brought to light, and many useful facts and suggestions are elicited. The letters themselves are not always communicated, but abridgements and extracts are given of such as are most remarkable, accompanied with observations by the editor.

The class of Moral and Political Sciences of the Institute, which had been suppressed by the Imperial Government of France, has been revived by Louis-Philippe, as an integral part of the National Institute, under the title of Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. The number of members is fixed at thirty, and those who are still alive of the former members at the time of the suppression of the class by Bonaparte, are to form part of the new body: the names of these individuals are MM. Dacier, Daunou, Garat, Lacuée, Merlin, Pastoret, Reinhardt, Roederer, Sieyes, and Talleyrand. The following seven were elected on the 8th of December last:-MM. Laromiguière, Duc de Bassano, Baron Bignon, Guizot, Berenger, Charles Dupin, and Dunoyer. There still remain seven nominations to be made.

GERMANY.

PROFESSOR Hahn, of Leipzig, has recently published one of the cheapest and most neatly executed stereotype editions of the Hebrew Bible which has ever issued from any press. He has adopted the text of Vanderhooght's celebrated edition of 1705, taking care, however, to correct carefully the errors which disfigure it, amounting, according to M. d'Allemand's account in the preface to his beautifully printed London edition, to not less than two hundred.

We have been much gratified in looking over some numbers of Views of the principal Buildings of Berlin, with descriptive letter-press, by Dr. Spiker, one of the Royal Librarians, who is favourably known in this country by his travels in Great Britain. The plates are well engraved, and the work is remarkably cheap.

Von Raumer is engaged on a History of Europe, from the end of the 15th century, in 6 vols. His object, in this new work, is to furnish an animated and connected view of the most remarkable occurrences of modern history.

The following singular advertisement has appeared in many of the literary journals of Germany: "A young bookseller, who has come into possession of considerable property, wishes to increase and enliven his business by the publication of works of scientific worth and universal interest. From the want of adequate acquaintance, and a certain bashfulness, which renders a personal proposal disagreeable to him, he chooses the medium of a public advertisement. Estimable literati, who may lend favourable attention to him, are requested to forward their proposals and manuscripts, carriage paid, to the address of A. i. Z., care of M. F. Fleischer, Leipzig, who has most kindly undertaken to forward all parcels to the proper address, and to guarantee their safety; and who will, with pleasure, give every information respecting the advertiser. A decided answer, either accepting or declining, is herewith promised, in the course of a few weeks from the time of reception."

ITALY.

ROME.-The latest statistical tables of Italy, give to the Papal government anarmy of only 6000 men. This is a great error, as it appears that the land forces alone amount to three times that number, or 18,000 men, of which thet wo Swiss regiments, which have been lately enlisted, form 4,400. These last, it is true, are not yet fully organized. On comparing this number with the total population of the Roman States, estimated at 2,700,000 inhabitants, (this is 100,000 more than the estimate in our present number, ante,) we find one soldier to 150 inhabitants. In France the population is one to 75. Reckoning that each soldier costs 100 scudi, the Swiss double that sum, we shall not be very far wrong in reckoning the annual expense of the Roman military force at two millions of scudi (430,000l.), a sum equal to one-fourth of the whole Papal revenues. The naval forces are nothing, or next to nothing.

The Jews at Rome form a population of about 3,500 individuals, so crowded together in their Ghetto, that if the rest of the population was in the same state, the city would have a million of inhabitants. Although Leo XII. somewhat enlarged their quarter, space has yet been so parsimoniously measured out to them, that more than 80 families (consisting of from 9 to 13 individuals) are absolutely limited to a single apartment for each. In place of allowing them more room, of which, certainly, there is no lack at Rome, it was simply ordered that in the event of cholera breaking out, a Jews' hospital should be established beyond the precincts of the Ghetto. As a precaution against the disease, and as the Jews are principally rag merchants, and rags are supposed to contain pestilential miasmata, the government could think of no better device than issuing a decree, forbidding every Jew to keep more than a certain number of pounds of rags in his shop, under very severe penalties. This was not all. According to the Rabbinical rites, certain ministers, called Sciattini, are appointed to kill poultry in private houses; to remove the blood and feathers, the truly paternal government of His Holiness established a slaughter-house for poultry, in which they must all be killed and plucked.

Such are the precautions to which the ancient genius of Rome has given birth against the cholera; they are sufficient to excite derision, and to show in its true colours the utter and helpless incapacity of the administration of modern Rome. Another recently issued decree is not less ridiculous. Considering that the puppets wore too short petticoats, the Papal government, in its anxiety for public morals, prescribed the length in which they were in future to wear them, grounded on the grave injury to public modesty which this indecency occasioned.

NAPLES.-A new journal has been recently commenced here, under the title of "Il Progresso delle Scienze, delle Lettere è delle Arti; Opera Periodica, compilata per cura di G. R." The object of which is announced to be to communicate to the Italians and to foreigners a knowledge of the most remarkable Italian works on Science, Literature, and Art, and more especially to inform his countrymen of the contents of foreign works on the same subject. We have seen several numbers of this journal, which appear to be well executed.

Sestini, the celebrated Antiquary, died at Florence in June last. He was born in 1750.

