1673. That the catenarea was the best form of an arch.

1674. Steam engine on Newcomen's principle.

1679. That the air was the sole source of heat in burning: That combustion is the solution of the inflammable vapour in air; and that in this solution the air gives out its heat and light. That nitre explodes and causes bodies to burn without air, because it consists of this air, accompanied by its heat and light in a condensed or solid state; and air supports flame, because it contains the same ingredients that gunpowder doth, that is, a nitrous spirit: That this air dissolves something in the blood while it is exposed to it in the lungs in a very expanded surface, and when saturated with it, can no longer support life nor flame; but in the act of solution it produces animal heat: That the arterial and venal blood differ on account of this something being wanting in one of them. In short, the fundamental doctrines of modern chymistry are systematically delivered by Dr. Hooke in his Micrographia, published in 1664, and his Lampas, published in 1677.

1680. He first observed the secondary vibrations of elastic bodies, and their connection with harmonic sounds. A glass containing water, and excited by a fiddlestick, threw the water into undulations, which were square, hexagonal, octagonal, &c. shewing that it made vibrations subordinate to the total vibration; and that the fundamental sound was accompanied by its octave, its twelfth, &c.

1681. He exhibited musical tones by means of toothed wheels, whirled round and rub bed with a quill, which dropped from tooth to tooth, and produced tones proportioned to the frequency of the cracks or snaps.

1684. He read a paper before the Royal Society, in which he affirms, that some years before that period he had proposed a method of discoursing at a distance, not by sound, but by sight. He then proceeds to describe a very accurate and complete telegraph, equal, perhaps, in all respects to those Dow in use. But some years previous to 1684, M. Amoutans had not invented his telegraph; so that though the Marquis of Worcester unquestionably gave the first hint of this instrument, Dr. Hooke appears to have first brought it to perfection. See TELEGRAPH, and a book published 1726, entitled Philosophical Experiments and Ob. servations of the late eminent Dr. Robert Hooke.

We are indebted to him for many other discoveries of less note; such as the wheel barometer, the universal joint, the manometer, screw divided quadrant, telescopic sights for astronomical instruments, representation of a muscular fibre by a chain of bladders, experiments shewing the inflection of light, and its attraction for solid bodies, the curvi. lineal path of light through the atmosphere.

OOKED. Hamosus. In botany, applied

to the bristle. Ilamosa seta. A sort of pubescence, in which the end of the bristle is curved. See UNCINATE.

HOOKED, a. Bent; curvated (Brown). HOOKEDNESS. 8. (from hooked.) State of being bent like a hook.

HOOKER (John), a learned antiquary, was born at Exeter in 1521, and educated at Oxford, after which he travelled into Germany. On his return home, he married and settled at Exeter, for which place he sat in parliament in 1571. He wrote a Description of Exeter, and some part of Holinshed's Chronicle, besides other pieces. He died in 1601.

HOOKER (Richard), a famous English divine, commonly called the judicions, was nephew of the above, and born at Heavitree near Exeter, in 1553. He received his education at the grammar-school of that city, from whence, by the kindness of bishop Jewell, he was sent to Corpus Christi college, Oxford, of which he was made bibleclerk, and received also a pension from his patron, who recommended him so strongly to Sandys, archbishop of York, that he sent his son Edwin to be his pupil at Oxford. In 1577 he was chosen fellow of his college, and in 1581 he took orders; soon after which, he contracted a most unhappy marriage with the daughter of a linen-draper in London. In 158 he was presented to the rectory of Drayton-Beauchamp, in Buckinghamshire, where he led an uncomfortable life with his wife for about a year. Being found in this situation by his pupil Mr. Sandys, he repre sented his tutor's case so pathetically to his father, that he procured for him the mastership of the Temple in 1585. But this place did not suit Hooker's temper, who was fitted for a country retirement; he therefore applied to archbishop Whitgift for a removal to "some quiet parsonage, where he might see God's blessings spring out of his mother earth, and eat his bread in peace and privacy; a place where he might, without disturbance, meditate his approaching mortality, and that great account which all flesh must give at the last day to the God of all spirits.' In consequence of this application, he was presented to a living in Wiltshire, where he wrote part of his Ecclesiastical Polity. In 1595, queen Elizabeth presented him to the rectory of Bishop's Bourne, in Kent, where he finished that great work, and his life in 1600. James I. had the highest opinion of Hooker's invaluable books, as also had his son Charles, who recommended them to his children; and pope Clement VIII. said of them to Dr. Stapleton, that there were in them such seeds of eternity, that they will continue till the last fire shall devour all learning." His works have been frequently printed in folio, and a late edition has appeared'at Oxford in octavo.

