10. At Huntly, Mrs Rebecca Gordon, widow of the Rev. Mr Thomas Gordon, minifter of the gospel at Speymouth. 10. At Willoughby-on-the-Woulds, Nottinghamshire, in his foodth year, Mr Jofeph Sleigh. 11. At Edinburgh, Mifs Janet Buchanan, of Cragievern. 12. At Edinburgh, Mifs Catharine Cochrane Smyth, third daughter of David Smyth of Methven, Efq; 13 At Edinburgh, Mifs Elifabeth Wallace, fecond daughter of Mr Wallace, banker. 13. At Glasgow, aged 79, Mrs Anne Fog go. 14. At Schaumburgh, aged 77, Victoria Charlotte, Dowager Margravine of Branden burgh Bareith. 14. Mrs Ifabel Kid, fpoufe to Mr James Night, minister of Logie. 14. Mrs Ervin Cameron, daughter of Allan Maclean of Drymnin, Efq; 15. At Glasgow, Mr Denniston of Westthorn. 15. Dr Alexander Campbell, of Lancehall, late of Jamaica. 18. At Edinburgh, Mifs Jacobina Henderfon, daughter of the deceafed Sir John, and fifter of the late Sir Robert Henderfon, Bt. 18. At Edinburgh, Mifs Jean Gray, late of Teaffes. This pious lady, befides many private legacies, has left the following:-To the fociety for propagating Chriftian knowledge, 3000l. to the fociety for relief of deftitute fick, Edinburgh, 100 I.—to the royal infirmary, Edinburgh, 501.-to the women fervants ward there, 501.--to the Edinburgh difpenfary, 501.-to the charity workhouse, Edinburgh, 501.-to ditto, Canongate, 501. -to ditto St Cuthbert's, 50 l. to orphan hofpital, 2001.-to fons of the clergy, Edin burgh, 501.- to bridewell, Edinburgh, 501. -to fociety for promoting religious knowledge among the poor, 700 1.-to educating poor ftudents in divinity, 17001.-to building a chapel of eafe in Canongate, 100 l.-to the poor, parish of Dollar, 501-to ditto, Dunfermline, 501.-premium for the beft fubject on divinity, to be delivered in the divinity hall yearly, 101. 10 s.--and for the relief of unfortunate debtors in jail, 50 1. 19. Mr John Steel, late of Wefter Leitfie. 21. At Edinburgh, Mrs Barbara Borthwick, daughter of the late William Borthwick of Falahill, Efq; and relict of Mr Janies Steuart. 21. At London, in his 32d year, Mr Jacob Schnebbelie, draughtsman to the fociety of antiquaries. 22. At Newcastle, the Hon. George Hewit, of 31ft foot, youngest fou of the late Lord Vifcount Lifford, formerly Lord High Chancellor of Ireland. 23. At his houfe in Leicester fields, in his 69th year, Sir Joshua Reynolds. He very early diftinguifhed himself as an artist; and few individuals have proved themselves fo capable of illustrating the theory of the science they profeffed, by their practice and their dif courfe. He wrote three numbers of the Idler, on the different practice of the Dutch and Italian painters. He gives to his niece Mifs Palmer all his property, real and per fonal, not otherwife difpofed of by his will. To her fifter Mrs Gwatkin, t0,000l. To his fifter Frances Reynolds, the intereft of 2500l. the principal to devolve on her deceafe to Mifs Palmer. To Mr Burke, 20001. befides the 2000l. before lent him; the bond for which fum, and for the interest, he defires may be null and void. To his old fervant Ralph Kirkley, 1000 l. To Mr Metcalfe, Mr Malone, Mr Bofwell, and Sir William Scott, 200 I. each, to be expended, if they think proper, in the purchase of a picture for each, at the fale of his paintings, to be kept for his fake. Meff. Burke, Malone, and Metcalfe, are his executors. Sir Jofhua was fon of a clergyman in the West of England. He has left, befides his pictures, about 40,000 l. in money. He was knighted in confideration of his profeffional excellence, at the inftitution of the Royal Academy in Jan. 1761, when he was elected prefident. His remains were carried in grand funeral pomp from Somerfet House, where they had previoutly lain in ftate, by the exprefs order of his Majefty, and interred with great fo lemnity in St Paul's Cathedral. The spectators, both in the church and in the street, were innumerable; the shops were fhut, the windows of every houfe were filled, and the people in the streets, who feemed to share in the general forrow, beheld the whole with refpect and filence. The royal Academicians and students attended. The company were conveyed in forty-two mourning coaches, and forty-nine coaches belonging to Noblemen and Gentlemen attended empty. The body was met at the weft-door of St Paul's by the dignitaries of the church, attended by the choirifters, who preceded it