IAMBUS, in the Greek and Latin prosody, a poetical foot, consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one; as in

Oes hew, Dei, mēās.

Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus, as Horace expresses it; who also calls the iambus, a swift, rapid foot, pes citus.

The word, according to some, took its rise from Iambus, the son of Pan and Echo, who invented this foot; or, perhaps, who only used sharp-biting expressions to Ceres, when af flicted for the death of Proserpine. Others rather derive it from the Greeks, venenum, poison; or from 16 maledico, 1 rail or revile; because the verses composed of iambuses were at first only used in satire.

JAMES (St.), the Great, the son of Zebedee and Salome, was called to the apostleship with his brother John the Evangelist, while they were mending their nets with their father. He was put to death by Herod Agrippa, A.D. 44 (Watkins).

JAMES (St.), the Less, another apostle of Jesus Christ. He obtained the name of Just, on account of his virtues. He was the first bishop of Jerusalem, and was put to death at the instigation of Ananias the high-priest, A. D. 62. There is among the canonical epistles an excellent one by this apostle, addressed to the dispersed Israelites (Watkins).

JAMES VI. of Scotland, and the first of England, was the son of Henry Stuart by Mary daughter of James V. and was born in 1566. The year following he was proclaimed king on the forced resignation of his mother, and in 1603 he succeeded queen Elizabeth on the English throne. A plot was soon after discovered, to have seized upon him and prince Henry, for which lords Cobham and Grey, and sir Walter Raleigh, were apprehended and indicted. But the year following a more dreadful one was providentially found out, which had been devised by some desperate papists to blow up the king, the prince, and parliament, while his majesty was delivering his speech from the throne. For this several persons were executed. In 1666 he established episcopacy in Scotland, and made peace with Spain. In 1612 his son, the excellent prince Henry, died, and in the same year his daughter was married to Frederic the elector palatine. James stretched the prerogative as far as he could well go, and left the consequences to be rued by his son Charles, whom he impru dently suffered to visit Spain to marry the infanta. One of the greatest blots of his reign was the execution of sir Walter Raleigh, fifteen years after sentence. James was a man of learning, which he owed to his tutor George Buchanan. He died at Theobalds in 1625, and was interred at Westminster. The court flatterers called him the Solomon of the age, and the same title was given to him by archbishop Williams in his funeral sermon. James wrote many books; as, a Commentary on the Revelations, in which he calls the pope

antichrist; Basilicon Doron, or advice to his son; Dæmonology, or a Discourse on Witchcraft; a Counterblast against Tobacco, &c. all of which were printed in 1 vol. folio (Watkins).

JAMES II. king of England, was the second son of Charles I. and was born at London in 1633, and immediately created duke of York. He resided during the Usurpation in France, where he imbibed the principles of popery. At the Restoration he returned to England, and married secretly Anne Hyde, daughter of the earl of Clarendon. In the Dutch war he signalized himself as commander of the English fleet, and shewed great skill and bravery. On the death of his first wife he married the princess of Modena. He succeeded his brother in 1684, but his zeal for his religion leading him into measures subversive of the constitution, the prince of Orange, who had married his daughter Mary, was called over, and the king, finding himself abandoned by all his friends, withdrew to France, where he died at St. Germains in 1701. His son James, commonly called the Pretender, died at Rome in 1766. His son Charles Edward, who invaded Scotland in 1745, died in 1788. Henry Benedict Stuart, cardinal York, was the last surviving branch of this unfortunate race (Watkins).

JAMES (Dr. Robert), an English physician of great eminence, and particularly distinguished by the preparation of a most excellent fever-powder, was born at Kinverston in Staffordshire, A. D. 1703: his father was a major in the army, his mother a sister of Sir Robert Clarke. He was of St. John's college in Oxford, where he took the degree of A. B. and afterwards practised physie at Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birmingham successively. Then he removed to London, and became a licentiate in the college of physicians; but in what years we cannot say. At London, he applied himself to writing as well as practising physic; and published a Medicinal Dictionary in 3 vols. folio, and many lesser works.

JAMES'S DAY (St.), a festival of the christian church, observed on the 25th of July, in honour of St. James the greater.

JAMES (Epistle of St.), a canonical book of the New Testament, being the first of the Catholic or General Epistles; which are so called because they are not written to one but to several christian churches. See EPISTLE.

This general epistle is addressed partly to the believing and partly to the infidel Jews; and is designed to correct the errors, soften the ungoverned zeal, and reform the indecent behaviour of the latter; and to comfort the former under the great hardships either they were then suffering, or were shortly after to suffer, for the sake of Christianity.