HOOKER, in naval matters, a vessel much used by the Dutch, built like a pink, but rigged and masted like a hoy.

HOʻOKNOSED. a. (hook and nose.) Having the aquiline nose rising in the middle (Shakspeare).

HOOP. 8. (hoep, Dutch.) 1. Any thing eireniar by which something else is bound, particularly casks or barrels (Shakspeare). 2. The whalebone with which women extend their petticoats; a farthingale (Swift). 3. Any thing circular (Addison).

To Hoop. v. a. (from the noun.) 1. To bind or enclose with hoops. (Shak.) 2. To encircle; to clasp; to surround. (Shak.)

To Hoop. v. n. (from wopyan, Gothic; or houpper, French.) To shout; to make an ontery by way of call or pursuit.

To Hoop. v. a. 1. To drive with a shout (Shakspeare). 2. To call by a shout.

Hoof, in ornithology. See HOOPOE. HOOPER (John), a pious English bishop and martyr, was born in Somersetshire, and educated at Oxford. He was for some time a member of the order of white-monks or Cistercians, but having imbibed gospel principles, he quitted them and returned to the university. At the time when the six bloody articles were in force, he went abroad, and married a wife in Switzerland, where he applied assiduously to the Hebrew language. At the accession of Edward VI. he returned to England, and was made bishop of Gloucester, to which was added that of Worcester in commendam. Here he laboured with great zeal till the restoration of popery under Mary, when he was arrested and condemned to the flames at Gloucester; which he endured with great resolution in 1555, aged 60. Some of his letters are in Fox's Acts and Monu

ments.

HOOPER (George), an eminent English prelate, was born at Grimley in Worcestershire, about 1640, and educated at Westminster school, from whence he removed to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1656. In 1672 he became chaplain to Dr. Morley, bishop of Winchester, and shortly after to archbishop Sheldon, who gave him the rectory of Lambeth. In 1677 he became almoner to the princess of Orange, whom he attend ed to Holland. In 1691 he was appointed dean of Canterbury; and in the first year of Queen Anne was made bishop of St. Asaph, from whence he was translated shortly after to Bath and Wells. He died in 1727, and was interred in the cathedral of Wells. He published several books against popery, some sermons, and several miscellaneous tracts, which evince great learning, particularly one entituled, An Inquiry into the State of the ancient Measures, the Attic, Roman, and especially the Jewish. With an Appendix concerning our old English Money and Measnres of Content, 1721, 8vo. All his works were printed at Oxford in one vol. folio, 1757 (Watkins).

Ho'oPER. S. (from hoop, to enclose with hoops.) A cooper; one that hoops tubs.

HOOPING-COUGH. s. (from hoop, to

shout.) A convulsive cough, so called from its noise. See Tussis.

HOOPOE, in ornithology. See UPUPA. HOORNBECK (John), professor of divinity in the universities of Leyden and Utrecht, was born in Harlem in 1617. He understood the Latin, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Rabbinical, Dutch, German, English, French, and Italian languages, and published many works, among which are, 1. A refutation of Socinianism, in 3 vols. 4to. 2. A Treatise for the conviction of the Jews. 3. Of the con

version of the Heathens. 4. Theological Institutions, &c. which are written in Latin. Mr. Bayle represents him as a complete model of a good pastor and divinity professor.

To HOOT. v. n. (hwt, Welsh; huer, Fr.) 1. To shout in contempt (Sidney). 2. To cry as an owl (Shakspeare).

To HooT. v. a. To drive with noise and shouts (Shakspeare).

