rockes of Englande, he bad the shipmayster runne. a shore and slitte their shippes. In an other sea, striuing with the streame alone in the night in a little boate, he badde the Mayster let the sayles go to the winde, and trust more in Caesar's fortune than in the Sea.

Al ages and degrees must

['p. 161] Against his enimies alone he hath lepte many tymes, 1 and all the reste haue bin afraide. He alone did fighte with the Frenche thirtie times, til he had subdued fourtie nations of them, whiche were so terrible to the Romaines, as olde and holy men by lawe were priuiledged from warre, except when the French enimie strine against came, for then both horse and olde men muste go foorth. At Alexandria, being left alone to fight on the bridge, and beset on euery side, he threwe off his purple, and leapte into the sea, and being sought of hys ennimies, he diued in the bottome a greate while, and only sometime rose to take breath, til a friendly shippe came nighe hym, to whome he helde vp his hands, shewed himselfe, and was saued.

the french.

losse sometymes.

Falling into the ciuill wars, eyther for feare (as he did say) or for desire of rule, hee didde matche wyth the valiauntest Captaines in his tyme, in many and great battailes, not Barbarians onelye, but also Romaines, which in manhoode and fortune dydde excel, and ouercame Casar had them all, eyther at the firste or at the seconde battaile. Hys armye not being inuincible as Alexanders, for in France, Cotta, and Titurus hys lieutenants were euidently ouercome with a great losse, and in Spaine, Petreius and Affranius helde hym besieged. In Dyrrachio and Libya they fled fowly awaye, and in Spaine they were afraide of young Pompey. But Caesar himselfe was euer voide of feare, and in the ende of euerye warre had the victorie.

Euphrates, a The Romaine Empire, from the weaste to the floude

floud of Mace

donia, running Euphrates, by force or by fayre meanes he obtayned,

into the redde

sea by Babylon. muche surer and stronger than Sylla.

He shewed hymselfe to be a king in spight of them al, though he woulde not receiue the name. And he also, hauing made determination of other warre, was taken away. Besyde forth, their armies were alike prompte to them bothe with a beneuolente minde; and in sighte, of lyke fiercenesse; disobedient many times to them both,

and ful of sedition for their long laboures. Neuerthelesse, when they were deade, bothe after one sorte did lament and mone, and thought them worthy diuine honors. They were both in body of good com

Caesar and

['p. 162] plexion and fayre: bothe of them hadde 1their petigree Alexander lyke. from Jupiter: Alexander from Aeacide and Hercules, and Cæsar from Anchises and Venus. As both were desirous to conquere with whome they contended, so easy to be entreated and to forgiue them whom they had subdued, and, beside forgiuenesse, woulde do them good also, seeking nothing else but victory.

Alexander and

Thus farre they were alyke, but in rising to their rule they were not of lyke power: for the one rose from a Kingdome Cæsar vnlyke. encreased by hys father Phillip, the other from a priuate estate, yet noble and renoumed, and very needy of mony. Of tokens, whiche to them both were great, they were alyke contemners, yet neyther of them angrye wyth the Diuiners that didde foreshewe their death. The tokens were like many times to them both, & to like effect. Twice to them bothe were vnluckye signes, in the whiche These people the first shewed to them both doubtfull danger. Alexbe of India, and called ander, among the Oxidianes, scaling the wall before the Macedonians, being vtterly destitute by breaking of the ladders, leapte boldly among hys enimies within, where he was sore hurt in the breast & in the necke, and beaten down with Alexander. a mighty mace, so as he was hardely saued by the Macedonians, that for very shame burste open the gates. Caesar, in Spaine, when his army was very feareful of Pompey the young, and refused to go to the fight, ran betweene them both and receyued ijC dartes vpon his Target, his armye ran in for feare and shame and saued hym. So the first vnlucky sacrifices didde signifie perill of death to them both, and the seconde, death it selfe indeede.

Malli of Plutarcch.

Perill of

Pythagoras, a Soothsayer, tolde Apollodorus, that was afraide of Alexander & Ephestion, that he shoulde not neede to feare, for by the sacrifice he found that both of them shoulde shortely bee dead. And comming to passe, that Ephestion died by and by after, Apollodorus was afraide that some treason had bin wroughte againste the king, and tolde hym what the Soothsaier had sayde; he smiled, and asked of Pythagoras what the token did pretende; he aunswered,

"the laste day," whereat he smyled agayne, and thanked Apollodorus of hys faithfulnesse, and the Soothsayer of his confidence. To ['p. 163] Caesar (as we haue sayde) the laste tyme that hee 1wente into the Senate the same tokens happened. Whereat he laughed and saide, The like was seene in Spaine; and when the Diuinour aunswered, that then he was in daunger, but nowe the token signifieth more certaine death; then relenting somewhat to this free speeche, he sacrificed againe, till he tarryed so long aboute the sacrifices that he was angry, and went in and was kylled.

The like happened to Alexander when he came from India to Babylon with his armye, where being nigh the Chaldeans exhorted hym to refraine at this presente, to whome hee rehearsed a verse:

temneth tokens.

"The best Prophet is he that coniectureth honestly."

