can be compared with it, though even this is less valuable, because five entire books and one part of a sixth are wanting in it. The old age attributed by Tischendorf to this new manuscript, was contested by a member of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburgh, but defended by Tischendorf with arguments which have given, in the literary world, general satisfaction. II. FRANCE. 1. Theological Literature. "Christianity in the Middle Ages-Innocent III," (Le Christianisme au Moyen Age. Paris, 1859,) is the title of a new work of Count Agenor de Gasparin. No man of Protestant France has among the evangelical denominations of England and America a better name than Count A. de Gasparin. Equally opposed to the Roman and the rationalistic theologies, and a strenuous advocate of the interests of the Free Churches, and as conspicuous for ripe scholarship as for zeal and piety, he has stood for many years in the foremost ranks of the defenders of evangelical Christianity. This last work of his unites, according to the Revue Chretienne, the strictest impartiality of a truth-loving historian with an uncompromising opposition to the system of which it treats. This last, work of Gasparin is one of a series of Lectures on Church History, by Gasparin, Bungener, Pressense, and Viguet. Paris, Another distinguished writer of Protestant France, Edmond de Pressense, (editor of the Revue Chretienne,) has commenced in 1859 a new History of the Christian Church during the first three centuries, (Histoire des trois premiers siecles de l'Eglise Chretienne. 1859. 8vo., 2 vols.) A third volume has been promised for 1860. The leading literary and religious journals of France have devoted long articles to a review of this work, which is generally regarded as one of the best contributions of France to the literature of Church history. Another historic work of importance is a History of the French Reformation, by F. Puaux, a pastor of the Reformed Church, of which also 2 vols. have been issued. The whole work will contain 6 vols., (Histoire de la Reformation Francaise. Paris, 1859. 8vo.)' The recent French literature is rich in works defending the principle of religious liberty, or, at least, toleration. If Protestant Christianity is not yet in the ascendancy in France, it at least receives credit from a vast majority of the intelligent Frenchmen for having successfully overcome some of the consequences of Roman theology. Among the recent works which treat of this subject, we mention a History of Religious Liberty in France and of its Founders, by Dargaud, (Histoire de la Libertie Religieuse en France et de ses Fondateurs, 4 vols. Paris, 1859,) and a work on The Future of Toleration, by Ad. Schaeffer. (Essai sur l'avenir de la Tolerance, 1 vol. Paris, 1859.) The literary papers of France bring a large list of other recent interesting pub lications, but we have no space for extensive notices. We only mention some of the most important. Sainte Beuve, å great admirer of the Jansenists, has issued vols. iv and v of his work on "Port Royal," which is now complete. The indefatigable Abbé Migne is rapidly progressing in the publication of the Greek Church Fathers (Patrologia Græca.) At present the works of Cyril of Alexandria, and of Theodoretus, are going through the press. Abbé Constant has published two volumes of investigations on one of the sorest points of the Roman system, the infallibility of the Popes, (L'Histoire et l'Infalli bilitie des Papes. Paris, 1859. 2 vols., 8vo.,) with what ability we have not yet been able ourselves to examine. To an observer of the Mohammedans in Algeria (Ch. Brosselard) we are indebted for valuable information on the constitution of the Mohammedan religious orders in Algeria. (Les Khouan, Alger., 1859.) one of the larger works undertaken conjointly by the congregation of French Benedictines, "The Acts of the Martyrs from the Beginning of the Christian Church until the Present Time," (Les Actes des Martyrs. Paris. 1859, 8vo.,) the third volume has appeared. 2. Periodicals. Of In the Annual Catalogue of French Literature for 1859, published at Paris by Ch. Rheinwald, we find a list of the religious papers of Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. The first contains 18, the second 15, the third 3 names. Among the Roman Catholics are two which are strongly antipapal, (l'Observateur Catholique and l'Union Chretienne,) and one in a foreign language. Deducting these three, we have the curious fact, that the one or two millions of Protestants support as many periodicals as the more than thirty millions of Roman Catholics. ART. X.-SYNOPSIS. OF THE QUARTERLIES. I.-American Quarterly Reviews. I. THE THEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY JOURNAL, January, 1860.-1. Dr. Mansel's Limits of Religious Thought: 2. Notes on Scripture: Matthew xxiii, xxiv: 3. Christ's Promises, in the Epistles to the Churches, to those who are Victorious: 4. The Indo-Syrian Church: 5. Designation and Exposition of Isaiah, chapters xlix, 1, and li: 6. The Book of Judges: 7. Mr. Hequembourg's Plan of Creation. II. THE SOUTHERn Presbyterian REVIEW, January, 1860.