HOUSE, town, or hall, is a place where the officers and magistrates of a town or city hold their meetings, for the due administration of their laws and policy. See HALL, and GUILD.

HOUSE, work. See WORK-HOUSE and BRIDEWELL.

HOUSE of Correction is "for the punishing of idle and disorderly persons, parents of bastard children, beggars, servants running away, trespassers, rogues, vagabonds, &c. Poor persons refusing to work, are there to be whipped, and set to work and labour; and any person who lives extravagantly, having no visible way to support himself, may be sent to the house of correction.

HOUSE and Window Tax, a branch of the king's extraordinary revenue. Tables of the different rates of duty upon houses and win dows are given in Kearsley's Tax Tables, published annually: to these we refer for minutiæ. The clauses relative to the house tax are, 1. That officers, yards, gardens, coach-houses, brew-houses, wood-houses, wash-houses, &c. provided they all stand within the compass of one acre, belonging to the dwelling-house, must be valued with the dwelling-house, and be liable to the same duties. 2. Shops and warehouses are also liable, if attached to the dwellinghouse; except those of wharfingers. 3. No warehouse that is a distinct building is liable. 4. No house to be deemed occupied, when one person is only left in charge of it. 5. Where houses are let in tenements, the landlord must pay the duty. 6. Halls and offices that pay other taxes are liable to this. 7. Farm-houses used only for husbandry, under 101. per annum, are not chargeable; nor houses for the recep tion of the poor, or if not occupied by the owner or rented by a tenant. 19 Geo. 3.

c. 15.

HOUSEBREAKER. s. (house and break.) Burglar; one who makes his way into houses to steal (L'Estrange).

HOUSE-BREAKING, OF ROBBING, is the breaking into and robbing a house in the day-time; the same crime being termed burglary when done by night; both are felony without benefit of clergy.

HOUSEDOG. s. (house and dog.) A mastiff kept to guard the house (Addison).

HOUSEHOLD. s. (house and hold.) 1. A family living together (Swift). 2. Family life; domestic management (Shakspeare). 3. It is used in the manner of an adjective, to signify domestic; belonging to the family; as, household affairs (Swift).

HOUSEHOLDER. 8. (from household). Master of a family (Matthew).

HOUSEHOLDSTUFF. 8. (household and stuff.) Furniture of a house; utensils couvenient for a family (L'Estrange).

HOUSEKEEPER. 8. (house and keep.) 1. Householder; master of a family (Locke). 2. One who lives in plenty (Wotton). 3. One who lives much at home (Shaks.). 4. A woman servant that has care of a family, and superintends the servants (Swift). 5. A housedog; not in use (Shakspeare).

HOUSEKEEPING, a. (house and keep.) Domestic; useful to a family (Carew). HOUSEKEEPING. 8. Hospitality; liberal and plentiful table (Prior).

HOUSEL. 8. (hunsel, Gothic, a sacrifice.) The holy eucharist: obsolete. Ho'USEL. v. a. (from the noun.) To give or receive the eucharist: obsolete. HOUSE-LEEK. See SEMPERVIVUM. lesser. See SEDUM. HO'USELEEK. 8. (house and leek.) A plant.

HOUSELESS. a. (from house.) Wanting abode; wanting habitation (I'est).

HOUSEMAID. s. (house and maid.) A maid employed to keep the house clean (Swift).

HOUSEMAN (Cornelius), a painter, born at Antwerp in 1648. He settled at Mechlin, where he acquired great reputation as an artist. He excelled in painting landscapes enriched with the figures of animals and plants, executed in a beautiful manner. He died in 1727.

HO'USEROOM. s. (house and room.) Place in a house (Dryden).

HO'USEWARMING, s. (house and warm.) A feast or merrymaking upon going into a new house.

HOUSEWIFE. 3. (house and wife.) 1. The mistress of a family (Pope). 2. A female economist (Spenser). 3. One skilled in female business (Addison).

HOUSEWIFELY, ad. (from housewife.) With the economy of a careful woman. HOUSEWIFERY. a. (from housewife.) Skilled in the acts becoming a housewife.