into the choir, when the funeral service was performed; after which it was let down under the centre of the dome, when the funeral fervice was read, and a folemn dirge clofed the ceremony. The body is interred next to Sir Christopher Wren. The following character is faid to be the production of Mr Burke. "His illness was long, but borne with a mild and cheerful fortitude, without the leaft mixture of any thing irritable or querulous, agreeably to the placid and even tenor of his whole life. He had from the beginning of his malady a diftinct view of his diffolution, which he contemplated with that entire com pofure pofure which nothing but the innocence, integrity, and usefulness of his life, and an unaffected fubmiffion to the will of Providence, could beftow. In this fituation he had every confolation from family tenderness, which his tenderness to his family had always merited. Sir Joshua Reynolds was, on very many accounts, one of the most memorable men of his time: he was the first Englishman who added the praise of the elegant arts to the other glories of his country. In tafte, in grace, in facility, in happy invention, and in the richness and harmony of colouring, he was equal to the great mafters of the renowned ages. In portrait, he went beyond them; for he communicated to that defcription of the art in which English artists are the most engaged, a variety, a fancy, and a diguity derived from the higher branches, which even those who profeffed them in a fuperior manner did not always preferve when they delineated individual nature. His portraits remind the spectator of the invention of hiftory, and the amenity of landscape. In painting portraits, he appears not to be raised upon that platform, but to defcend to it from a higher fphere. His paintings illuftrate his leffons, and his leffons feem to be derived from his paintings. He poffeffed the theory as perfectly as the practice of his art. To be fuch a painter, he was a profound and penetrating philofopher. In full happiness of foreign and domeftic fame, admired by the expert in art, and by the learned in fcience, courted by the great, careffed by fovereign powers, and celebrated by diftinguifhed poets, his native humility, modefty, and candour never forfook him, even on furprise or provocation; nor was the leaft degree of arrogance or affumption vifible to the most fcrutinizing eye, in any part of his conduct or discourse. His talents of every kind-powerful from nature, and not meanly cultivated in letters-his fo cial virtues in all the relations and all the habitudes of life, rendered him the centre of a very great and unparalleled variety of agreeable focieties, which will be diffipated by his death. He had too much merit not to excite fome jealoufy, too much innocence to provoke any enmity. The lofs of no man of his time can be felt with more fincere, general, and unmixed forrow. HAIL! and FAREWELL!" Mrs Robinson's mufe has paid the follow ing tribute to the fame of Sir Joshua. REYNOLDS, 'twas thine with magic skill to trace The perfect femblance of exterior grace; Thy hand, by nature guided, mark'd the line That ftamps perfection on the form divine. 'Twas thine to tint the lip with rofy dye, To paint the foftness of the melting eye; With auburn curls, luxuriantly difplay'd, The ivory fhoulders polifh'd fall to fhade: To deck the well-turn'd arm with matchless grace; To mark the dimpled smile on beauty's face : The task was thine, with cunning hand to throw The veil transparent on the breast of snow : The statesman's thought, the infant's cherub mien, The poet's fire, the matron's eye ferene, 24. At Edinburgh, Dr James Hunter of Montfod, phyfician. 24. Mr James Taylor, ftock-broker, late of the Borough, in his 85th year, reputed to be worth 200,000l. Sterling. 25. Mr James Trail, bookfeller in Edinburgh. 