PAGE 76 77 78 2. An Apology for Smectymnuus, Prose Works, ed. 1843, III, 117-18. Milton was thirty-four years old at this time. 1. The opening words of Dryden's Postscript to the Reader in the translation of Virgil, 1697. 1. The opening lines of The Hind and the Panther. 79 1. Clarinda. A name assumed by Mrs. Maclehose in her sentimental connection with Burns, who corresponded with her under the name of Sylvander. 2. Burns to Mr. Thomson, October 19, 1794. 1. From The Holy Fair. 1. From Epistle: To a Young Friend. 2. From Address to the Unco' Guid, or the Rigidly Right eous. 3. From Epistle: To Dr. Blacklock. 4. See his Memorabilia. 1. From Winter: A Dirge. 1. From Shelley's Prometheus Unbound, 111, iv, last line. 2. Ibid., II, v. LITERATURE AND SCIENCE 87 1. Reprinted (considerably revised) from the Nineteenth Century, August, 1882, vol. xII, in Discourses in America, Macmillan & Co., 1885. It was the most popular of the three lectures given by Arnold during his visit to America in 1883-84. 88 89 91 92 ៩ គ ទ 2. Plato's Republic, 6. 495, Dialogues, ed. Jowett, 1875, vol. 3, p. 194. 3. working lawyer. Plato's Theatetus, 172-73, Dialogues, IV, 231. 1. majesty. All editions read "majority." What Emerson said was "majesty," which is therefore substituted here. See Emerson's Literary Ethics, Works, Centenary ed., 1, 179. 1. "His whole soul is perfected and ennobled by the acquirement of justice and temperance and wisdom. . . . And in the first place, he will honor studies which impress these qualities on his soul and will disregard others." — Republic, IX, 591, Dialogues, III, 305. 1. See The Function of Criticism, Selections, p. 52. 2. Delivered October 1, 1880, and printed in Science and Culture and Other Essays, Macmillan & Co., 1881. 3. See The Function of Criticism, Selections, pp. 52-53. 1. See L'Instruction supérieur en France in Renan's Questions Contemporaines, Paris, 1868. 1. Friedrich August Wolf (1759-1824), German philologist and critic. 1. See Plato's Symposium, Dialogues, 11, 52–63. 100 1. James Joseph Sylvester (1814-97), English mathematician. In 1883, the year of Arnold's lecture, he resigned a PAGE 101 position as teacher in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, to accept the Savilian Chair of Geometry at Oxford. 1. Darwin's famous proposition. Descent of Man, Part III, chap. XXI, ed. 1888, 11, 424. 103 1. Michael Faraday (1791-1867), English chemist and physicist, and the discoverer of the induction of electrical currents. He belonged to the very small Christian sect called after Robert Sandeman, and his opinion with respect to the relation between his science and his religion is expressed in a lecture on mental education printed at the end of his Researches in Chemistry and Physics. 105 107 1. Eccles. VIII, 17. [Arnold.] 2. Iliad, XXIV, 49. [Arnold.] 3. Luke Ix, 25. 1. Macbeth, v, iii. 109 1. A touching account of the devotion of Lady Jane Grey (1537-54) to her studies is to be found in Ascham's Scholemaster, Arber's ed., 46–47. 112 113 HEINRICH HEINE. 1. Reprinted from the Cornhill Magazine, vol. VIII, August, 1863, in Essays in Criticism, 1st series, 1865. 2. Written from Paris, March 30, 1855. See Heine's Memoirs, ed. 1910, II, 270. 1. The German Romantic school of Tieck (1773–1853), Novalis (1772-1801), and Richter (1763-1825) followed the classical school of Schiller and Goethe. It was characterized by a return to individualism, subjectivity, and the supernatural. Carlyle translated extracts from Tieck and Richter in his German Romance (1827), and his Critical and Miscellaneous Essays contain essays on Richter and Novalis. 114 1. From English Fragments; Conclusion, in Pictures of Travel, ed. 1891, Leland's translation, Works, III, 466-67. 117 1. Heine's birthplace was not Hamburg, but Düsseldorf. 