fes his governor, and pays no regard to him in matters where his advice is necefLary. Hence it is, that people of the firft rank in Britain, under fuch governors, either quarrel with them in a fhort time, or run over the continent, and come home to Britain as ill-informed, and as ill bred, as they went away. The tutors, or parents, complain of the pupil and gover. nor for all the money they have spent to fo little purpose, when, in reality, they have no right to complain of either the one or the other. Seventhly. The English very often, if rich, pride themselves on keeping an opera girl in Paris. It is, however, to be remembered, that no man that wishes to fee good company fhould go to any place of public refort with an opera girl, or any other girl of the fame ftamp. French noblemen have their miftreffes, but they never go about openly with them. No woman of any character will receive a man that has been feen publicly with his miftrefs. Englishmen should remember, that more delicacy in that refpect is expected from them than from natives. Gent. Mag. Account of the RICE BUNTING, the Emberiza Oryzivora of Linnæus. TH [From Pennant's Arctic Zoology.] Hefe birds inhabit, in vaft numbers, the island of Cuba, where they commit great ravages among the early crops of rice, which precede those of Carolina. As foon as the crops of that province are to their palate, they quit Cuba, and pafs over the fea, in numerous flights, directly north; and are very often heard in their paffage by failors frequenting that courfe. Their appearance is in September, while the rice is yet milky; and they commit fuch devastations, that forty acres of that grain have been totally ruined by them in a small time. They arrive very lean; but foon grow fo fat, as to fly with difficulty; and when hot, often burft with the fall. They continue in Carolina not much above three weeks, and retire by the time the rice begins to harden. They are efeemed to be the most delicate birds of the country. I am informed, that the male birds have a fine note. It is very fingular, that, among the myriads which pay their autumnal vifit, there never is found a fingle cock-bird. Mr Catesby verified the fact by diffecting numbers, under a fuppofition that there might have been the young of both fexes, which had not arrived at their full co lours; but found them all to be females, which are properly the RICE-BIRDS. Both fexes make a tranfient vifit to Carolina in the fpring. It is faid, that a few ftragglers continue in that country the whole year. RICE, the periodical foud of these birds, is a grain of India: it probably arrived in Europe (where it has been much cultivated) by way of Bactria. Sufia, Babylon, and the Lower Syria. The time in which it reached Italy is uncertain; for the Oryza of Pliny is a very different plant from the common rice; but the laft has been fown with great fuccefs about Verona for ages paft; and was imported from thence and from Egypt, into England; until, by a mere accident, it was introduced into Carolina. It was first planted there about 1688, by Sir Nathaniel Johnfon, then Governor of the province; but the feed being small and bad, the culture made little progress. Chance brought here, in 1696, a veffel from Madagascar; the mafter of which prefented a Mr Woodward with about half a bufhel of an excellent kind; and menfe fource of wealth to the fouthern from this fmall beginning sprung an improvinces of America; and to Europe relief from want in times of dearth. Within little more than half a century, a hundred and twenty thousand barrels of rice have been in one year exported from South Carolina; and eighteen thousand from Georgia: and all from the remnant of a fea ftore, left in the bottom of a fack !— Ought I not to retract the word chance, and afcribe to Providence fo mighty an event from fo fmall a cause ? Good and cheap Method of Feeding Horned Cattle. TAke Ake eight quarts of water (cold or warm) to which add a quart of linfeed (and fo in proportion); let this ftand foaking 12 hours, then mix the liquid with a fufficient quantity of chaff cut from good wheat straw, fo as to make the whole moist. Give this in troughs to the cattle, and it will answer every good purpofe that can be produced from hay. By this mode of keeping, the charge of each beat weekly would not exceed 1 s. 3 d. whereas the article would (where perfons are obliged to purchase it) amount to five times that fum and the cows thus fed would produce an equal quantity, if not more milk.To make cattle, fat for flaughter, ufe hay cut into chaff instead of straw. The above method is now made ufe of, with great fuccefs, by a number of farmers and graziers in the counties of Gloucefter and Worcester. [vol. 47. P. 503] Modes Modes of Life and Private Manners of the [From Warrington's Hiftory of Wales.] THE Welsh (according to Giraldus Cambrenfis, who was himself a na tive of the country, and wrote in a period when their native manners were pure and unadulterated by foreign inter courfe) were a nation light and nimble, and more fierce than ftrong; from the lowest to the higheft of the people they were devoted to arms, which the plough man as well as the courtier was prepared to feize on the firft fummons. As they were not engaged in the occupations of traffic either by fea or land, their time was entirely employed in military affairs. They were fo anxious for the prefervation of their country and its liberties, that they efteemed it delightful not only to fight for them, but even to facrifice their lives: and agreeably to this spirit, they entertained an idea, that it was a difgrace to die in their beds, but an honour to fall in the field. That their activity might not be impeded by any unneceffary incumbrance, they made ufe of light armour; fuch as