JAMES'S POWDER, a medicine prepared by Dr. James, of which the basis has been long known to chemists, though the particular receipt for making it lay concealed, till made public by Dr. Monro in his Medical and

Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The following (Dr. Monro informs us) is a copy of the receipt, extracted from the Records of Chancery; the inventor, when he took out a patent for selling his powder, having sworn, in the most solemn manner, that it was the true and genuine receipt for preparing it:

"Take antimony, calcine it with a continued protracted heat, in a flat, unglazed earthen vessel, adding to it from time to time a sufficient quantity of any animal oil and salt, well dephlegmated; then boil it in melted nitre for a considerable time, and separate the powder from the nitre, by dissolving it in

water."

This extract Dr. Monro accompanies with the following observations. "When the Doctor first administered his powder, he used to join one grain of the following mercurial preparation to thirty grains of his antimonial powder; but in the latter part of his life he often declared that he had long laid aside the addition of the mercurial. His mercurial, which be called a pill, appears by the records of chancery to have been made in the following manner: Purify quicksilver by distilling it nine times from an amalgam, made with martial regulus of antimony, and a proportional quantity of sal ammoniac; dissolve this purified quicksilver in spirit of nitre, evaporate to dryness, calcine the powder till it becomes of a gold-colour; burn spirits of wine upon it, and keep it for use.' Dr. James, at the end of the receipt given into chancery, says, The dose of these medicines is uncertain; but in general thirty grains of the antimonial and one grain of the mercurial is a moderate dose. Signed and sworn to by Robert James,'

6

There is the greatest reason to believe, however, that the medicine sold subsequent to the recording of this receipt in chancery, was not made conformably to it. From an analysis made by Dr. Higgins, the London college have introduced into their new Pharmacopoeia, an imitation of Dr. James's powder, under the title of PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS, which see.

"It has been called Dr. James's Fever Powder (continues Dr. Monro), and many have believed it to be a certain remedy for fevers, and that Dr. James had cured most of the patients whom he attended, and who recovered, by the use of this powder. But the bark, and not the antimonial powder, was the remedy which Dr. James almost always trusted to for the cure of fevers: he gave his powders only to clear the stomach and bowels: and after he had effected that, he poured in the bark as freely as the patient could swallow it. The Doctor believed all fevers to be more or less of the intermitting kind; and that if there was a possibility of curing a fever, the bark was the remedy to effectuate the cure; for if the fever did not yield to that, he was sure that it would yield to no other remedy whatever, as he has more than once declared to me when I have attended patients in fevers along with him."

JAMES ISLAND, an island of Africa, 30 miles up the river Gambia. It is about a

mile in circuit: on it the English have a fort and factory.

JAMES RIVER, a fine river of Virginia, which enters the Chesapeak bay, near Hamp

ton.

JAMES TOWN, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Leitrim, seated on the Shannon. Lat. 53. 51 N. Lon. 8. 29 W.

JAMYN (Amadis), a French poet, who was secretary and private reader to Charles IX. and died about 1585. Besides his poetical works, he wrote some academical discourses in prose, and completed the translation of the Iliad into French verse, which had been left imperfect by Salel.

JANEIRO. See RIO JANEIRO.

To JANGLE. v. n. (jangler, French.) To altercate; to quarrel; to bicker in words. To JANGLE. v. a. To make to sound untuneably (Prior).

JANGLER. s. (from jungle.) A wrangling, chattering, noisy fellow.

JANICULUM & IANICULARIUS MONS, one of the seven hills at Rome, joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel. It is famous for the burial of king Numa and the poet Italicus. Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators took refuge there in the civil wars to avoid the resentment of Octavius. Liv. &c.

JA'NIZARY. 8. (a Turkish word.) One of the guards of the Turkish king (Waller).

JÄNNA, a territory of Turkey in Europe, in Macedonia, bounded on the S. by Livadia, on the W. by Albania, and on the E. by the Archipelago. It is the Thessalia of the ancients, and Larissa is the capital.

JANNA, a town in the province of Janna. Lat. 39. 48 N. Lon. 21. 36 E.

JANOWITZ, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaushim. Lat. 49. 45 N. Lon. 15. 38 E.

JANSEN (CORNELIUS), bishop of Ypres, one of the most learned divines of the 17th century, and principal of the sect called from his name Jansenists. He was born in Holland of Catholic parents, and studied at Louvain. Being sent to transact some business of consequence relating to the university, into Spain, the Catholic king, viewing with a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, engaged him to write a book to expose the French to the Pope as no good Catholics, since they made no scruple of forming alliances with Protestant states. Jansen performed this task in his Mars Gallicus; and was rewarded with a mitre, being promoted to the see of Ypres in 1635. He had, among other writings, before this, maintained a controversy against the Protestants upon the points of grace and predestination; but his Augustinus was the prin cipal labour of his life, on which he spent above 20 years. See the next article.

