confirmation of bad rumours there had been, which deeply affects all pious English hearts, and the Protector's most of all. It appears the Duke of Savoy had, not long since, decided on having certain poor Protestant subjects of his converted at last to the Catholic Religion. Poor Protestant people, who dwell in the obscure Valleys of Lucerna, of Perosa and St Martin,' among the feeders of the Po, in the Savoy Alps: they are thought to be descendents of the old Waldenses; a pious inoffensive people; dear to the hearts and imaginations of all Protestant men. These, it would appear, the Duke of Savoy, in the past year, undertook to himself to get converted; for which object he sent friars to preach among them. The friars could convert nobody; one of the friars, on the contrary, was found assassinated,-signal to the rest that they had better take themselves away. The Duke thereupon sent other missionaries: six regiments of Catholic soldiers; and an order to the People of the Valleys either to be converted straightway, or quit the country at once. They could not be converted all at once : neither could they quit the country well; the month was December; among the Alps; and it was their home for immemorial years! Six regiments, however, say they must; six Catholic regiments;-and three of them are Irish, made of the banished Kurisees we knew long since; whose humour, on such an occasion, we can guess at! It is admitted they behaved 'with little ceremony;' it is not to be denied they behaved with much bluster and violence: ferocities, atrocities, to the conceivable amount, still stand in authentic black-on-white against them. The Protestants of the Valleys were violently driven out of house and home, not without slaughters and tortures by the road;-had to seek shelter in French Dauphiné or where they could; and, in mute or spoken supplication, appeal to all generous hearts of men. The saddest confirmation of the actual banishment, the actual violences done, arrives at Whitehall this day, 3d June 1655.1

Pity is perennial: "Ye have compassion on one another,”—is it

less than eleven temples-as their places of worship were styled-in places where they were forbidden even to take up their abode." When the Duke, or rather his mother, the Duchess Christina, determined to enforce the law, and ordered the reformed families back to their hill valleys, the Protestants made sufficient show of resistance to give the Duchess an excuse for sending troops against them, and then the massacre began. For an account of it, see Commonwealth and Protectorate, iii. 406 et seq.]

1 Letter of the French Ambassador (in Thurloe, iii. 470).

not notable, beautiful?

In our days too, there are Polish Balls and such like: but the pity of the Lord Protector and Puritan England for these poor Protestants among the Alps is not to be measured by ours. The Lord Protector is melted into tears, and roused into sacred fire. This day the French Treaty, not unimportant to him, was to be signed: this day he refuses to sign it till the King and Cardinal undertake to assist him in getting right done in those poor Valleys. He sends the poor exiles 2,000l. from his own purse; appoints a Day of Humiliation and a general Collection over England for that object;—has, in short, decided that he will bring help to these poor men; that England and he will see them helped and righted. How Envoys were sent; how blind Milton wrote Letters to all Protestant States, calling on them for coöperation; how the French Cardinal was shy to meddle, and yet had to meddle, and compel the Duke of Savoy, much astonished at the business, to do justice and not what he liked with his own: all this, recorded in the unreadablest stagnant deluges of old Official Correspondence,3 is very certain, and ought to be fished there from and made more apparent.

In all which, as we can well believe, it was felt that the Lord Protector had been the Captain of England, and had truly expressed the heart and done the will of England ;—in this, as in some other things. Milton's Sonnet and Six Latin Letters are still readable; the Protector's Act otherwise remains mute hitherto. Small damage to the Protector, if no other suffer thereby ! Let it stand here as a symbol to us of his Foreign Policy in general; which had this one object, testified in all

[That is, May 24 old style. All that Thurloe told Bordeaux was that the Protector "had resolved first, before he would sign, to send an express to the King" of France on behalf of the Vaudois, knowing the influence he had over the Duke of Savoy. Sam. Morland was sent to King Louis, who promised to intercede, but would not threaten, and indeed the Protector asked no more," for," as Dr. Gardiner remarks, the doctrine that each prince was responsible to no external power for his treatment of religious questions arising in his own dominions. was even accepted by Oliver himself, who would not have hesitated to give a sharp answer to any foreign ambassador who ventured to question his right to deal at his own pleasure with the Irish Catholics." The Duchess defended her conduct, and at first declined to concede anything. Her position was simply that the Vaudois, by refusing to obey legal orders to depart from the places in which the edicts had forbidden them to settle, had committed an act of rebellion which had been legitimately punished." But she afterwards yielded, and an amnesty was proclaimed. See Commonwealth and Protectorate, iii. 418.]

2 Thurloe, ubi supra.

3 Ibid. (much of vol. iii.); Vaughan's Protectorate, etc.

manner of negotiations and endeavours, noticed by us and not noticed, To make England Queen of the Protestant world; her, if there were no worthier Queen. To unite the Protestant world of struggling Light against the Papist world of potent Darkness. To stand upon God's Gospel, as the actual intrinsic Fact of this Practical Earth; and defy all potency of Devil's Gospels on the strength of that. Wherein, again Puritan England felt gradually that this Oliver was her Captain; and in heart could not but say, Long life to him; as we do now.