ímaller coats of mail, fhields, and fome. times of iron greaves; their offenfive weapons were arrows and long fpears. Their bows were ufually made of flight twigs joined or twisted together; and though rade in their form, they difcharged an arrow with great force. The people of North Wales were remarkable for fpears fo long and well pointed, that they could pierce through an iron coat of mail; the men of South Wales were accounted the most expert archers. In the time of peace, the young men accustomed themselves to penetrate the woods and thickets, and to run over the tops of mountains; and by continuing this exercise through the day and night, they prepared themselves for the fatigues and employments of war. There was not a beggar to be seen a mong these people: for the tables of all were common to all; and with them bounty, and particularly hofpitable enter tainment, were in higher estimation than any of the other virtues. Hofpitality, indeed, was fo much the habit of this nation, by a mutual return of fuch civilities, that it was neither offered to, nor requested by travellers. As foon as they entered any houfe, they immediately deEvered their arms into the cuftody of VOL. XLVIII, feet to be washed by those who for that fome perfon; then, if they fuffered their purpose directly offered them water, they were confidered as lodgers for the night. The refufal of this offered civility, intimated their defire of a morning's refreshment only. The offer of water for the purpose of washing the feet, was confidered as an invitation to accept of hofpitable entertainment. The young men ufually marched in parties, or in tribes, a leader being appointed to each; and as they were devoted to arms, or given up to leifure, and were courageous in the defence of their country, they were permitted to enter the house of any perfon with the fame fecurity as their own. The ftrangers who arrived in the morning, were entertained until evening with the converfation of young women, and with the mufic of the harp; for in this country almost every house was provided with both. Hence we may reasonably con clude, that the people were not much inclined to jealoufy. Such an influence had the powers of mufic on their minds, that in every family, or in every tribe, they efteemed skill in playing on the harp beyond any kind of fearning. In the evening, when the viators were all come, an entertainment was provided according to the number and dignity of the perfons, and the wealth of the house: on which occafion the cook was not fatigued with dreffing many dishes, nor fuch as were high-feafoned as ftimulatives to gluttony; nor was the house set off with tables, napkins, or towels; for in all thefe things they ftudied nature more than fhew. The guests were placed by threes at fupper, and the dishes at the fame time were put on rufhes, in large and ample platters made of clean grafs, with thin and broad cakes of bread baked every day. At the fame time that the whole family, with a kind of emulation in their civilities, were in waiting, the mafter and mistress in particular were always standing, very attentively overlooking the whole. At length, when the hour of Bleep approached, they all lay down in common on the public bed, ranged length-wife along the fides of the room; a few rushes being trowed on the floor, and covered only with a coarfe hard cloth, the produce of the country, The fame garb that the people were ufed to wear in the day, ferved them alfo in the night; and this confifted of a thin mantle, and a garment or fhirt worn next to to the skin. The fire was kept burning at their feet throughout the night as well as in the day. The women of this nation, as well as the men, had their hair cut round at the ears and eyes. The women alfo, as a head-drefs, wore a large white robe, folding round, and rifing by degrees into a graceful toft or crown. The men were accustomed to fhave the whole beard, leaving only a whisker on the upper lip; they likewife cut short or fhaved the hair of their heads, that it might be no impe. diment to their activity in paffing through the thick woods and forefts that covered their country. In rhythmical fongs, and in extempore effufions, they excelled to a great degree, both in refpect to invention and elegance of ftyle; and for thefe purposes poets or bards were appointed. But beyond all other rhetorical ornaments they preferred the use of alliteration, and that kind more efpecially which repeats the firft letters or fyllables of words. They made fo much ufe of this ornament in every finish ed discourse, that they thought nothing elegantly fpoken without it. There were among the Welsh, what were not to be found among other nations, certain perfons whom they call Awenydhion (a word expreffive of poetical raptures), who appear to have been folely under the influence of the imagination. Thefe perfons, when they were confult ed about any thing doubtful, inflamed with a high degree of enthufiafm, were carried out of themfelves, and feemed as if they were poffeffed by an invifible fpirit. Yet they did not immediately declare a folution of the difficulty required, but by the power of wild and inconfiftent circumlocution, in which they a bounded, any person who diligently ob ferved the answer would at length, by fome turn or digreffion in the fpeech, receive an explanation of what he fought. From this fate of ecftafy they were at laft ronfed, as from a deep fleep; and were compelled, as it were, by the violence of others to return to themselves. Two things were peculiar to thefe perfons; that after the anfwer was given they did not come to themselves unfefs recalled by force from this apparent species of madness; and when they recover ed their reafon, they did not, it is faid, recollect any of thofe things