Then the Chaldeans warned hym the second tyme not to go wyth his army on the weast side, but to compasse & take the City on the Alexander con- Easte, and stay there; with that (they say) he was content, and beganne to go about, but being angry at the moory and fenny way he contemned the seconde warning, and went Euphrates & in at the Weaste. Then he sayled vpon Euphrates to the floud Pallacotta that receyueth Euphrates, and runneth into the Fennes, whereby Assyria is kept from ouerflowing. He minded to haue defended thys floud with a wall, and whiles he was sayling vpon it they say he scorned the Chaldeans bycause he safely had entred Babylon, and was come forth againe to saile, but it was but deferred till he came againe, for then he dyed out of hande.

Pallacotta floudes.

Cæsar con

temneth tokens.

The lyke contempt Cæsar seemed to vse, for the Soothsayers hadde appoynted the daye of hys death, and saide hee shoulde not passe the Ides of March: & when that day was come he laughed at hym, and sayd, the Ides were come, but that very day he was kylled. Both they despised the Prophesies alyke, but were not angry with the Prophets, yet they both dyed, as they were tolde. They were both studious, of learning and vertue, as wel of their own country as of Greek & other strangers. Alexander de[2 p. 164] lighted in the Brachmanes, whiche among the Indians be reputed moste learned and wise men, as the Magies among the Persians. Casar dealte with the Aegip

Brachmanes wer the wise Philosophers of India,

consent.

chosen to it by tians when he put Cleopatra in hys kingdome, wherby he directed many ciuil things in Rome; & among other, he turned the order of the yeare, being without certaintie by cause of the odde moneths (for they measured it by the Moone), to the course of the Sunne, as the Aegiptians doe. It was hys happe that none dydde escape that soughte hys death, but by his heyre receyued worthye punishemente, as Alexander dydde them that kylled Phillippe, hys father. Howe that was done the bookes in order shall declare. The end of the second booke of Ciuill dissentions.

[p. 165]

T

had

The thirde Booke of Ciuill Dissention.

Hus C. Cæsar, that was most worthy of rule among the Romaines, was slayn of his enimies, & buried of the people. Of al his killers punishment, & how the best of them soonest receyued it, this Booke & the next shal declare, & likewise comprehende al the other Ciuill strifes that the Romaines among themselues.

in grain': Errors, III. ii. 108; and Vice.' "Badin enfarine : and Badin sans farine. A notable coxcombe, an Asse in graine; also, a foole, or Vice in a play."-1611; Cotgrave. "Badiner. To play the foole, or Vice; to vse apish trickes and toyes; to tumble or iuggle; to trifle it in any way."-ib.

'intercessor': Merch. of Ven., III. iii. 16. none appeacheth thee, Syrus; neither needes thou take sanctuarie for the matter, nor prouide a spokesman and an intercessour."-R. Bernard's Terence in English, p. 257, ed. 1607 (1st ed. 1598).

"How

'jar': 'at jar,' 2 Hen. VI, I. i. 253; IV. viii. 43. came you to know that they be at iarre betweene themselues?"-R. Bernard's Terence in English, p. 57, ed. 1607 (1st ed. 1598).

kickshaws': Tw. Ni., I. iii. 122. "Manicaretti, minced small meates, daintie quelquechoses, fine sauces."-1598; Florio.

'linger': v. tr. Midsr. N's Dr., I. i. 4. "Protrahit labori dies. He prolongs and lingers the time. He makes no haste of his work."-R. Bernard's Terence in English, p. 32, ed. 1607 (1st ed. 1598).

440

APPENDIX V.

CONTENTS OF THE GERMAN SHAKSPERE SOCIETY'S YEAR BOOK, OL. X.

BY F. D. MATTHEW.

THE German Shakespeare Society's Year Book opens with Herr Julius Thümmel's address, delivered at the annual meeting at Weimar in April, 1874, on Shakspere's children. Of these he counts sixteen. Arthur (K. J.), Lucius (T. A.), Moth (L. L. L.), and Edward Prince of Wales, are the most fully drawn. The others are Rutland (H. VI.), 2 sons of Edward IV. and 2 sons of Clarence (R. III.), Marcius (Cor.), Lucius (J. C.), the page in Timon, Robin and William Page (M. W.), Mamillius (W. T.), and Macduff's son. Herr Thümmel goes through the list one by one, pointing out the characteristics which distinguish each of them.

The yearly report has to tell of a small falling off in numbers. There are now 172 members, besides 52 purchasers of the Year Book.

Dr Herman Schaafhausen gives an account of the Kesselstadt mask, which he maintains is of Shakspere. It is a cast taken after death, and dated 1616. Its authentic history goes no further back than that it was bought at a ragshop, now unknown, in Mainz. But in the Kesselstadt collection at Mainz there was a picture which, tradition said, represented Shakspere, and which Dr Schaafhausen has satisfied himself is a portrait of Ben Jonson. The interest in English literature which led a Kesselstadt to acquire that portrait might lead him to get one of Shakspere, and, if this portrait which he may have had was the mask in question, it would account for its having been found at Mainz.

With regard to the evidence afforded by the mask itself, Dr Schaafhausen thinks it has no resemblance to the Stratford bust; but is like the Droeshout portrait. Still he does not rely chiefly on its agreement with known portraits, but on the fact that its nobleness of form answers to what we might expect in the head of Shakspere. Should we be afraid to rely on this evidence, there is an easy way of settling the question. We can dig up Shakspere's skull, and compare