—1. The Synod of Dort: 2. Symbolical Import of Baptism: 3. Moses and his Dispensation: 4. No Priest but Christ: 5. Private Christians in their Relations to the Unbelieving World: 6. The Present and Past Physical State of Palestine: 7. The American Board and the Choctaw Mission: 8. The Raid of John Brown and the Progress of Abolition. III. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH, January, 1860.-1 Masson's Life of Milton: 2. Dr. Alexander's Theory of Conscience: 3. The Philosophy of the Conditioned: 4. Evangelism: 5. The Classic Localities of our Land: 6. German Theology. IV. BROWNSON'S QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Christianity or Gentilism? 2. The Soul's Activity: 3. Manahan's Triumph of the Church: 4. The. Bible against Protestants: 5. The True Cross: 6. The Yankee in Ireland. V. THE CHRISTIAN REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Sir William Hamilton's Lectures: 2. Rives's Life of Madison : 3. India. Part Second-British India: 4. Sprague's Annals of the American Baptist Pulpit: 5. Thomson's Logic: 6. Relations of Romans i, 18-23, to the General Argument with the whole Epistle:* 7. Early Baptist History. VI. THE EVANGELICAL REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. The Ministerial Office: 2. The Shekinah: 3. Israel under the Second Great Monarchy: 4. Baptism of Childreu, etc. 5. Does John iii, 5, refer to Baptism? 6. Exposition of Matthew xi, 12. 7. English Lutheran Hymn Books: 8. Baccalaureate Address: 9. Reminiscences of Lutheran Clergymen: 10. The Defense of Stephen. VII. THE MERCERSBURG REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Sketches of a Traveler from Greece, Constantinople, Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine: 2. Churchliness: 3. The Church and Charitable Institutions: 4. The Festival of Adonis: 5. The American Student in Germany: 6. Synodical Church Authority: 7. Cantate Domino. VIII. BIBLIOTHECA SACRA AND BIBLICAL REPOSITORY, January, 1860.-1. The Religious Life and Opinions of John Milton: 2. Church Theology and Free Inquiry in the Twelfth Century: 3. Limits of Religious Thought adjusted: 4. The Twofold Life of Jesus Christ: 5. Objections from Reason against the Endless Punishment of the Wicked: 6. Hymnology. IX. THE NEW ENGLANDER, February, 1860.-1. Mr. Tennyson and the Idyls of King Arthur; 2. American Legislation: 3. Denominational Colleges: 4. The Reopening of the African Slave Trade; 5. Professor Lewis's New Work, "The Divine Human in the Scriptures": 6. The Minister's Wooing: From the Dr. Dryasdust Point of View: 7. Sir William Hamilton's Lectures on Metaphysics: 8. Professor Huntington's New Volume of Sermons. X. THE BIBLICAL REPERTORY AND PRINCETON REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. In. ductive and Deductive Politics: 2. The Physio-Philosophy of Oken: 3. Classification and Mutual Relation of the Mental Faculties: 4. The Text of Jeremiah: 5. Primeval Period of Sacred History: 6. Dorner's Christology: 7. What is Christianity? XI. The PresbYTERIAN QUARTERLY Review, January, 1860.—1. “Old and New School" Theology: 2. Schleiermacher: 3. Justice, as satisfied by the Atonement: 4. Archbishop Tillotson: 5. Presbyteries in Foreign Lands. XII. THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL QUARTERLY REVIEW, AND CHURCH REGISTER, January, 1860.-1. The Evidence of Miracles: 2. The Lord Jesus and James the Lord's Brother were equally the Sons of Mary: 3. The Relation of Rational to Religious Morality. An Essay on Intuitive Morals: 4. A Letter to the Christian Laity of the United States: 5. Tennyson's Idyls of the King: 6. Vestiges of the Spirit-History of Man. XIII. THE CHRISTIAN EXAMINER, January, 1860.-1. The Women of Homer: 2. The Dark Places in the Divine Providence: 3. The Study of Nature: 4. Pestalozzi: 5. Slavery in the Territories: 6. The Messiah of the Jews: 7. Novels of 1859. XIV. UNIVERSALIST QUARTERLY AND GENERAL REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Rationalistic Theology: 2. Humboldt: 3. The World at the Advent: 4. Destruction of Soul and Body in Gehenna: 5. The New Testament Doctrine of Salvation: 6. Exposition of 2 Corinthians v, 10. XV. THE FREEWILL BAPTIST QUARTERLY, January, 1860.-1. Gerritt Smith's Religion of Reason; 2. The Baptismal Question: 3. The Nature and Relations of Faith: 4. A Biographical Sketch of Rev. Elias Hutchins. XVI. THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. The Bible on the Social Relations: 2. Review of Letters on Psalmody: 3. Bible Revision: 4. The Ancient Church: 5. The Early Scotch and Scotch-Irish of Pennsylvania: 6. The Sabbath Question: 7. The United Presbyterian Church. II-English Reviews. I. THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN EVANGELICAL REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Dr. N. W. Taylor on the Moral Government of God: 2. Barnes on the Atonement: 3. Sunday Laws: 4. Revised Book of Discipline: 5. The Theology of Edwards, as shown in his Treatise concerning Religious Affections: 6. Ballantyne's Christianity contrasted with Hindu Philosophy: 7. The Geography of Palestine: 8. Bayne's Christian Life: 9. The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. II. THE CHRISTIAN REMEMBRANCER.