Early life of Charles XII.

218 His pride and ambition

PAGE

215

215

215

216

216

217

217

218

................. 218

213 His reverses and follies
213 Strange conduct in Turkey

.......... 214 Effects of his captivity...
Change in his character ......................................... 214 Siege of Fredericshall
His heroism .......................... 214 | Death of Charles XII..

CHAPTER XIX.-REIGNS OF GEORGE I. AND GEORGE II.

Accession of George I. .................. 219 | The Excise Bill.........

Power of Parliament ..................... 219

Sir Robert Walpole.

........................ 220

The Pretender

220

Decline of Walpole's power

Retirement of Walpole

Labours of the Methodists.........

220 The Pelhams

227

227

228

228

228

.........

General distress....

224 His death and character..

225 Retirement of Newcastle

Mr. Pitt's Ministry

225

Abolition of the Export Duties

Accession of George II.....................................

The East India Company ............... 225

Their former Charter ..................... 226

Lord Townsend.............................. 226

Walpole's peace policy

226

CHAPTER XX.-LOUIS XV. OF FRANCE.

Regency of the Duke of Orleans 236 Quarrel with the King

Bursting of the bubble

Its inevitable consequences ..........

Louis arrives at majority................................

His extravagance

Cadinal Dubois

Cardinal Fleury..

The Jansenist controversy..

241 Suppression of the Order

247

Its origin...........

241 Death of Pope Ganganelii

247

Cause of its prolongation

Pascal's "Provincial Letters"

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXI.-THE COLONIAL WARS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCH.

CHAPTER XXII.-FREDERIC THE GREAT AND THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR.

CHAPTER XXIII.-MARIA THERESA AND CATHARINE II.

The Austrian Empire ..................... 270 | Her great qualities

The Imperial Chamber .................. 270 Her death

The Aulic Council

270

The German States .............................................................. 271

Diet of the Empire

276

.................................... 276

271

271

Ferdinand III. and Leopold.

The Hungarian Revolution ............ 272

Death of Leopold ................... 273

Accession of Joseph........................ 273

Charles VI. ............... 274

The Pragmatic Sanction............ 274

Accession of Maria Theresa

Frederic seizes Silesia..

....

CHAPTER XXIV.-CALAMITIES OF POLAND.

Early history of Poland ..................................................... 282 | Ingratitude of Austria

.................. 285

286

............

286

286

The Jagellons

282 Partition of Poland.

Election of Polish Kings ............... 283 Remorse of Maria Theresa
The Duke of Anjou .............................................................. 283 Stanislaus and Polish reforms
Flies from his kingdom
284 The Chancellor Zamoyski .
..................

His successors .............................. 284 Last struggles for independence...... 287

John Sobieski ............................................................ 284 Causes of her fall......

287

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXV.—THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

289 Growing power of the Turks.

CHAPTER XXVII.-THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

Accumulated evils in France...

........... 326 Writings of the Philosophers

Cause of the Revolution

326 Materialism of Helvetius

Death of Mirabeau

... 340

Flight and capture of the King ...... 340

The Constituent Assembly

340

of the Anarchists..

General consternation

Last hours of Robespierre...........

Termination of the Reign of Terror... 347

Carnot's warlike preparations

Great reaction

The New Constitution

Council of Five Hundred

of the Ancients

The Directory

Final struggle

Murat and artillery

347

348

348

............... 348

348

348

349

349

Napoleon Buonaparte............... 349

Effects of the Revolution ............... 349

CHAPTER XXVIII.-NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE.

Early youth of Napoleon ............... 351 | Spoliation of Italy

Services at Toulon

.............. 351 | Reverses of the French

358

358

Appointed second in command 351 Court paid to Napoleon.................. 358

Becomes First Consul..................... 359

Offers peace to England.................. 359

Rejected by Mr. Pitt..................... 359

Military preparations..................... 360

Difficulties of Napoleon
Passage of the St. Bernard

353 Treaty of Luneville

354 The "Infernal machine"

354 Reforms of Buonaparte

354 First Consul for Life

355 The Code Napoléon......

355 Conspiracy of Moreau...

356 The Duc d'Enghien

Napoleon declared Emperor. ............ 363

The Marshals of France.................. 363

Invasion of England
War on the Danube

356

Battle of the Pyramids .................. 356
of the Nile........................... 357
Siege of Acre........................................................................ 357
Returns to France ......................................................... 357 Battle of Trafalgar

863

..................... 364

364

CHAPTER XXIX-EUROPE, FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA TO THE Fall of

THE BOURBONS.

Cost of the war ................................................................ 379 Charles X. and his Ministers
Congress of Vienna......................................... 379 Revolution of the three days

CHAPTER XXX.--CONTINENTAL EUROPE, FROM THE ACCESSION OF LOUIS
PHILIPPE TO THE REIGN OF LOUIS NAPoleon,