HOUSEWIFERY. S. (from housewife.) 1. Domestic or female business; management becoming the mistress of a family. (Chapman). 2. Female economy (Taylor). HOUSING. s. (from house.)

1. Quantity of inhabited building (Graunt). 2. (from houseoux, French.) Cloth origi ually used to keep off dirt, now added to saddles as ornaments.

HOUSING, among bricklayers, a term used for a brick which is warped, or is cast crooked or hollow in burning; in such a case they say, it is housing.

HOUSING, in the manage, a covering laid over the saddle of a horse to preserve it from injury.

HOUSINGS, military, are ornamental coverings appertaining to officers of cavalry in general, and even to the privates of the king's horse guards. They usually consist of scarlet trappings adorned with gold lace

fringe, and some part of the insignia of the crown. They are fastened to the hinder part of the saddle, and suspended from the loins, so as to cover the flanks, and a portion of the bind-quarters on each side. General and field officers have their housings commonly made of lions', tigers', or leopards' skins, giving additional magnificence to the grandeur of the military charger.

HOʻUSLING. a. (from house.) Provided for entertainment at first entrance into a house; housewarming (Spenser).

HOUSS. 8. (from houseaux, Fr.) Housings. HOUSTONIA, in botany, a genus of the class tetrandria, order monogynia: corol onepetalled, funnel-form; capsule two-celled, twoseeded superior. Four species, American shrubs, chiefly with scarlet or deep red flowers.

HOU-TCHEOU-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang. It is a city of the first class; and is situated on a lake, from whence it takes its name. The quantity of silk manufactured here is almost incredible. To give some idea of it, we shall only say, that the tribute paid by a city under its jurisdiction, named Te-tsin-hien, amounts to more than 500,000 ounces of silver. Its district contains seven cities. Lat. 30. 35 N. Long. 119. 45 E.

HOUTHUYNIA, in botany, a genus of the class heptandria; order monogynia. Spathe four-leaved; spadix covered with florets; calyxless; corolless: capsule uncertain. One species, a plygonous herb of Japan.

HOW. ad. (hu. Saxon). 1. To what degree (Boyle). 2. In what manner (L'Estrange). 3. For what reason; from what cause (Shakspeare). 4. By what means (Bacon). 5. In what state (Dryden). 6. It is used in a sense marking proportion or correspondence: by how much a man is wiser, by so much he should be better. (Hayward). 7. It is much used in exclamation: and then he talked, ye gods, how he would talk!

HOWARD (Henry), earl of Surry, a soldier and poet, the son and grandson of two lord-treasurers, dukes of Norfolk, was born probably about the year 1520, and educated in Windsor Castle, with young Fitzroy, earl of Richmond, natural son to king Henry VIII. Wood says, from tradition, that he was some time a student at Cardinal college, Oxford. In his youth he became enamoured of the fair Geraldine, whom his sonnets have immortalized. He fell a victim, as our Eng. lish history relates, to the jealousy of the Seymours, who, being rivals of the Norfolk family, and in favour with king Henry VIII. accused him of aspiring to the crown. Surry, and his father the duke of Norfolk, were committed to the Tower, in December 1546; and on the 13th of January following, the former was tried at Guildhall by a common jury, and beheaded on Tower-hill on the 19th, nine days before the death of the king himself; who thus, that the measure of his

crimes might be full, finished his life with the murder of his best subject. The accusations brought against this amiable and innocent young nobleman on his trial, were so extremely ridiculous, that one is astonished how it was possible, even in the most despotic reign, to find a judge and jury so pusillanimously villanous as to carry on the farce of justice on the occasion. Lord Surry was first interred in the church of Allhallows Barking, near Tower-hill; and afterwards in the reign of king James I. his body was removed to Farmingham in Suffolk, by his son Henry, earl of Northampton.

