A Manual of Elementary Geology; Or, The Ancient Changes of the Earth and Its Inhabitants as Illustrated by Geological MonumentsLittle, Brown, 1855 - 655 Seiten |
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A Manual of Elementary Geology: The Ancient Changes of the Earth and its ... Sir Charles Lyell Eingeschränkte Leseprobe - 1854 |
Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen
abundant alluded alluvium Alps ancient animals argillaceous augite Auvergne basalt beds calcareous Caldera called carbonate carboniferous clay cliffs coal cone conglomerate consist containing corals Crag crater cretaceous crystalline crystals denudation deposits Devonian dikes Eocene eruptions fauna feet thick felspar fish fissures flints formations fossil fossiliferous fragments freshwater genera genus Geol geological geologists gneiss granite gravel Greensand height hills horizontal hornblende hypogene igneous island Journ land lava layers Lias lime limestone Llandeilo London clay Lower marine marl mass metamorphic mica miles mineral Miocene mountain newer nummulitic observed occur Old Red older Oolite organic remains origin pebbles period plants Pliocene plutonic portion quadrupeds quartz Red Sandstone region reptiles river sand schists scoriæ seen shale shells Silurian slate sometimes South species stone strata stratified supposed surface tertiary trachyte trap tuff Upper valley veins vertical volcanic rocks Weald Wealden white chalk
Beliebte Passagen
Seite 23 - The upper valve is almost invariably wanting, though occasionally found in a perfect state of preservation in the white chalk at some distance. In this case we see clearly that the sea-urchin first lived from youth to age, then died and lost its spines, which were carried away. Then the young Crania adhered to the...
Seite 315 - The peculiar aspect which is most characteristic of the Lias in England, France, and Germany, is an alternation of thin beds of blue or...
Seite 230 - When we have once arrived at the conviction that the nummulitic formation occupies a middle place in the Eocene series, we are struck with the comparatively modern date to which some of the greatest revolutions in the physical geography of Europe, Asia, and northern Africa must bo referred.
Seite 229 - The Nummulitic formation, with its characteristic fossils, plays a far more conspicuous part than any other tertiary group in the solid framework of the earth's crust, whether in Europe, Asia, or Africa. It often attains a thickness of many thousand feet, and extends from the Alps to the Carpathians, and is in full force in the North of Africa, as, for example, in Algeria or Morocco.
Seite 140 - Secondly; a gradual submergence then took place, bringing down each part of the land successively to the level of the waters, and then to a moderate depth below them. Large islands and bergs of floating ice came from the north, which, as they grounded on the coast and on shoals, pushed along all loose materials of sand and pebbles, broke off...
Seite 392 - The same seam is seen at a distance, on the right bank (at a\ and may be followed the whole way to Pittsburg, fifty miles distant. As it is nearly horizontal, while the river descends it crops out at a continually increasing, but never at an inconvenient, height above the Monongahela. Below the great bed of coal at Brownsville is a fireclay 18 inches thick, and below this, several beds of limestone, below which again are other coal seams.
Seite 120 - ... the newly formed alluvial plain "as monuments
Seite 295 - The regular and uniform preservation of this thin bed of black earth over a distance of many miles, shows that the change from dry land to the state of a freshwater lake or estuary, was not accompanied by any violent denudation, or rush of water, since the loose black earth, together with the trees which lay prostrate on its surface, must inevitably have been swept away had any such violent catastrophe taken place.
Seite 382 - ... in such cases. Thus in the large submerged tract called the " Sunk Country," near New Madrid, forming part of the Western side of the valley of the Mississippi, erect trees have been standing ever since the year 1811-12, killed by the great earthquake of that date ; Lacustrine and swamp plants have been growing there in the shallows, and several rivers have annually inundated the whole space, and yet have been unable to carry in any sediment within the outer boundaries of the morass.
Seite 323 - ... was quite active. Their limbs and strong claws are admirably adapted for crawling over the rugged and fissured masses of lava which everywhere form the coast. In such situations, a group of six or seven of these hideous reptiles may oftentimes be seen on the black rocks, a few feet above the surf, basking in the sun with outstretched legs.