MONSIGNOR MAI, the indefatigable librarian of the Vatican, has published Vol. IV. and V. of his Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio, from the Vatican MSS. In the 4th volume are the Acts, till now unedited, of a Synod of Constantinople, held under the Emperor Manuel, in 1166, and the principal object of which was the definition of Christ's words, quia pater meus major me est. The principal part, however, of the same volume is engrossed by a long and valuable catalogue of the Arabic MSS. in the Vatican Library, 787 in number, divided into four classes: 1. Of Christian Writers. 2. Of Mahomedan MSS., among which are many Korans. 3. Of Christian and Mahomedan mixed. 4. Of the MSS. belonging to the learned Maronite family of the Assemani, and which Clement XIII. purchased for the Vatican library. This catalogue displays a rich harvest to the learned; besides Biblical works, and Arabicversions of the Old Testament, there are works on poetry, medicine, astronomy, and chemistry, sciences, all of which were sedulously cultivated by the Arabians in their palmy days. There are also short catalogues of the few Persian and Turkish MSS. existing in the library. Also two historical fragments by Giuseppe Simonio Assemani, one on the eastern heretical works, and the other on the Christian population of the ancient Patriarchate of Antioch. The elder Assemani had once begun the Arabic catalogue, but published only ten sheets of it. The 5th volume of Mai's work contains the rich collection of Christian Inscriptions, Latin and Greek, from the beginning of our era till the year 100, the work of many years' labour by Monsignor Marini, but which that learned prelate had not time to publish, and which he bequeathed to the Vatican library. The second part of the volume consists of additional Catalogues: 1. Of the Syriac MSS. acquired by the Vatican library, since the Assemani published their catalogue in 1758-9; and, among the rest, those belonging to the Assemani themselves, 202 in number. 2. Of 80 MSS. added to the Hebrew catalogue, likewise compiled by the Assemani, in 1756, with a few Ethiopic, Sclavonian, and Armenian, some Indian, and about 80 Coptic ones; and lastly, two Dissertations, by Giuseppe Simonio Assemani, on the Nation of the Copts, on the Nestorian Controversy, and on the Christian Nations of the East.

Italy has lately lost two of her most distinguished men of science, Scarpa and Oriani. Antonio Scarpa, the celebrated professor of Anatomy and Surgery, died at Pavia on the 31st October last. He was born about 1750 in the province of Treviso; he made himself early known for his anatomical learning, and was professor at Pavia at the epoch of the French invasion in 1796. He then refused to take the oath to the Republic, and was consequently dismissed from his chair. Napoleon, in 1805, having made himself King of Italy, went to visit, among other places, the University of Pavia, the professors of which were duly introduced to him. He suddenly inquired where Scarpa was? The reply was, that Scarpa had been dismissed long since, on account of his political opinions, and because he had refused to take the oaths. “And what have political opinions, and refusal of oaths, to do in such case?" impatiently interrupted Napoleon. "Dr. Scarpa is an honor to the University, and to my States." Scarpa was therefore invited to resume his chair, which he did, and he continued to lecture to a very advanced age, occasionally employing one of his pupils as a substitute. Besides his great fame in the scientific world, his personal character was held in the highest estimation, and he was beloved and revered by his disciples. The principal among his numerous works are: his Treatise on the Organs of Hearing and Smelling, published at Pavia, in 1789; his Tabule Nevrologia, or Plates of the Nerves of the Human Frame, Pavia, 1794; his Essays on the Principal Diseases of the Eyes, 1801; his work on

* For a notice of the contents of the former volumes, see F. Q. R. vol. iv, p. 673.

Aneurism, 1804; and his Treatise on Hernia, Milan, 1809. Scarpa was also a great lover of the Fine Arts, and had formed a valuable collection of paintings by the first Italian Masters.

Barnaba Oriani was the disciple of Lagrange, whom he succeeded in the direction of the Milan Observatory, and in the compilation of the Ephemerides. He contributed, by his observations, to the great map of the kingdom of Italy, drawn under Napoleon, by whom he was made Senator, and Knight of the Iron Crown. Oriani died at Milan in November last. He was the oldest of the living Italian astronomers.

The publication of the Great Italian Dictionary, compiled at Bologna, is now completed in seven large 4to. volumes. It is considered the most perfect Italian Dictionary in existence. The early volumes of it were briefly noticed in this Journal, vol. ii. p. 710.

Bazzoni, a novelist of some talent, author of Il Castello di Trezzo, has published Racconti Storici, illustrative of the middle ages in Italy.

The Italian presses, especially those of Milan, continue to bring forth numerous works of light entertaining prose, novels, tales, sketches of life and manners, and tours. The two friends, David Bertolotti and Defendente Sacch, are among the most active of those who find them occupation. Bertolotti has lately published Racconti e Pitture di Costumi, in his usual easy, flowing strain. Sacchi, of whose skill in the lore of the middle ages we had a proof in his Antichita Romantiche d' Italie,* and who unites facility of style with purity of language, has now published two little volumes of Varieta Litterarie, or Essays on the Manners and Arts of the Present Age in Italy, with Sketches of Distinguished Characters. We observe, with pleasure, in most of these popular works, a manly moral tone; without the least taint of cant, servility, or bigotry, but also without any of that licentious, sceptical, and sneering spirit which disfigures many productions of the light literature of some other countries.

ORIENTAL LITERATURE.

THE benefits conferred on Oriental Literature by the English Society of Translations from the Eastern languages, are highly appreciated by the learned world; but there appears to be a very general wish on the part of Continental Orientalists, that the society should publish the original text along with the translations, that the means might hereafter be afforded of a more critical examination of both.

M. Eliacin Carmoly, Grand Rabbi of Belgium, and Member of the Asiatic Society of Paris, intends publishing, shortly, a new edition of the Travels of Benjamin of Tudela, in Hebrew, from a MS. of the 15th century, and accompanied with notes and a French translation. The whole will be comprised in one volume 8vo.

A translation of Von Hamer's History of the Assassins (Geschichte der Assassinen) into French, is announced for speedy publication.

Mr. Klaproth has published an account of the great Chinese Encyclopædia, which may be considered as a view of the civilization of China from the commencement of the Empire down to 1224. It was first printed in 1322, again in 1524, and again in 1747, and has had several supplements added to it.

* See No. 12, of this Review.

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