As to the character of this unfortunate earl, all our poets have sung his praise. Mr. Walpole begins his anecdotes of Surry with these words: "We now emerge from the twilight of learning to an almost classic author; that ornament of a boisterous, yet not unpolished court, the earl of Surry, celebrated by Drayton, Dryden, Fenton, Pope, illustrated by his own muse, and lamented for this unhappy death: a man (as Sir Walter Raleigh says) no less valiant than learned, and of excellent hopes." Leland calls hini the conscript enrolled heir of Sir Thomas Wyatt the elder, in his learning and other excellent qualities; and the author of the Art of English Poetry says, that the earl of Surry and Sir Thomas Wyatt may be justly called the reformers of our poetry and style. His poems were published in 1557, 12mo. and in 1565, 1574, 1585, 1587, 8vo. Several of the sonnets are by Sir Thomas Wyatt and others.

;

HOWARD (John), the philanthropist, was born at Hackney in 1726. His father, who kept a carpet-warehouse in London, dying, left him in the hands of guardians, by whom he was apprenticed to a wholesale grocer. But his constitution being too weak for trade, he bought out the remainder of his time, and made a tour on the continent. On his return he lodged at the house of a widow lady at Stoke Newington, who nursed him with such care during his illness, that he conceived an affection for her, though she was much older than himself, and they were married. Mrs. Howard lived only about three years after, and he was a sincere mourner for her loss. In 1756 he embarked for Lisbon, but on the passage the ship was taken and carried into France. After his release he made the tour of Italy, and on his return to England he settled in Hampshire. In 1758 he married a second wife, but she died in childbed in 1765, leaving him one son. at this time fixed at Cardington near Bedford, where he had purchased a seat adjoining that of his relation Mr. Whitbread. During his residence here he was a constant attendant at a dissenting meeting-house, at Bedford, of which the Rev. Mr. Smith was pastor. This gentleman always spoke of Mr. Howard's private character in terms of the highest respect and admiration. In 1773 he

He was

served the office of sheriff, which, as he de clared, "brought the distress of the prisoners more immediately under his notice," and led him to form the design of visiting the gaols throughout England, to devise means for alleviating the miseries of the sufferers. In 1774 he made an effort to get a seat in parliament for Bedford, in which he was unsuc cessful; but the same year he was examined before the house of commons on the subject of the prisons, and received the thanks of the house on the occasion. He then went on with his benevolent views, and extended them to foreign countries, making various excursions through Europe between the years 1775 and 1787. In 1777 he published the State of Prisons in England and Wales, with preliminary Observations and an account of some foreign Prisons, 4to. In 1780 he published an appendix to this book, with an account of his travels in Italy; and in 1784 a new edition appeared with considerable additions. In 1789 he published an account of the principal lazarettos in Europe, in 4to. In this work he signified his intention of revisiting Russia, Turkey, and of extending his route into the east. "I am not insensible (says he) of the dangers that must attend such a journey. Trusting, however, in the protection of that kind Providence which has hitherto preserved me, I calmly and cheerfully commit myself to the disposal of unerring Wisdom. Should it please God to cut off my life in the prosecution of this design, let not my conduct be uncandidly imputed to rashness or enthusiasm; but to a serious deliberate conviction that I am pursuing the path of duty, and to a sincere desire of being made an instrument of more extensive usefulness to my fellow-creatures than could be expected in the narrower circle of a retired life." Accordingly, to the great concern of his friends, he set out in the summer of 1789 on this hazardous enterprise; the principal object of which was to administer Dr. James's Powder, a medicine in high repute at home, in malignant fevers, under a strong persuasion that it would be equally efficacious in the plague. In this second tour in the East "it did please God to cut off his life;" for, having spent some time at Cherson, a new settlement of the empress of Russia, in the mouth of the Dnieper or Borysthenes, toward the northern extremity of the Black Sea, near Oczakow, he caught, in visiting the Russian hospital of that place, or as some say a young lady who was ill of the same complaint, a malignant fever, which carried him off on the 20th of January, after an illness of about twelve days: and after having been kept, according to his express direc tions to his servant, five days, he was buried, by his own desire, in the garden of a villa in the neighbourhood, belonging to a French gentleman from whom he had received great civilities, by his faithful ser