2. Philistinism. In German university slang the term Philister was applied to townsmen by students, and corresponded to the English university "snob." Hence it came to mean a person devoid of culture and enlightenment, and is used in this sense by Goethe in 1773. Heine was especially instrumental in popularizing the expression outside of Germany. Carlyle first introduced it into English literature in 1827. In a note to the discussion of Goethe in the second edition of German Romance, he speaks of a Philistine as one who" judged of Brunswick mum, by its utility." He adds: "Stray specimens of the Philistine nation are said to exist in our own Islands; but we have no name for them like the Germans." The term occurs also in Carlyle's essays on The State of German Literature, 1827, and Historic Survey of German Poetry, 1831. Arnold, however, has done most to establish the word in English usage. He applies it especially to PAGE 118 members of the middle class who are swayed chiefly by material interests and are blind to the force of ideas and the value of culture. Leslie Stephen, who is always ready to plead the cause of the Philistine, remarks: “As a clergyman always calls every one from whom he differs an atheist, and a bargee has one or two favorite but unmentionable expressions for the same purpose, so a prig always calls his adversary a Philistine." Mr. Matthew Arnold and the Church of England, Fraser's Magazine, October, 1870. 3. The word solecism is derived from Zoo, in Cilicia, owing to the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of that place. 1. The "gig" as Carlyle's symbol of philistinism takes its origin from a dialogue which took place in Thurtell's trial: I always thought him a respectable man.' What do you mean by 'respectable "?" "He kept a gig." From this he coins the words gigman, gigmanity," gigmania," which are of frequent occurrence in his writings. 119 1. English Fragments, Pictures of Travel, Works, 111, 464. 1. See The Function of Criticism, Selections, Note 2, p. 120 121 42. 66 99 66 1. English Fragments, chap. IX, in Pictures of Travel, Works, III, 410-11. 2. Adapted from a line in Wordsworth's Resolution and Independence. 122 1. Charles the Fifth. Ruler of The Holy Roman Empire, 1500-58. 124 1. English Fragments, Conclusion, in Pictures of Travel, Works, III, 468–70. 125 2. A complete edition has at last appeared in Germany. [Arnold.] 1. Augustin Eugène Scribe (1791-1861), French dramatist, for fifty years the best exponent of the ideas of the French middle class. 126 1. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III), 1808-73, son of Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon I, by the coup d'état of December, 1851, became Emperor of France. This was accomplished against the resistance of the Moderate Republicans, partly through the favor of his democratic theories with the mass of the French people. Heine was mistaken, however, in believing that the rule of Louis Napoleon had prepared the way for Communism. An attempt to bring about a Communistic revolution was easily crushed in 1871. 127 1. J. J. von Goerres (1776-1848), Klemens Brentano (1778-1842), and Ludwig Achim von Arnim (1781-1831) were the leaders of the second German Romantic school and constitute the Heidelberg group of writers. They were much interested in the German past, and strengthened the national and patriotic spirit. Their work, however, is often marred by exaggeration and affectation. PAGE 128 1. From The Baths of Lucca, chap. x, in Pictures of Travel, Works, III, 199. 129 1. Cf. Function of Criticism, Selections, p. 26. 131 132 66 2. Job XII, 23: He enlargeth the nations and straiteneth them again.' " 1. Lucan, Pharsalia, book 1, 135: "he stands the shadow of a great name. 1. From Ideas, in Pictures of Travel, Works, II, 312–13. 2. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh (1769–1822), as Foreign Secretary under Lord Liverpool, became the soul of the coalition against Napoleon, which, during the campaigns of 1813-14, was kept together by him alone. He committed suicide with a penknife in a fit of insanity in August, 1822. 