; in thofe mines which have been form wrought by the ancient Indians, or di vered and continued by the Spaniards, principal veins run from east northerly weft foutherly, and in the northern par the mountains, dip, or incline to the no Thofe that are on the fouthern fide of mountains, dip, or incline to the south, ter a floping position, and keep the fame rections. These are always efteemed by most judicious and sensible Spanish mi as the richest and most valuable. mi whilft the others, which are fometimes fo to jet off, or cross the grand courfes, fcarce worth labour. The more inclin to the northward of the east, so much 1 valuable do they turn out in working. ny other inftances might be produce prove the general pofitions of mines rent from this at Ecton we are now de bing, which is the more wonderful and prifing.

+ It is fuppofed there are no lefs 40,000 working miners daily under gr in the tin-mines in Cornwall; and per as many, if not more, in other work copper, lead, and coal, in G. Bri They reckon above 300,000 miners in den, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, rinthia, Carniola, and other parts of Eu And if we add the many thousands empi in the various mines in South America, diaus, Negroes, and White criminals,

There is no timber made ufe of, except for lodgements, or platforms, ladders, er fleps fet into the rocks, for afcending and defcending into the mine; neither is there any quantity of water to retard the works, notwithstanding it is at least 150 yards below the bed of the river. Four borfes, fix bours each at a common wem or engine, are fufficient to keep the mine clear.

The timber-works about the mine are very ill contrived, and worse executed. In defcending from the principal lodgement you pass thirty ladders, fome half roken, others not half ftaved; in fome laces by half-cut noches, or fteps in the ck; in others you must almost flide on our breech, and often in imminent dan er of tumbling topfy-turvy into the ine; nor are the fhores which fupport se lodgement below in better condition. Notwithstanding the great depth of is mine, (which is the deepest in G. ritain), a little expence, juditiously pplied, would render the approaches to he lowermost part easy to the miners. ot however troublesome the defcent ay be, above fixty stout, well-made llows, work here night and day, fix ours at a time, for one fhilling each an; and although the major part work aked, (a pair of coarse canvas drawers cepted), they are as merry and jovial fet of mortals, as ever inhabited fuch fernal abodes. So much for the interil parts; we now come to the methods drefling, cleaning, and fitting the e for fale.

-

The ore, as before obferved, when nveyed out by the boys, is thrown to ether in a heap; and two men with rge hammers, or fledges, are employed break it into small pieces. This done, is carried in fmall hand-barrows, by tle boys, to a place under a fhed, eted on purpose, to be picked and forted, d is then laid by in different parcels, st, fecond, and worst. This operation performed by little girls from eight to welve years of age, who are furprisingly akk at the work, feparating the vakinds with aftonishing dexterity. om this place, the ore is carried to andoomed to eternal darkness below, over d above thofe employed above ground, may modeftly admit fome millions of h, whofe bread depends on this laborious ployment, and where many thoufands and die, without ever feeing the light

the fun.

*

other large and convenient fhed, where about fifty women fit back to back, on benches, to buck or beat it with flat hammers, ftill keeping every particular fort feparate from each other. The ore, now reduced to a small fand, is again removed to the buddles, for washing, where an old experienced Cornish mant has the fuperintendency of it, as a great deal of the fineft ore would be loft, if this operation is not properly performed. Here then it is curiously washed and cleanted, and afterwards exposed for sale in the open air, in various heaps, ticketed according to the different qualities and quantities. When all is ready, notice is given to the fmelting-houses, whofe proprietors or managers attend, and each bids what price he thinks proper, (generally from 71. to 161. per tun), the highest bidder being the buyer: it is then fetched away at the buyer's expence. The refuse part of the ore, which is not fit for fale, is beat down fmall, and carried to the melting-houfe on the premiffes erected by his Grace, and there run into a regulus, in large pigs or bars, and is then fold from 70 l. to 90 1. per tun. Upon the whole, nothing is loft.

The great advantage to the country round, arifes from the number of hands employed, and the circulation of between three and four thousand pounds in cafh annually, in a place poor and thinly inhabited before this mine was difcovered, but now quite improved, and more than 300 men, women, and children employed winter and fummer, who have proper overfeers for every department, where every thing goes on with the utmost harmony and chearfulness.

The miners, as before hinted, work at two pence per hour, fix hours at a time. Women, by tafk, earn from four pence to eight pence a day, and are paid by measure, according to the quantity of ore they can buck t; girls and boys,

• Ticketing the ore, is taking a couple of handfuls off a heap of ore promiscuously, and putting them into canvas bags, by way of fample; then little labels are fixed to the bags, fignifying the quality of each parcel.

To buck, or buckwork the ore, is a technical term amongst miners, for beating or reducing the ore to a fmall fand. Sometimes when the ore is very rich, it is only broken into pieces about the bigness of a nutmeg; but poor ore is broken small, with flat hammers, or under stamping-mills erected on purpofe, when there is a convenience of water.

I 2

from