26. Sir Richard Bickerton, Bt, rear-admiral of the White, commander-in-chief at Plymouth, and M. P. for Rochester. Lately, at Bath, in his 32d year, Capt. Piercy Brett, of the royal navy. At Lyme, in Dorsetshire, Francis Gore, Efq; uncle to the Earl of Rois. Mr Alexander Dewar, a purfer in the royal navy. He had made three voyages on difcoveries to the South Seas, in the capacity of clerk; the first in the Dolphin, with Capt. Wallis, when he discovered Otaheite; the fecond with Capt. Furneux, in the Adventure; and the last with Capt. Cook, in the Refolution. At Fish-hill in Cumberland, aged 120, Mr Frederick Harpe. PREFERMENTS. From the London Gazette. The King has been pleased, War office, Dublin Cafle, Jan. 30. to ap point Henry Skeffington, to be governor of the city of Cork. Whiteball, Feb. II. to appoint Mr John Græme to be Commissary Clerk of the Commiffariot of Edinburgh, in the room of Mr John Erskine, Advocate, deceased. Queen's Palace, Feb. 25. The Qucen has been pleafed to appoint the Earl of Morton to be Chamberlain and the Earl of Ailesbury to be Treasurer of her Houfehold. Commiffions figned by his Majefty for the army in Ireland, dated Dec. 31. 13th dragoons: Maj. the Hon. William Cuffe, from 18th dragoons, to be LieutenantColonel, vice Sir James Steuart Denham, Bt, Feb. 2. Mr David Gellatly, preacher, was ordained minister of the Relief congregation at Haddington. John Maxwell of Dargarval, Efq; is appointed Clerk to the juftices of the peace for the county of Renfrew. 20. Mr James Clerk, late house-furgeon to the royal infirmary of Edinburgh, was admitted a member of the royal college of furgeons of that city. BANKRUPT S. Jan. 31. Colin Macfarlane, vintner and trader in Glasgow. 31. David Robb and Co. merchants and linen printers in Glafgow; and Thomas Bell and John Robb, merchants in Glasgow, two of the partners of faid company, as individuals. Feb. 1. Campbell Stewart, merchant in Creeton, in the ftewartry of Kirkcudbright. 2. James Niven jun. diftiller in Linlithgow. 3. David Marshall, manufacturer in Glaf gow. 4. Cobban and Kay, merchants in Elgin, as a company; and George Kay and Alexander Cobban, as individuals. II. William Bennet, late overfeer and manager of the Dundee Glafe-work Company. 14. John Mackinlay, tacksman of Auchingaich, and dealer in cattle. 14. Thomas Wilson, manufacturer in Glafgow. 14. John and William Macgowan, merchants in Dumfries. 16. Andrew Riddoch, merchant in Stirling. 18. John Mills, merchant in Inverkeithing. 21. William Robb, merchant and linenprinter in Glasgow. 22. Matthew Gray, merchant in Renfrew. 23. John Adam, late in Greensburn, and James Adam, candlemaker in St Ninian's, his brother. PRICES OF STOCKS, February 14. 3 per cent. red. 964 a ‡ a f. New Navy Bills, par. a difc. 6 d. Feb. 28. 3 per cent. red. 961 a §. India Bonds, 105 s. a 104 s. pr. THE SCOTS MAGAZIN E. MARCH, i 7 9 2. CONTENT S. Count Hertzberg on the REVOLUTIONS of Preface to ARABIAN TALES 109. Of the DRESS of women in the east 119. NEW BOOKS. Paine's rights of man part 2. POETRY. Ode to fortitude 137. Eden Streams ib. On humanity to brutes ib. HISTORICAL AFFAIRS. Ruffia. Proclamation relative to disturbances in other kingdoms 138. Sweden. Diet diffolved 139. Memoir upon Revolutions of States, External, Internal, and Religious. Read in the Public Affembly of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, on the 6th day of October 1791, to celebrate the Birth-day of Frederick-William II. King of Prufia, and the fifth year of his reign] T By the Count de HERTZBERG, Minister of State, Curator, and Member of the Academy. HE academy intending this day, according to its ancient and approved ufage, to celebrate, in fuli assembly, by public declamations and the reading of ufeful and interesting tracts, the birthday-anniversary of its Royal Protector; and being, on my part, inclined to con tinue the custom which I have obferved during the courfe of ten years, of endeavouring to entertain the members of this fociety by a lecture on the admini. Itration of public affairs during the preVOL. LIV. March 1792. ceding year, and on hiftorical or literary subjects connected with the circumstances of the times; I cannot, I conceive, better fulfil the duties of the day, than by imparting to the large and iiluftrious auditory I perceive around me, fome general obfervations and reflections upon that important fubject, the Revolution of States, which, either on the one fide or the other, at prefent agitates the minds of the greater portion of the people of Europe; with a view to fhew that the feveral governments of the known world P have have experienced fewer changes than is in general imagined; that according to the prefent condition of fociety, it is impoffible for fuch revolutions to be either fo frequent or fo dangerous as in former periods and remote ages; and that our illuftrious fovereign the King of Pruffia, his