which in their ecftafy they had uttered. And if it happened that they were again confulted about the fame or any other thing, they would speak, it is true, but would exprefs themselves in other and far differ ent words. This property was bestowed upon them, as they fancied, in their fleep; at which time it appeared to some of them as if new milk or honey was poured into their mouths; to others as if a written fcroll had been put into their mouths; and on their awaking, they publicly professed that they have been endowed with thefe extraordinary gifts. This imaginary spirit of divination has been in much ufe in the Highlands of Scotland, and there known under the expreffive term of fecond fight. Pride of ancentry and nobility of family were points held in the highest eftimation among the Welfh; and of course they were far more desirous of noble than of rich and splendid marriages. So deeply rooted was this fpirit, that even the very loweft of the people carefully preferved the genealogy of their families, and were able from memory readily to recite the names, not only of their immediate ancestors, but even to the fixth and seventh generation, and even to trace them ftill farther back; in this manner, Rhys ap Gryffydh, ap Rhys, ap Tewdur, ap Enion, ap Owen, ap Howel, ap Cadwal, ap Roderic the Great. A Welshman was confidered as honourable, if among his ancestors there had been neither flave, nor foreigner, nor infamous perfon. Yet if any foreigner had faved the life of a Welshman, or delivered him from captivity, he might be naturalised, and was entitled to the rights of Welfhmen. And any foreign family, having refided in Wales for four generations, were also admitted to the fame privileges. The Welsh did not ufually refide in cities, villages, or camps; but led a folitary life in the woods. On the borders of their forefts, it was ufual, not to raise great palaces, nor fumptuous houses built with stone; but only to twift together ofier coverings, fuited to the different feafons of the year, with as little labour as expence. They used likewise small boats made of olier, for the purposes of fishing, or of paffing rivers. These were not of an ob long form, had not any beaks, but were made nearly round, or rather of a triangular fhape; and were covered both in the infide and on the outside with raw skins. But fuch was the form of the boat, Modes of Life and Private Manners of the [From Warrington's Hiftory of Wales.] THE Welsh (according to Giraldus Cambrenfis, who was himself a na tive of the country, and wrote in a period when their native manners were pure and unadulterated by foreign inter courfe) were a nation light and nimble, and more fierce than ftrong; from the lowest to the higheft of the people they were devoted to arms, which the ploughman as well as the courtier was prepared to feize on the first fummons. As they were not engaged in the occupations of traffic either by fea or land, their time was entirely employed in military affairs. They were fo anxious for the prefervation of their country and its liberties, that they efteemed it delightful not only to fight for them, but even to facrifice their lives: and agreeably to this Spirit, they entertained an idea, that it was a difgrace to die in their beds, but an honour to fall in the field. That their activity might not be impeded by any unneceffary incumbrance, they made ufe of light armour; fuch as fmaller coats of mail, shields, and fome. times of iron greaves; their offenfive weapons were arrows and long fpears. Their bows were ufually made of flight twigs joined or twifted together; and though rude in their form, they difcharged an arrow with great force. The people of North Wales were remarkable for fpears fo long and well pointed, that they could pierce through an iron coat of mail; the men of South Wales were accounted the moft expert archers. In the time of peace, the young men accustomed themfelves to penetrate the Woods and thickets, and to run over the tops of mountains; and by continuing this exercife through the day and night, they prepared themfelves for the fatigues and employments of war. There was not a beggar to be feen a mong these people: for the tables of all were common to all; and with them bounty, and particularly hofpitable entertainment, were in higher eftimation than any of the other virtues. Hofpitality, indeed, was fo much the habit of this nation, by a mutual return of fuch civilities, that it was neither offered to, nor requested by travellers. As foon as they entered any houfe, they immediately delivered their arms into the cuftody of VOL. XLVIII. feet to be washed by those who for that fome perfon; then, if they fuffered their purpose directly offered them water, they were confidered as lodgers for the night, The refufal of this offered civility, intimated their defire of a morning's refreshment only. The offer of water for the purpose of washing the feet, was confidered as an invitation to accept of hospitable entertainment. The young men ufually marched in parties, or in tribes, a leader being appointed to each; and as they were devoted to arms, or given up to leifure, and were courageous in the defence of their country, they were permitted to enter the houfe of any perfou with the fame fecurity as their own. The ftrangers who arrived in the morning, were entertained until evening with the converfation of young women, and with the mufic of the harp; for in this country almoft every houfe was provided with both. Hence we may reasonably con clude, that the people were not much inclined to jealoufy. Such an influence had the powers of mufic on their minds, that in every family, or in every tribe, they efteemed skill in playing on the harp beyond any kind of learning. In the evening, when the visitors