3. From Ideas, in Pictures of Travel, Works, 11, 324. 4. From English Fragments, 1828, in Pictures of Travel, Works, III, 340-42. 133 1. Song in Measure for Measure, IV, i. 2. From The Dying One: for translation see p. 142. 135 1. From Mountain Idyll, Travels in the Hartz Mountains, Book of Songs. Works, ed. 1904, pp. 219–21. 137 138 2. Published 1851. 3. Rhampsinitus. A Greek corruption of Ra-messu-paneter, the popular name of Rameses III, King of Egypt. 4. Edith with the Swan Neck. A mistress of King Harold of England. 5. Melisanda of Tripoli. Mistress of Geoffrey Rudel, the troubadour. 6. Pedro the Cruel. King of Castile (1334-69). 7. Firdusi. A Persian poet, author of the epic poem, the Shāhnāma, or“ Book of Kings," a complete history of Persia in nearly sixty thousand verses. 8. Dr. Düllinger. A German theologian and church historian (1799-1890). 9. Spanish Atrides, Romancero, Works, ed. 1905, pp. 200-04). 10. Henry of Trastamare. King of Castile (1369–79). 139 1. From The Baths of Lucca, chap. Ix, in Pictures of Travel, Works, III, 184-85. 2. Romancero, book III. 140 1. Laura. The heroine of Petrarch's famous series of love lyrics known as the Canzoniere. 142 143 2. Court of Love. For a discussion of this supposed medieval tribunal see William A. Neilson's The Origins and Sources of the Court of Love, Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, Boston, 1899, chap. VIII. 1. Disputation, Romancero, book III. 2. The Dying One, Romancero, book II, quoted entire. 1. Written from Paris, September 30, 1850. See Memoirs, ed. 1910, 11, 226-27. PAGE 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 154 MARCUS AURELIUS. 1. Reprinted from The Victoria Magazine, 11, 1-9, November, 1863, in Essays in Criticism, 1865. 2. John Stuart Mill (1806-73), English philosopher and economist. On Liberty (1859) is his most finished writing. 3. The Imitation of Christ (Imitatio Christi), a famous medieval Christian devotional work, is usually ascribed to Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471), an Augustinian canon of Mont St. Agnes in the diocese of Utrecht. 1. Epictetus. Greek Stoic philosopher (born c. A.D. 60). He is an earnest preacher of righteousness and his philosophy is eminently practical. For Arnold's personal debt to him see his sonnet To a Friend. 1. Empedocles. A Greek philosopher and statesman (c. 490-430 B.C.). He is the subject of Arnold's early poetical drama, Empedocles on Etna, which he later suppressed for reasons which he states in the Preface to the Poems of 1853. See Selections, pp. 1-3. 2. Encheiridion, chap. LII. 3. Ps. CXLIII, 10; incorrectly quoted. 4. Is. LX, 19. 5. Mal. iv, 2. 6. John 1, 13. 2. Matt. XIX, 26. 3. 2 Cor. v, 17. 4. Encheiridion, chap. XLIII. 5. Matt. XVIII, 22. 6. Matt. XXII, 37-39, etc. I George Long (1800-79), classical scholar. He published Selections from Plutarch's Lives, 1862; Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius, 1862; etc. 2. Thomas Arnold (1795-1842), English clergyman and headmaster of Rugby School, father of Matthew Arnold. 1. Jeremy Collier (1650-1726). His best-known work is his Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, 1698, a sharp and efficacious attack on the Post-Restoration drama. The Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus, his Conversation with himself, appeared in 1701. 1. Meditations, III, 14. 1. Antoninus Pius. Roman Emperor, A.D. 138–161, and foster-father of M. Aurelius. 2. To become current in men's speech. 3. The real name of Voltaire was François Marie Arouet. The name Voltaire was assumed in 1718 and is supposed to be an anagram of Arouet le j(eune). 1. See Function of Criticism, Selections, p. 36. 2. Louis IX of France (1215-70), the leader of the crusade of 1248. |