great ancestor Frederick II. and even their predeceffors Frederick - William I. Frederick I. and the renowned Elector Frederick William, have, during their refpective reigns, effentially contributed to prevent revolutions dangerous and fatal to the public interefts, to the general tranquillity of Europe, and to that ba lance of power, the due prefervation of which forms the beft and fureft barrier against them. Without any anxiety to give an exact and critical definition of the terms "Revolution of States," I conceive that every great, adverfe, and forcible alteration, whether of the poffeffion of states, or of their political, civil, and religious governments, and efpecially of great nations and powers, may with truth be denominated a Revolution. In applying this definition to the hiftory of known ages, I flatter myself I fhall be able to maintain, that there never has been, and never can be, more than three species of revolutions, namely, external, internal, and religious; and that of thefe three fpecies, but especially of the firft two, a very small number only have been produced. External revolution, according to my idea, never exists but when great ftates or empires, and the people of which they are composed, are conquered and fubju. gated by the invafion and external power of a foreign nation, and thus change both their government and their fovereign. Of this fpecies of revolution, hiftory has only furnished us with three instances: Firft, That of Alexander the Great, who conquered a great part of Europe, Afia, Africa, and established the Grecian or Macedonian monarchy. Secondly, That of the Romans, who overthrew the feveral eftablishments of the Greek empire in Europe, Alia, and Africa; conquered a great portion of the reft of Europe, and the inhabited fhores of Africa; and established thereon the vaft empire of Rome. Thirdly, The great revolution effect. ed in the third, fourth, and fifth centuries of the Chriftian æra, by the celebrated migrations of the northern and Ger man tribes of Europe; the Arabians and Turcomans of Afia and Africa. It is well known to those who are acquainted with history, and which I have proved in detail in my first academical differtation, that the Vandals, the Rugiens, the Goths, the Franks, the Angles, the Burgundians, the Longobards, and fome other German tribes, who almost all originally came from that part of Germany which is fituated between the Wefer and the Viftula, and comprife at this day the principal ftates of the Pruffian monarchy, overthrew the Roman empire, conquered its different provinces, and established upon the ruins of that Coleffus the kingdoms of Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and England, which ftill exift. It is equally well known, that the Arabians who followed Mahomet, and the Turcomans who were intermingled with them, deftroyed at the fame time the eaftern empire of Rome, and established the Turkish or Ottoman empire, which ftill fubfifts, in Greece, in Afia Minor, in Syria, and in Egypt, as other branches of that nation have done in Perfia, in Arabia, in India, in Morocco, and other maritime coafts of Africa. When the general picture which hiftory affords is looked at in a great and concentrated point of view, it will be allowed, that the greatest and most known portions of the globe, with those monarchies which were diftinguished by their vaft extent and intrinfic power, have only been affected and destroyed by these three great revolutions. For from the number of these great revolutions we may, I think, exclude as well the partial, fabulous, and even uncertain alterations of governments, which, anterior to the time of Alexander the Great, may have been effected in Afia and in Africa by a Bacchus, a Sefoftris, a Cyrus, as the other partial and temporary changes which were made in lefs remote periods in China, Tartary, India, and other parts of Afia and the north of Europe, by the unmaintained conquests of an Attila, a Zenghis Khan, a Tamerlane, Moguls, Tartars, &c. Still lefs can we place in the catalogue of great Revolutions that which occurred in the interior parts of of Africa and America; those two quarters of the globe having in former times no connection with the reft of the world. The destruction and subverfion of empires have evidently been caused by their increating magnitude, which rendered it impoffible |