were all come, as entertainment was provided according to the number and dignity of the perfons, and the wealth of the house: on which occafion the cook was not fatigued with drefling many dishes, nor fuch as were high-seasoned as ftimulatives to gluttony; nor was the house set off with tables, napkins, or towels; for in all these things they ftudied nature more than fhew. The guests were placed by threes at fupper, and the dishes at the fame time were put on rushes, in large and ample platters made of clean grafs, with thin and broad cakes of bread baked every day. At the fame time that the whole family, with a kind of emulation in their civilities, were in waiting, the mafter and miftrefs in particular were always ftanding, very attentively overlooking the whole. At length, when the hour of fleep approached, they all lay down in common on the public bed, ranged length-wife along the fides of the room; a few rufhes being ftrowed on the floor, and covered only with a coarse hard cloth, the produce of the country. The fame garb that the people were used to wear in the day, ferved them alfo in the night; and this confifted of a thin mantle, and a garment or fhirt worn next to to the skin. The fire was kept burning at their feet throughout the night as well as in the day. The women of this nation, as well as the men, had their hair cut round at the ears and eyes. The women alfo, as a head-drefs, wore a large white robe, folding round, and riling by degrees into a graceful tuft or crown. The men were accustomed to have the whole beard, leaving only a whisker on the upper lip; they likewife cut short or shaved the hair of their heads, that it might be no impediment to their activity in paffing through the thick woods and forefts that covered their country. In rhythmical fongs, and in extempore effufions, they excelled to a great degree, both in refpect to invention and elegance of ftyle; and for thefe purposes poets or bards were appointed. But beyond all other rhetoricat ornaments they preferred the ufe of alliteration, and that kind more especially which repeats the first letters or fyllables of words. They made fo much ufe of this ornament in every finished discourse, that they thought nothing elegantly spoken without it. There were among the Welsh, what were not to be found among other nations, certain perfons whom they call Awenydhion (a word expreffive of poetical raptures), who appear to have been folely under the influence of the imagination. Thefe perfons, when they were confulted about any thing doubtful, inflamed with a high degree of enthusiasm, were carried out of themselves, and feemed as if they were poffeffed by an invifible fpirit. Yet they did not immediately declare a folution of the difficulty required, but by the power of wild and inconfiftent circumlocution, in which they a bounded, any person who diligently ob ferved the answer would at length, by fome turn or digression in the fpeech, receive an explanation of what he fought. From this ftate of ecftafy they were at laft roufed, as from a deep fleep; and were compelled, as it were, by the violence of others to return to themfelves. Two things were peculiar to thefe perfons; that after the anfwer was given they did not come to themselves unlefs recalled by force from this apparent fpecies of madness; and when they recover ed their reason, they did not, it is faid, recollect any of those things which in their ecftaly they had uttered. And if it happened that they were again confulted about the fame or any other thing, they would fpeak, it is true, but would exprefs themselves in other and far different words. This property was bestowed upon them, as they fancied, in their fleep; at which time it appeared to fome of them as if new milk or honey was poured into their mouths; to others as if a written fcroll had been put into their mouths; and on their awaking, they publicly profeffed that they have been endowed with thefe extraordinary gifts. This imaginary fpirit of divination has been in much ufe in the Highlands of Scotland, and there known under the expreffive term of fecond fight. Pride of ancestry and nobility of famiTy were points held in the highest eftimation among the Welth; and of courfe they were far more defirous of noble than of rich and fplendid marriages. So deeply rooted was this fpirit, that even the very loweft of the people carefully preferved the genealogy of their families, and were able from memory readily to recite the names, not only of their immediate ancestors, but even to the fixth and feventh generation, and even to trace them till farther back; in this manner, Rhys ap Gryffydh, ap Rhys, ap Tewdur, ap Enion, ap Owen, ap Howel, ap Cadwal, ap Roderic the Great. A Welshman was confidered as ho nourable, if among his ancestors there had been neither flave, nor foreigner, nor infamous perfon. Yet if any foreigner had faved the life of a Wellman, or delivered him from captivity, he might be naturalifed, and was entitled to the rights of Welshmen. And any foreign family, having refided in Wales for four generations, were alfo admitted to the fame privileges. The Welsh did not ufually refide in cities, villages, or camps; but led a folitary life in the woods, On the borders of their forefts, it was ufual, not to raise great palaces, nor fumptuous houfes built with stone; but only to twift together ofier coverings, fuited to the different seasons of the year, with as little labour as expence. They ufed likewife small boats made of ofier, for the purposes of fishing, or of paffing rivers. These were not of an oblong form, had not any beaks, but were made nearly round, or rather of a triangular shape; and were covered both in the infide and on the outside with raw skins. But fuch was the form of the boat, |