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Fifth Avenue New York 34th and 33d Streets Reg. Trade Mark THE LIVING AGE Founded by E.LITTELL in 1844 NO. 3895 MARCH 1, 1919 THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE GERMAN REVOLUTION MANY points about the making of the German revolution are left obscure by the accounts hitherto published in this country. It is, however, possible to reconstruct its history from the official and other documents which have been published from time to time in the German press. This we propose to do, and as the documents are themselves of great historical interest and importance, we shall quote them in full. The first act or prelude in the revolution was the naval mutiny at Kiel on November 5. It spread to Bavaria on November 7, and broke out in the capital of the Empire on November 9. It is probable that Saturday, November 9, was deliberately chosen beforehand to recall the Russian revolution of the previous year. It is still uncertain to what extent the revolution was prepared and concerted; it was, however, certainly not wholly spontaneous. The only statement which we have is one by the Majority Party to the effect that their leaders were for several weeks in close consultation with the factory workers a significant fact when it is remembered that the revolution was actually accomplished through a general strike of factory workers. The truth seems to be that the Majority VOL. 13-NO. 661 Party (and probably many of the leading Minority or Independent Socialists) were, even as late as November 6, opposed to any revolutionary action, but as the military situation became more desperate, they attempted to compromise by insisting upon such drastic steps as the abdication of the Kaiser. On November 4 and 6, the Majority paper Vorwärts was urgently appealing to the workers and warning them against agitators, flysheets, Bolshevism, and 'Russian conditions,' or, in one word, revolution. Then, suddenly, the Socialist papers began to demand the Kaiser's abdication. Even on the morning of Friday, November 8, the Socialist Ministers, Ebert and Scheidemann, seem to have thought it possible that the revolution might be staved off by the Kaiser's resignation, and they issued the following ultimatum to Prince Max's Government: Announcement of an Ultimatum to the Bourgeois Government Issued by the Socialist Majority Party, Expiring at Mid-day on Friday, November 8, Demanding the Kaiser's Abdication. Peace is assured in a few hours the armistice will have begun. Only let there now be no thoughtless acts, such as would cause the bloodshed which has ended at the front to reappear again at home. The Social Democratic Party is exerting all its power to get your demands fulfilled as quickly as may be! Therefore, the Executive of the Social Democratic Party and the Social Democratic Parliamentary Party have put the following final demands to the Imperial Chancellor: (1) Permission to hold the meetings forbidden to-day. (2) Instructions for extreme caution to police and military. (3) Abdication of the Kaiser and Crown Prince by Friday mid-day. (4) Strengthening of the Social Democratic element in the Government. (5) Conversion of the Prussian Ministry to conform to the programme of the Majority Parties of the Reichstag. If no satisfactory answer is given by Friday mid-day, then the Social Democrats will resign from the Government. Expect further news from us in the course of Friday afternoon. THE EXECUTIVES OF THE SOCIAL This ultimatum was to expire on Friday mid-day; as a matter of fact, the time was extended until Friday midnight. But in the interval events moved with great rapidity; and when, in the early hour' of Saturday morning, the Kaiser at last consented to retire into Holland, it was no longer merely a question of the resignation of Socialist Ministers but of revolution. On Saturday morning many workers struck work spontaneously, and at 1 P.M. the following flysheet, calling a general strike, was issued from the offices of Vorwärts: Notice, Calling the General Strike, Published in an Extra Edition of Vorwärts, at 1 O'Clock on Saturday, November 9. GENERAL STRIKE. The Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Berlin has decided to call the General Strike. All factories are to stop. The necessary feeding of the population will continue. A large part of the garrison has put itself at the disposal of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council in units armed with machine guns and rifles. The movement is to be led jointly by the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Independent Party of Germany. Workers and soldiers! See to it that quiet and order are maintained! Long live the Socialist Republic! THE WORKERS AND SOLDIERS' A few hours were sufficient for accomplishing 'the bloodless revolution,' and in the afternoon motor cars dashed through Berlin with the following notice announcing the success of the revolution: Flysheet Issued in Berlin on the Afternoon of Saturday, November 9, Announcing the Success of the Revolution. WORKERS, SOLDIERS, FELLOW CITIZENS! The Free State has come! Emperor and Crown Prince have abdicated! Fritz Ebert, the Chairman of the Social Democratic Party, has become Imperial Chancellor and is forming in the Empire and in Prussia a new government of men who have the confidence of the working population in town and country, of the workers, and of the soldiers. Herewith public power has passed into the hands of the people. A National Assembly to settle the Constitution will meet as quickly as possible. Workers, soldiers, citizens! The victory of the people has been won; it must not be dishonored by thoughtlessness. Economic life and transport must be maintained at all costs, so that the people's government may be secured under all circumstances. Obey all the recommendations of the people's government and its representatives. It is acting in the closest union with the workers and soldiers. Long live the German People's Republic! THE WORKERS' AND SOLDIERS' Then Scheidemann appeared on the balcony of the Reichstag and addressed the crowd in the following speech: |