-1. Young Quakerism: 2. Virginia-the Old Dominion: 3. The Church Cause and the Church Party: 4. The Ambrosian Liturgy: 5. L'Union Chrétienne: 6. Realities of Paris Life: 7. Revision of the Prayer Book. III. THE JOURNAL OF SACRED LITERATURE AND BIBLICAL, RECORD, January, 1860.— 1. On the True Reading and Correct Interpretation of Psalm xl, 6: 2. The Origin and History of the Sacred Slaves of Israel in Hivitia, Mount Se'yr, and the Hivite Tetrapolis: 3. Ancient and Modern Commentaries on the Holy Scriptures: 4. Theories of Biblical Chronology: 5. Analysis of the Emblems of St. John. Rev. xii: 6. Recent Syriac Literature. IV. THE BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Orators and Oratory: 2. Bushnell on the Natural and Supernatural: 3. Wordsworth: 4. Grattan's Civilized America: 5. The Christian Mediation: 6. Ethnological Varieties: 7. John Stuart Mill-Liberty and Society: 8. Old English Songs and Ballads: 9. The Germanic Confederation: 10. Our Epilogue on Affairs and Books. In the article on Ethnological Varieties, we have some curious premonitions of American decay, founded on our déficit "of the subcutaneous adipose cushion." "It has generally been a received dogma that the whole earth is the domain of man; that, whereas animal and vegetable tribes have their geographical and climatic limits, which they cannot pass with impunity, man may become a denizen of any latitude. Such is the truth in words; but when we examine facts, there are striking modifications necessary. Some varieties of men live and thrive, where others only die or wither. To take a familiar illustration, Europeans cannot colonize a tropical country; to some extent they can live there, subject to a variety of diseases and a deterioration of constitution. But they cannot even live there without assistance; they cannot cultivate the soil; for this a tropical race is required. To this rule we know of no valid exception. England cannot colonize, properly speaking, India nor tropical Africa: Spain, in the same sense, could not colonize South America; France can hold Algeria as a military colony, but in what other sense? None of these can become inhabitants of the country invaded, in the proper sense of the term-independent, self-supporting. Their very numbers can only be kept up by immigration; let this cease, and probably in a century the invading race will die out." "It is strongly suspected that this law is more general in its application than this; that difference of latitude is not the only bar to colonization. The mightiest colony the world has ever seen is that of the United States; its progress has been most marvelous; yet, as an Anglo-Saxon race, its future at least admits of doubt. An impression is growing that this race languishes in North America, all its apparent vigor notwithstanding. There are unmistakeable signs in the people of premature maturity and premature decay; and another certain mark of a tendency to decay is that the average number of children in families is small. Up to the present time, mighty masses of population, Saxon and Celt, are daily pouring fresh blood into the Union, rendering population returns of no value whatever, ethnologically considered." "But when this stream shall stop, as stop it must; when the colony comes to be thrown on its own resources; when fresh blood is no longer infused into it, and that, too, from the sources from whence they originally sprung; when the separation of Celt, Saxon, and South German shall have taken place in America itself an event soon to happen-then will come the time to calculate the probable result of this great experiment on man. All previous ones of this nature have failed; why should this succeed? Already I can imagine I perceive in the early loss of the subcutaneous adipose cushion, which marks the Saxon and Celtic American, proofs of a climate telling against the very principle of lifeagainst the very emblem of youth, and marking with a premature appearance of age the race whose sojourn in any land can never be eternal under circumstances striking at the essence of life itself. Symptoms of a premature decay, as the early loss of teeth, have a similar signification. The notion that the races become taller in America I have shown to be false; statistics, sound statistics, have yet to be found; we want the history of a thousand families, and their descendants, who have been located in America two hundred years ago, and who have not intermingled with fresh blood from Europe. The population returns now offered us are worthless on a question of this kind. The colonization, then, of Northern America by Celt and Saxon, and South or Middle German, is a problem whose success cannot be foretold, cannot reasonably be believed. All such experiments have hitherto failed.'"