Let us note one other small private trait of Oliver in these months; and then hasten to the few Letters we have. Dull Bulstrode has jotted down: 'The Protector feasted the Commissioners for Approbation of Ministers.' 1 Means the Commission of Triers; 2 whom he has to dinner with him in Whitehall. Old Sir Francis, Dr. Owen and the rest. 'He sat at table with them; and was cheerful and familiar in their company:' Hope you are getting on, my friends: how this is, and how that is? By such kind of little caresses,' adds Bulstrode, he gained much upon many persons.' Me, as a piece of nearly matchless law-learning and general wisdom, I doubt he never sufficiently respected; though he knew my fat qualities too, and was willing to use and recognise them!

6

LETTERS CXCVIII.-CCIII

Six Letters of somewhat miscellaneous character; 3 which we must take in mass, and with no word of Commentary that can be spared. Straggling accidental lightbeams, accidentally preserved to us, and still transiently illuminating this feature or that of the Protector and his business,-let them be welcome in the darkness for what they are.

LETTER CXCVIII

BESIDES the great Sea-Armament that sailed from Portsmouth last December, and went Westward, with sealed orders, which

1 Whitlocke, April 1655.

2 Antea, p. 324.

3 [For two other short letters written about this time, see Supplement, Nos. 106, 107.]

men begin to guess were for the Spanish West Indies, -the Protector had another Fleet fitted out under Blake, already famous as a Sea-General; which has been in the Mediterranean, during these late months; exacting reparation for damages, old or recent, done to the English Nation or to individuals of it, by the Duke of Florence or by others; keeping an eye on Spain too, and its Plate Fleets, apparently with still ulterior objects.

3

The Duke of Florence has handsomely done justice; the Dey of Tunis was not so well advised, and has repented of it. There are Letters, dated March last 3 though they do not come till June: 'Letters that General Blake demanding at Tunis reparation for 'the losses of the English from Turkish Pirates, the Dey answered 'him with scorn, and bade him behold his Castles.' Blake did behold them; 'sailed into the Harbour within musket-shot of them; ' and though the shore was planted with great guns, he set upon 'the Turkish ships, fired nine of them,' and brought the Dey to reason, we apprehend.*

To General Blake, 'at Sea'

SIR,

Whitehall, 13th June 1655.

I have received yours of the 25th of March," which gives an account of the late transactions between yourself

1 [The fleet had gone out in the autumn of 1654, and in the spring of this present year Blake had succeeded in freeing many Christian slaves at Algiers. A copy of the Protector's Instructions to him in relation to this matter was made by Nicholas after the Restoration and is amongst the Algiers State Papers. The date is given as July 1656, but this is manifestly incorrect, and should no doubt be 1654. Another copy, apparently taken from this one, and with the same mistake of date, is to be found in one of the Charles II. entry books (No. 4, p. 17).]

[Carlyle gives this probably on Ludlow's authority, but Prof. Laughton says that the assertion is "entirely unsupported by exact evidence, and is virtually contradicted by Blake's silence in his extant letters from Leghorn." (Dictionary of National Biography, art. "Robert Blake.") See also Eng. Hist. Review, 1899, p. 109.]

3 [But see note 5, below.]

Whitlocke, p. 608 (8th June 1655).

5[This date is puzzling. On March 14, Blake sent a despatch to Thurloe, in which he states that they dare not at present attack the fleet at Tunis (partly because they are short of supplies), and so have withdrawn, but intend to return as soon as possible and put an end to the business. On April 18-28 he wrote again, speaking of the letter of March 14, as his last (there having been no opportunity of sending to England since), and giving an account of the firing of the ships. The attack was resolved upon on April 3, and carried out on April 4. It is to this latter despatch that Cromwell must refer. Both are printed in Thurloe (vol. iii. pp. 232,

and the Governors of Tunis, concerning the losses which the English have sustained by the piracies of that place; and 'of' the success it hath pleased God to give in the attempt you made upon their shipping, after their positive refusal to give you satisfaction upon your just demands. And as we have great cause to acknowledge the good hand of God towards us in this action, who, in all the circumstances thereof (as they have been represented by you), was pleased to appear very signally with you; so I think myself obliged to take notice of your courage and good conduct therein, and do esteem that you have done therein a very considerable service to this Commonwealth.

I hope you have received the former despatches which were sent unto you by the way of Legorne, for your coming into Cadiz Bay with the fleet, as also those which were sent by a ketch immediately from hence; whereby you had also notice of three-months provisions then preparing to be sent, and 'which ' have since been sent away, under the convoy of the frigates the Centurion and Dragon; and 'I' hope they are safely arrived with you, they sailing from hence about the 28th of April.

1

With this comes further Instructions concerning your disposing of the Fleet for the future, whereunto we do refer you. Besides which, we, having taken into consideration the present design we have in the West Indies, have judged it necessary, That not only the King of Spain's fleets coming from thence be intercepted (which as well your former Instructions as those now sent unto you authorise and require you to do), but that we endeavour also, as much as in us lies, to hinder him from sending any relief or assistance thither. You are therefore, during your abode with the Fleet in those seas, to inform yourself, by the best means you can, concerning the going of the King of Spain's fleet for the West Indies; and shall, according to such information as you can gain, use your best endeavours to intercept at sea, and fight with and take them, or otherwise to fire and sink them; as also

[See Cal. S. P. Dom., 1655, pp. 55, 76, 462.]