Hoor. 8. (huée, French; from the verb.) Clamour; shout; noise (Glanville).

To HOP. v. n. (hoppan, Saxon.) 1. To jump; to skip lightly (Dryden). 2. To leap on one leg (Abbot). 3. To walk lamely, or with one leg less nimble than the other; to limp (Dryden). 4. To move; to play (Spenser).

HOP. 8. (from the verb.) I. A jump; a light leap. 2. A jump on one leg (Addison). 3. A place where meaner people dance. (Ains.)

HOP, in botany, See HUMULUS. Hops were first brought into England from the Netherlands in the year 1524. They are first mentioned in the English statute-book in the year 1552, viz. in the 5 and 6 of Edw. VI. cap. 5. And by an act of parliament of the first year of king James 1. anno 1603, cap. 18, it appears that hops were then produced in abundance in England.

HOPS (laws relating to). By 9 Anne, cap. 121, an additional duty of 3d. a pound is laid on all hops imported, over and above all other duties; and hops landed before entry and payment of duty, or without warrant for landing, shall be forfeited and burnt; the ship also shall be forfeited, and the person concerned in importing or landing shall forfeit 51. a hundred weight, 7 Geo. II. cap. 19. By 9 Anne, cap. 12, there shall be paid a duty of Id. for every pound of hops grown in Great Britain, and made fit for use, within six months after they are cured and bagged; and hop-grounds are required to be entered on pain of 40s. an acre. Places of curing and keeping are also to be entered, on pain of 501. which may be visited by an of ficer at any time without obstruction, under the penalty of 201. All hops shall, within six weeks after gathering, be brought to such places to be cured and bagged, on pain of 5s. a pound. The re-bagging of foreign hops in British bagging, for sale or exportation, incurs a forfeiture of 101. a hundred weight; and defrauding the king of his duty by using twice or oftener the same bag, with

the officer's mark upon it, is liable to a penalty of 401. The removal of hops before they have been bagged and weighed, incurs a penalty of 501. Concealment of hops subjects to the forfeiture of 201. and the concealed hops; and any person who shall privately convey away any hops with intent to defraud the king and owner, shall forfeit 5s. a pound. And the duties are required to be paid within six months after curing, bagging, and weighing, on pain of double duty, two-thirds to the king and one-third to the informer. No common brewer, &c. shall use any bitter ingredient instead of hops, on pain of 201. Hops which have paid the duty may be exported to Ireland; but by 6 Gieo. II. cap. 11, there shall be no drawback; and by 7 Geo. II. cap. 19, no foreign hops shall be landed in Ireland. Notice of bagging and weighing shall be sent in writing to the officer on pain of 501.6 Geo. III. cap. 21. And by 14 Geo. III. cap. 68, the officer shall, on pain of 51. weigh the bags or pockets, and mark on them the true weight or tare, the planter's name and place of abode, and the date of the year in which such hops were grown; and the altering or forging, or obliterating such mark, incurs a forfeiture of 101. The owners of hops shall keep at their casts, &c. just weights and scales, and permit the officer to use them, on pain of 201. 6 Geo. III. cap. 21. And by 10 Geo. III. cap. 44, a penalty of 1001. is inflicted for false scales and weights. The owners are allowed to use casks instead of bags, under the same regulations, 6 Geo. III. cap. 21. If any person shall mix with hops any drug to alter the colour or scent, he shall forfeit 51. a hundred weight. If any person shall unlawfully and maliciously cut hop-binds growing on poles in any plantation, he shall be guilty of felony without benefit of clergy. 6 Geo. II. cap. 37. By a late act, five per cent. is added to the duties on hops.

To Hop. v. a. (from the noun.) To impregnate with hops (Arbuthnot).

HOP (Horn-beam), in botany. See CAR

PINUS.

HOP-TOPS. The young sprouts of the hop plant; plucked when only a foot above the ground, and boiled, they are eaten with butter as a delicacy, and are very wholesome.