vant, who had attended him on his former journeyings, and whom he expressly enjoined not to return home till five weeks from his death. While absent on his first tour to Turkey, &c. his character for active benevolence had SO much attracted the public attention, that a subscription was set on foot to erect a statue to his honour in St. Paul's cathedral, and 15001. was quickly subscribed for that purpose. But some of those who knew Mr. Howard best, never concurred in the scheme, being assured that he would neither countenance nor accede to it and in consequence of two letters from Mr. Howard himself to the subscribers, the design was laid aside. It has, however, been effected since his death: and surely, of all the statues or monuments ever erected by public gratitude to illustrious characters, either in ancient or modern times, none was ever erected in honour of worth so genuine and admirable as his; who devoted his time, his strength, his fortune, and finally sacrificed his life, to the pursuits of humanity; who, to adopt the expressive words of Mr. Burke, in his speech at Guildhall in Bristol, in 1780, “ visited all Europe, and the East, not to survey the sumptuousness of palaces, or the stateliness of temples; not to make accurate measurements of the remains of an. cient grandeur, nor to form a scale of the curiosity of modern art; not to collect medals, or to collate manuscripts ; but to dive into the depth of dungeons ; to plunge into the infection of hospitals; to survey the mansions of sorrow and of pain; to take the gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt; to remember the forgotten; to attend to the neglected; to visit the forsaken; and to compare and collate the distresses of all men in all countries. His plan is original; and it is as full of genius as it is of humanity. It is a voyage of discovery, a circumnavigation of charity; and already the benefit of his labour is felt more or less in every country."

For other fine remarks on the conduct of this admirable philanthropist, see Foster's valuable Essay on Decision of Character.

HOW BEIT. ad. (how be it.) NevertheHO'WBE. less; notwithstanding; yet; however: not in use (Hooker).

HOWDEN, a town in the east riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturdays. Here was formerly a collegiate church of five prebends, erected in the sixteenth century: it is now the parish-church. This town gives name to a small district called Howdenshire. Lat. 51. 50 N. Lon. 9. 39 E.

HOWDY'E. (contracted from how do ye?) In what state is your health? (Pope).

HOWE (John), an eminent nonconformist divine, was born at Loughborough in Leicestershire, in 1630, and educated at Cambridge, from whence he removed to Ox

ford, and became fellow of Magdalen college. He was ordained in the presbyterian way, and was appointed minister of Torrington in Devonshire, from whence he was ejected for nonconformity in 1662. He had been in great favour with Cromwell, and was his chaplain for some time. In 1671 he went to Ireland as chaplain to lord Massarene, and the bishop of the diocese gave him his licence to preach. In 1675 he came to London, and was greatly esteemed by all parties for his learning, moderation, and piety. He died in 1705. He published the Living Temple, 2 vols. 8vo. besides other pieces of less note.

Howe (Richard earl), a gallant English admiral, was born in 1725, and entered the naval service so young that at the age of twenty he was appointed captain of the Baltimore sloop of war, in which he attacked two French frigates, of 30 guns each, with such spirit, that they were obliged to sheer off. He received in this action a severe wound in the head, which had nearly proved fatal; for this he was made a post captain, and appointed to the Triton frigate. After a variety of active service, he obtained the command of the Dunkirk of 60 guns, with which he captured a French 64, off the coast of Newfoundland. In 1757 he served under admiral Hawke on the coast of France, and the next year he was appointed commodore of a small squadron, with which he destroyed a great number of ships and magazines at St. Malo. The year following prince Edward was put under his care, and the commodore on the 6th of August took the town of Cherbourg and destroyed the bason. This was followed by the unfor tanate affair of St. Cas, where he displayed his courage and humanity in saving the retreating soldiers at the imminent hazard of his own life. The same year, by the death of his brother in America, he became lord Howe; and soon afterwards had a glorious share in the victory over Conflans. When admiral Hawke presented him, on this occasion, to the king, his majesty said, "Your life, my lord, has been one continued series of services to your country." In 1763 he was appointed to the admiralty board, where he remained till 1765, when he was made treasurer of the navy. In 1770 he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the blue, and commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean. In the American war he commanded the fleet on that coast, but little was done there, because no opportunity offered of doing much. In 1782 he was sent to the relief of Gibraltar, a service which he performed in the most admirable manner, in sight of the hostile fleet, which he challenged in vain to battle. The year following he was made first lord of the admiralty, which office he soon afterwards resigned to lord Keppel; bat at the end of the year he was reap pointed, and continued in that station till