-Dr. Knox, Races of Men, p. 14. V. THE WESTMINSTER REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Government Contracts: 2. The Realities of Paris: 3. Ceylon: 4. The Social Organism: 5. Sicily as it was and is 6. Christian Revivals: 7. Italy: the Designs of Louis Napoleon. Had it been our task to furnish a predictive outline of what the Westminster would say about revivals, we could, we think, have furnished very nearly the programme of its article on that subject, an article which has been, really if not intentionally, well refuted by a counter view of the subject in the London Review, from the pen of Rev. William Arthur. The Westminster's article consists of about the staple ordinarily employed in manifestoes on such subjects from that standpoint. It has the marked excellences and other traits that distinguished the essays of Thomas Paine; frankness, individuality, strong vernacular English, a vein of coarseness and a subtone of cold irony. Perhaps the following passage from another part of the number, will present a view of the equivocal platform of so-called Christianity, upon which this publi cation undertakes to stand. Speaking of a professed French deistical author, M. Disdier, the Review says: "He appears to be truly angry with M. Ernest Renan for having said of the Hebrews that they had an apostleship (apostolat) assigned them by Providence to declare to the rest of the world the truths of monotheism. M. Disdier may be correct in maintaining that others besides the Semites have arrived at the conception of one God-probably the Indian Aryans had done so in the præ-Vedic period, and a Plato did so among the Greeks-nevertheless it may be said, without intending it in any superstitious sense, that the Jews had a mission to make known or suggest that idea to others who would have been long in discovering it for themselves. Neither from our recollection of the essay itself, nor from M. Disdier's quotation of it, have we any impression that M. Renan intended his expression of apostolat to mean a supernatural mission. But M. Renan, though an unflinching critic of the Biblical records, would, we believe, on no account abjure the Christian name, or sever himself by any act of his own from the Christian community. And we hope M. Disdier will allow us to say, without offense, that the question at issue between himself and Christianity is not simply an intellectual one. Many may go a long way with him in what he considers the critical disproof of Christianity, and yet not abandon it in every sense. There are those who may have said to themselves, at successive stages of their inquiries, that they could not consider themselves Christians if they did not believe the true divinity of Jesus according to Nicene definitions; or, if they did not acknowledge in him some superhuman nature; or, if they did not believe his supernatural incarnation, and a miraculous origin of the Gospel; or, at least, if they did not conceive of him as humanly perfect. And yet, when some if not all of these questions have been in succession determined intellectually in the negative, they have felt themselves to be Christians still. It has been impossible for them to cut themselves off from Christian predecessors, through whom, along with whatever errors, there has come to them a moral teaching and a spiritual life. Many more, though they never have and probably never will open those other inquiries, nor could have the opportunity of settling intellectual and speculative points, are likewise Christians, not because of the dogmas or the wonders of Christianity, but because they have learned from it precious truths concerning God, and the soul, and good, and an eternal life. And so it has happened that the tree has continued to grow, though Paine and Voltaire prophesied the reverse, because it has its main hold not by the speculative but by the moral root." VI. THE NATIONAL REVIEW, January, 1860.-1. Mr. Kingsley's Literary Errors and Excesses: 2. The Foreign Office; Classic or Gothic: 3. Whateley's Edition of Paley's Ethics: 4. The Blind: 5. Intemperence; its Causes and Cures: 6. Theodore Parker: 7. England's Policy in the Congress: 8. Darwin on the Origin of Species; 9. The History of the Unreformed Parliament, and its Lessons. The article on Theodore Parker, while conceding more truth to Parkerism than we can afford, contains some able counter views well worthy attention. On Mr. Parker's rejection of miracles we have the following utterances : "To Mr. Parker's fundamental assumption that God always acts according to law-in other words, that the infinite perfection of his nature excludes the idea of all caprice, uncertainty, and contradiction in his modes of action-we can take no exception. But it does not follow that the laws already within our intellectual ken must embrace all possible laws. There are probably laws within laws only unfolded by degrees to human view; stratifications, as it were, of spiritual agency, one underlying the other, the deepest and widest of which may only crop out now and then on the outer surface of human affairs. To deny this seems to us a narrow dogmatism, which presumes to arrest at a certain point the development of man's acquaintance with the ways of God, and ties up by the result of a limited experience the possibilities of future knowledge. Mr. Parker's own religious philosophy, so comprehensive and spiritual, recognizing God as immanent in all things, and regarding all phenomena as the continuous effect of his omnipresent and unceasing energy, should have withheld him from sanctioning even in appearance a doctrine which would limit the divine free agency. Phenomena are |