HOPE. 8. (hopa, Saxon.) 1. Expectation of some good; an expectation indulged with pleasure (Locke). 2. Confidence in a future event, or in the future conduct of any person (Ecclus). 3. That which gives hope. (Shak.) 4. The object of hope (Dryden).

Hope, says Dr. Cogan, is the encourage. ment given to desire; the pleasing expect ancy that its object shall be obtained. With out this affection, desire would sink into despondency; like a simple wish, it would remain inactive, and prey upon itself; producing perpetual uneasiness, destitute of any advantage. Hope is so pleasing, and so in vigorating an affection, that it is emphatically styled the Balm of Life. It preserves

the mind from stagnating in its present possessions, corrects the uneasiness of desire, and animates it to struggle with the difficulties it may have to encounter. Hope possesses the happy secret of anticipating the good we desire. By the pleasing sensation it communicates, we already taste the pleasures we seek. Where the object has not been of the first importance, the pleasures of hope have frequently been experienced to surpass those of actual possession: for the imagination is in this affection solely occupied by the supposed advantages and eligible qualities of its object, without attending to any of its imperfections. In its general operation, the indulgence of hope is mixed with certain portions of doubt and solicitude; but when doubt is removed, and the expectation becomes sanguine, hope rises into joy, and has been known to produce transports and ecstacies, equally with the full accomplishment of ardent desires. Thus, according to the degrees of force with which it affects the mind, it may be considered either as an affection or a passion.

As to the medical influence of hope, it has a tendency to calm the troubled action of the vessels, to check and soothe the violent and irregular impetus of the nervous system, and administer a beneficial stimulus to the oppressed and debilitated powers of nature. Hence it has been the constant praetice of physicians to support the hopes of their patients in the most alarming diseases of almost every description. But it is peculiarly beneficial in those disorders which proceed from fear, sorrow, and every spe cies of anxiety, or which occasion a great prostration of strength, and dejection of spirits. In intermittent and pestilential fevers, various chronic complaints, the most efficacious remedies have proved inert if administered to persons destitute of hope; while an unmeaning farrago, which could scarcely be deemed innocent, taken with a confidence of success, has exceeded in its ethcacy the utmost efforts of the most skilful practitioner.

Hope, therefore, demands a place among the medicaments, which are the mildest and most grateful in their operations, and exhilarating in their effects (Cogan on the Passions, p. 283.

HOPE a small river in Essex, which rises near Laindon Hills, and enters the Thames below Mucking.

HOPE. 8. Any sloping plain between the ridges of mountains (Ainsworth).

To HOPE. v. n. (from the noun.) 1. To live in expectation of some good (Tay). 2. To place confidence in another (Psalms).

To HOPE. v. a. To expect with desire. (Dry.) HOPE (Dr. John) was the son of respectable surgeon at Edinburgh, where he was born in 1725. After the usual grammatical education, he entered on the study of physic at his native place. He afterwards went to Paris, and attended the lectures of the cele

in the reign of Augustus, was the grandson of a freedman, and was born at Venusium 64 B. C. He had the best masters in Rome, after which he completed his education at Athens. Having taken up arms, he embraced the party of Brutus and Cassius, but left his shield at

the battle of Philippi. Some time after, he gave himself up entirely to the study of polite literature and poetry. His talents soon made him known to Augustus and Maecenas, who had a particular esteem for him, and loaded him with favours. Horace also contracted a strict friendship with Agrippa, Pollio, Virgil, and all the other great men of his time. He lived without ambition, and led a tranquil and agreeable life with his friends; but was subject to a defluction in his eyes. He died at the age of 57. There are still extant his odes, epistles, satires, and art of poetry; of which there have been a great number of editions. The best have been

commonly reckoned those of the Louvre, in 1612, folio; of Paris, 1691, quarto; of Cambridge, in 1699; and that with Bentley's emendations, printed at Cambridge in 1711; but we cannot omit to mention Pine's edition of 1733; Foulis, 1741; the sumptuous edition of Dr. Combe and the late Rev. Henry Homer, published in 4to. 1792; the elegant and correct duodecimo edition of Wakefield, 1791; the magnificent folio edition from Didot's press, published at Paris in 1799; and the elaborate and excellent octavo edition of Mitscherlich, published at Leipsic

in 1800.