1788, in which year he was created an earl of Great Britain. In 1793 his lordship accepted the command of the channel fleet, and June 1, 1794, he obtained a decisive victory over the most powerful fleet France ever equipped for sea. The same month he was visited on board his ship at Spithead, by their majesties, when the king presented him with a magnificent sword, a gold chain, and medal. He also received the thanks of both houses of parliament, the freedom of the city of London, and the universal plaudits of the nation. admiral Forbes, as general of the marines, and in 1797 he was honoured with the order of the garter. The same year he resigned the command of the western squadron. His lordship died in august, 1799. (Watkins).

In 1795 he succeeded

Lord Howe's Island, a small island in the neighbourhood of New South Wales, discovered on February 17, 1788, S. lat. 31. 36. E. long. 159. 4. It is of an arched figure, lying from north-west to south-east, the two extremities including a space of about six miles, though by reason of the curved figure of the island itself, it is near seven in length. It is deeply indented on the middle of the eastern part by a bay, named Ross's Bay, and on the opposite and western part has another named Prince William Henry's Bay; so that the whole has the appearance of two islands joined toge ther by an isthmus, which in some places is not above half a mile broad. On the southern part of that division which lies most to the northward are two considerable bays, named Callam's and Hunter's Bay; and on the south-western part of the other are two high mountains, the most southerly named Mount Gower, and the other Mount Lidgbird. The convex part of the island lying towards the north-east, and the concave side towards the opposite quarter, are terminated by two points, named Point King and Point Philip. No fresh water was found on the island; but it abounds with cabbage-palms, mangrove, and manchineel trees, even up to the summits of the mountains. There are plenty of ganets, and a land fowl of a dusky-brown colour, with a bill about four inches long, and feet like those of a chicken. These were found to be remarkably fine meat, and were very fat. There are many large pigeons, and the white birds found in Norfolk Island were also met with in this place.

1.

HOWEVER. ad. (how and ever.) In whatsoever manner; in whatsoever degree (Shakspeare). 2. At all events; happen what will; at least (Tillotson). 3. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet (Swift).

HO'WITZERS, in artillery, are a kind of mortars, of German invention, which are mounted upon carriages like travelling guncarriages, and have their trunnions placed nearly in the middle. The construction of howitzers is as various as that of mortars,

excepting the chambers, which are all cy lindric. They are distinguished by the diameter of the bore; thus a ten-inch howitzer is that, the diameter of which is ten inches. Howitzers are capable of doing great execu tion, by firing shells and grape shot in a siege, where the distance is small; and in the field, if they are placed in the flanks, or between the battalions. They are also more easily carried from one place to another than mortars.

To HOWL. v. n. (huglen, Dutch; ululo, Latin.) 1. To cry as a wolf or a dog (Shak speare). 2. To utter cries in distress (Shakspeare). 3. To speak with a belluine cry or tone. 4. It is used poetically of many

noises loud and horrid.

HowL. s. (from the verb.) 1. The cry of a wolf or dog (Swift). 2. The cry of a human being in horror.

HOWSOEVER, ad. (how and soever.) 1. In what manner soever (Raleigh). 2. Although (Shakspeare).

HOWTH, a promontory which forms the northern entrance of the bay of Dublin, having a small village about seven miles from that city. It gives title of earl to the family of St. Lawrence. Lat. 53. 25 N.

Lon. 6. 16 W.

To HOX. v. a. (from hog, Saxon.) To hough; to hamstring (Knolles).