JANSENISTS, in church history, a sect of the Roman Catholics in France, who follow the opinions of Jansen in relation to grace and predestination.

gates of the temple. This ceremony was but seldom performed; for this temple continued open during the space of seven hundred and twenty-four years, till the time of Augustus, who took possession of Egypt. This temple was shut but three times; the first time was during the reign of Numa Pompilius; the second in the time of the consulate of Titus Manlius Torquatus, and C. Attilius Balbus, seven or eight years after the first Punic war; and the third time was about seven hundred and twenty-four years after the foundation of Rome, nine-and-twenty years before the birth of our Lord, and towards the end of the reign of Augustus.

The new consuls took possession of their office in this temple; wherefore it was said that they opened the year.

The second temple of Janus was built by Cn. Duillius in the herb-market, after the first Carthaginian war; but being half ruined, it was built again by the emperor Tiberius, as Tacitus says.

The third temple was erected under the name of Janus Quadrifrons, some say by Numa, and others by Augustus, in the ox-market, in a little valley called Velabrum, betwixt the capitol and Mount Aventinus. Marlianus affirms, that this temple was built neither by Numa, nor Augustus, because in his time it was still almost entire; it being incredible it had lasted so long, had it been built by one of them. However, it may be said that it was built by Numa, and rebuilt by Augustus. This temple was of a square figure, of the Ionic order, all marble, dedicated to Janus Quadrifrons, or four-faced.

The Romans, after taking the city of Faleria in Tuscany, having found a statue of Janus with four faces, made one after its likeness for the city of Rome, and erected them a temple with four fronts; and twelve altars, to represent the four seasons, and the twelve months of the year.

JAO-TCHEOU-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the river

Po.

JAPAN, a large empire in the most eastern part of Asia. It is composed of several islands which lie between the latitudes of 30 and 40 N. and the longitudes of 130 and 144 E. The chief of these islands, called Niphon, was discovered in 1542, by the Portuguese, who were cast on shore by a tempest. The whole empire is divided into seven principal countries, which are subdivided into 70 provinces. It is the rich est country in the world for gold, and the air and water are very good. It produces a great deal of rice, which they reap in September; and millet, wheat, and barley, which they get in in May. Cedars are common, and so large that they are proper for the masts of ships and columns for temples. They have a large quantity of porcelain, silk, and skins; as also red pearls, which are not in less esteem than the white. In short, Japan is accounted one of the best countries in Asia. The inhabitants are naturally ingenious, and have a happy memory; but their manners are diametrically op

posite to those of the Europeans. Our common drinks are cold, and theirs are all hot; we uncover the head out of respect, and they the feet; we are fond of white teeth, and they of black; we get on horseback on the left side, and they on the right; and they have a language so peculiar that it is understood by no other nation. The sciences are highly esteemed among them, and they have several schools at different places. Those they study most, are arithmetic, rhetoric, poetry, history, and astronomy. Some of their schools at Meaco have each 3 or 4000 scholars. They treat the women with great severity, and punish adultery with death; yet a man may take as many wives as he pleases. The Japanese are naturally good soldiers, and skilful at shooting with a bow: however, as they inhabit nothing but islands, they are seldom at war with their neighbours. They formerly carried on a trade with the neighbouring countries, but now all communication with others is forbidden, especially with Christians; for they do not look upon the Dutch to be such. Their emperor is called Dairo; and in the minority of one of them, in 1150, when they had civil wars, one of the competitors for the crown assumed the ecclesiastical government, retaining the same title; while the other, who ruled in civil affairs, was called Cuba; and things have remained on the same footing to this day. The Dairo is the chief emperor, and confers the dignity upon the other, as if he were his vassal. He resides at Meaco, and has no lands: but he has a right of selling titles and dignities. His army generally consists of 100,000 foot, and 20,000 horse, exclusive of those maintained by his vassals. His ordinary revenue is immense. The palace of the emperor is at Jeddo in the island of Niphon, and it is the capital of the whole. The inhabitants trade with none but the Chinese, Coreans, the country of Jedso, and with the Dutch. The commodities exported from thence are rice, silk and cotton wrought, fine porcelain, and japan-work; gold and silver, though not in such quantities as formerly; copper, wrought and in bars; iron, steel, and other base and artificial metals; variety of rich furs, mostly brought from the land of Jedso; tea of all sorts, and much finer and better cured than that of China; a great variety likewise of medicinal herbs, roots, woods, and gums, well preserved; to these we may add diamonds and other precious stones, pearls of exquisite beauty, coral, great quantities and variety of fine sea shells, and ambergrise, which they had so little esteem for, that they called it by no better name than cusuranosu, or excrements of the whale. In exchange for these commodities, the Hollanders bring them glasses of all sorts; raw and wrought silks, raw hides, hempen and woollen cloths, quicksilver, borax, antimony, and spices of all kinds, of which they make an immense gain, not only in Japan, but in all other parts of India. They likewise import thither some sorts of sugar, musk, camphor, siampan, brasil and other woods, calambac, elephants' teeth, and a great number of small wares, which

come from China, Thibet, and Siam; china, gan seng, and other medicinal roots, from Tartary. All these commodities are imported, or exported custom-free. The Dutch are strictly watched, and kept under severe restraint, from the time of their arrival to that of their sailing away.