HORDE, in geography, is used for a company of wandering people, which have no settled habitation, but stroll about, dwelling in waggons or under tents, to be ready to shift as soon as the herbage, fruit, and the present province is eaten bare: such are several tribes of the Tartars.

HORDEOLUM (Hordcolum, i, n. a dim. of hordeum). An inflammatory tubercle, similar to a small boil, in the margin of the eyelids, somewhat resembling a barley corn, and thence deriving its name.

HORDEUM (Hordeum, i, n. ab horrore arista, from the unpleasantness of its beard to the touch). In botany, Barley.

In botany a genus of the class triandria, order digynia. Calyx lateral, two valved, one flowered, growing three together. Nine species, all of which are common to Europe, and the greater number to the meadows, road-sides, or marshes of our own country. Those in most common use are as follows:

1. H. distichum, summer barley. It bears flat ears, divided into two rows, containing large grains, and grows wild in Tartary, on the banks of the Samara; in the vicinity of Babylon; and in Sicily. This species requires a loose rich soil, and must be sown in dry weather, in April; there are two

varieties:

a. II. distichum nudum, the large naked barley, bearing smooth, heavy grains, that aflord excel lent flour, which, when mixed with that of rye,

The

makes a very palatable nourishing bread, and may therefore be used for puddings and pastry. beer brewed of it is of a superior richness and flavour; it likewise yields, on distillation, a greater proportion of spirituous liquor than rye; hence it deserves to be preferably cultivated.

which often produces ten stalks, with broad dark green C. H. frutescens, bushy barley, one grain of leaves; it is sown late, and generally about Midsum mer; soon ripens; is more prolific, but produces smaller grains than the former variety, and easily degenerates. The Germans sow it very thinly, and in a moist heavy soil.

2. H. vulgare; common barley of four rows. It is productive of longer, though thinner ears and grains, than the first species; and as it thrives well on inferior soils, it is frequently cultivated in preference to the former. In various parts of Germany, and especially in Thuringia, the common barley is very generally sown in autumn, and is not affected by

the severest winters.

A variety of this species is the H. cœleste, or the Wallachian barley, also called Egyptian corn. It produces ears and fruit in every respect similar to the former, except that it easily sheds its grains; from which excellent bread is made in Germany, as likewise cakes, groats, &c. Its sowing time is the month of April, when it is deposited in a well-manured middle kind of soil.

3. H. hexastichon, or six rowed barley. This sort is uncommonly fruitful, so that it is said to produce one-third more in quantity than any other species (except the next following); though, in ordinary seasons, the grains of two of the rows do not attain to maturity. It is sown in a well-preabout Michaelmas; in the former case, it may pared and tolerably rich soil, either in April or be mowed so early as Midsummer-day. This species, however, is not so proper for malting and brewing beer, as for being reduced either to groats and flour, or converted into ardent spirits.

4. H. Zeocriton, or bearded barley, or rice barley, with short and coarse stalks, as likewise short though broad ears, divided into two rows. When cultivated on a good soil, and thinly sown, it is the most productive of all the species of barley, and possesses the additional advantage, that it does not droop its ears nor lodge, even in rainy seasons. Each row contains from twelve to fifteen small grains : these yield an excellent white flour, which, for most culinary purposes, may be substituted for that of wheat. In England, the best home-brewed ale is produced from this grain; for the culture of which, we shall give a few directions in the sequel.

5. H. murinum, wall barley; a native, though uncultivated English plant, which grows generally on the sides of roads, walls, &c. Its blossoms appear in May and June: horses and cows are particularly fond of it.

6. II. pratense, meadow barley, grows on pastures, meadows, near the roads, hedges, &c.; blossoms in June and July, and is an agreeable fodder to all kinds of cattle.

7. H. maritimum, sea barley; the production of pasture grounds and gravelly shores.

Cultivation. Barley, in general, requires a dry, light, mellow and rich soil: hence extraordinary care is requisite where it is to be sown in clay. Immediately after the foregoing crop is removed, the land ought to be ploughed;