HOXTER, a town of Westphalia, seated on the Weser, Lat. 51. 50 N. Lon. 9. 39 E. HOY, a small vessel or bark, usually rigged like a sloop, and employed for carrying passengers and luggage from one place to another, particularly on the seacoast. In Holland the hoy has two masts; in England it has but one; then the main sail is sometimes extended by a boom, and sometimes without it.

Hoy, one of the Orkney islands, situated between the island of Pomona and the north coast of Caithness-shire. It is about ten miles long. On this island, beside the great conic hill of Holyhead, which is a sea-mark, there is a stupendous rock, called the Beary, where a bird, here named the layer, sup posed to be a species of penguin, is found. It is about the size of a small duck, remarkably fat, and esteemed by many a great delicacy. These birds burrow in the rabbit holes. The person employed in taking the young is usually let down by a rope from the top of the precipice. In this island too, in a gloomy valley, is an entire stone, 36 feet long, and 18 broad, called the Dwarfic stone. It is hollow within, having the form of a bed and pillow cut in the stone. It is supposed to have been once the habitation of a hermit, W. long. 3. 20. N. lat. 58. 56.

HOYE, a town of Germany, in Westphalia, capital of a county of the same name, and subject to the elector of Hanover. It is seated on the river Weser. Lat. 52 57 N. Lon. 9. 6 E.

HUA, or HAHUA, the capital of Cochin

China, with a royal palace. It is seated on a beautiful plain, and divided into two parts by a large river. The inhabitants blacken their teeth, thinking white teeth disgraceful. Lat. 17. 40 N. Lon. 105. 5 E.

HUAHEINE, one of the Society Islands, in the southern Pacific Ocean, eight leagues in circumference, separated by a deep gulf into two peninsulas, united by an isthmus, which is overflowed by the sea in high tides. The vegetable productions are similar to those of Otaheita. The harbour of Owharra, on the west coast, has good anchorage, in eighteen-fathom water, secure from winds. Long. 151. W. Greenwich. Lat. 16. 43 N.

HUBBUB. s.A tumult; a riot (Clarendon). HUCKABACK. 8. A kind of linen on which the figures are raised.

HUCKLEBACKED. a. (hocker, German, a bunch.) Crooked in the shoulders. HUCKLEBONE. 8.(from hucken, Dutch.) The hipbone.

HUCKSTER. 8. (hock, German, a HU/CKSTERER.she-pedlar. 1. One who pedlar; huckster, a

sells goods by retail, or in small quantities; a pedlar (South). 2. A trickish mean fellow (Spenser).

To HUCKSTER. v. n. (from the noun.) To deal in petty bargains (Swift).

HUDDERSFIELD, or HUTHERSFIELD, a town in the county of York, cele brated for its woollen manufacture, which consists of narrow cloths, fine and coarse, fine broad-cloths, serges, kerseymeres, &c. The market is on Tuesday, when the cloth is exposed to sale in a large hall, and merchants and wool-staplers attend from a considerable distance. This town contains 1971 houses, and 10,670 inhabitants. Lat. 53, 40 N. Long. 1. 40 W.

To HUDDLE. v. a. (probably from hood.) 1. To dress up close so as not to be dis covered; to mobble. 2. To put on carelessly in a hurry (Swift). 3. To cover up in haste. 4. To perform in a hurry (Dryden). 5. To throw together in confusion (Locke).

To HUDDLE. v. n. To come in a crowd or hurry (Milton).

HUDDLE. 8. (from the verb.) Crowd; tumult; confusion (Addison).

HUDSON (Henry), an eminent English navigator, who, about the beginning of the 17th century, undertook to find out a passage by the north-east or north-west to Japan and China. For this purpose he was four times fitted out: he returned three times unsuccessful; but in the last voyage, in 1610, being persuaded that the great bay to which his name has been since given, must lead to the passage he sought, he wintered there, to prosecute his discovery in the spring. But their distresses during the winter producing a mutiny among his inen, when the spring arrived, they turned him, with his son and seven sick men, adrift in his own shallop, and proceeded home with