JAPAN EARTH. See CATECHU. JAPAN. 8. (from Japan in Asia.) Work varnished and raised in gold and colours. lo JAPAN. v. a. (from the noun.) 1. To Varnish, to embellish with gold and raised figures (Swift). 2. To black and gloss shoes (Gay).

JAPA'NNER.s. (from japan). 1.One skilled in japan work. 2. A shoeblacker (Pope).

JAPANNING is properly the art of varnishing and painting ornaments on wood, in the same manner as is done by the natives of Japan.

The substances which admit of being japanned are almost every kind that are dry and rigid, or not too flexible; as wood, metals, leather, and paper, prepared for the purpose.

Wood and metals do not require any other preparation, but to have their surfaces perfectly even and clean; but leather should be securely strained, either on frames or on boards; as its bending, or forming folds, would otherwise crack and force off the coats of varnish. Paper should be treated in the same manner, and have a previous strong coat of some kind of size; but it is rarely made the subject of japanning till it is converted into papier maché, or wrought by other means into such form, that its original state, particularly with respect to flexibility, is changed.

One principal variation from the method formerly used in japanning is, the omitting any priming, or under-coat, on the work to be japanned. In the older practice, such a priming was always used; the use of which was, to save in the quantity of varnish, by filling up the inequalities in the surface of the substance to be varnished. But there is a great inconvenience arising from the use of it; that the japan coats are constantly liable to be cracked and peeled off, by any violence, and will not endure near so long as the articles which are japanned without any such priming.

Of the Nature of Japan Grounds.-When a priming is used, the work should first be prepared by being well smoothed with fish skin or glass-paper, and, being made thoroughly clean, should be brushed over once or twice with hot size, diluted with two-thirds water, if it is of the common strength. The priming should then be laid on as even as possible, and should be formed of a size, of a consistency between the common kind and glue, mixed with as much whiting as will give it a sufficient body of colour to hide the surface of whatever it is laid upon, but not more. This must be the inequalities are completely When the work must be cleaned rushes, and polished with a

repe

leather is to be japanned,

and no priming is used, the best preparation is, to lay two or three coats of coarse varnish, composed in the following manner:

Take of rectified spirit of wine one pint, and of coarse seed-lac and resin each two ounces; dissolve the seed-lac and resin in the spirit, and then strain off the varnish.

This varnish, as well as all others formed of spirit of wine, must be laid on in a warm place; and if it can be conveniently managed, the piece of work to be varnished should be made warm likewise; and for the same reason, all dampness should be avoided; for either cold or moisture chills this kind of varnish, and prevents its taking proper hold of the substance on which it is laid.

When the work is so prepared, or by the priming with the composition of size and whiting above described, the proper japan ground must be laid on, which is much the best formed of shell-lac varnish, and the colour desired, except white, which requires a peculiar treatment: and if brightness is wanted, then also other means must be pursued.

The colours used with the shell-lac varnish may be any pigments whatever, which give the tint of the ground desired; and they may be mixed together to form browns or any compound colours.

As metals never require to be undercoated with whiting, they may be treated in the same manner as wood or leather, when the undercoat is omitted, except in the instances particularly spoken of below.

White Japan Grounds.-The formning a ground perfectly white, and of the first degree of hardness, remains hitherto a desideratum, or matter sought for, in the art of japanning; as there are no substances, which form a very hard varnish, but what have too much colour not to deprave the whiteness when laid on of a due thickness over the work.

The nearest approach, however, to a perfect white varnish, already known, is made by the following composition:

Take flake white, or white lead, washed over and ground up with a sixth of its weight of starch, and then dried; and temper it properly for spreading with the mastich varnish, prepared as under the article VARNISH.

Lay these on the body to be japanned, prepared either with or without the undercoat of whiting, in the manner as above ordered; and then varnish it over with five or six coats of the following varnish:

Provide any quantity of the best seed-lac; and pick out of it all the clearest and whitest grains, reserving the more coloured and fouler parts for the coarse varnishes, such as that used for priming or preparing wood or leather. Take of this picked seed-lac two ounces, and of gum-animi three ounces; and dissolve them, being previously reduced to a gross powder, in about a quart of spirit of wine, and strain off the clear varnish.

The seed-lac will yet give a slight tinge to this composition, but cannot be omitted where the varnish is wanted to be hard; though,