The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method, Band 1

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Macmillan, 1879 - 786 Seiten
 

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The Process of Inference
9
Abstraction of Indifferent Circumstances
10
Deduction and Induction
11
Symbolic Expression of Logical Inference
13
Expression of Identity and Difference
14
General Formula of Logical Inference
17
The Propagating Power of Similarity
20
Anticipations of the Principle of Substitution
21
The Logic of Relatives
22
CHAPTER II
24
Twofold meaning of General Names
25
Abstract Terms
27
Substantial Terms
28
Collective Terms
29
Synthesis of Terms
30
Symbolic Expression of the Law of Contradiction
31
Certain Special Conditions of Logical Symbols
32
CHAPTER III
36
Propositions
39
Simple Identities 3 Partial Identities
40
Limited Identities
42
Negative Propositions
43
Conversion of Propositions
46
Twofold Interpretation of Propositions
47
CHAPTER IV
49
Immediate Inference
50
Inference with Two Simple Identities
51
Inference with a Simple and a Partial Identity
53
Inference of a Partial from Two Partial Identities
55
On the Ellipsis of Terms in Partial Identities 7 Inference of a Simple from Two Partial Identities
58
Inference of a Limited from Two Partial Identities
59
Miscellaneous Forms of Deductive Inference
60
Fallacies
62
CHAPTER V
66
Expression of the Alternative Relation
67
Nature of the Alternative Relation
68
BOOK II
69
Laws of the Disjunctive Relation
71
Symbolic Expression of the Law of Duality
73
Various Forms of the Disjunctive Proposition
74
Inference by Disjunctive Propositions
76
PAGE
93
Fifth Example
101
Fallacies Analysed by the Indirect Method
102
The Logical Abacus
104
The Order of Premises 18 The Logical Machine
107
The Equivalence of Propositions
115
The Nature of Inference 107 114 115
118
Induction CHAPTER VII
121
Induction an Inverse Operation
122
Induction of Simple Identities 3 Inductive Problems for Solution by the Reader
126
Induction of Partial Identities
130
Solution of the Inverse or Inductive Problem involving Two Classes
134
The Inverse Logical Problem involving Three Classes
137
Professor Clifford on the Types of Compound Statement in volving Four Classes
143
Distinction between Perfect and Imperfect Induction
146
Transition from Perfect to Imperfect Induction
149
NUMBER VARIETY AND PROBABILITY CHAPTER VIII
153
Principles of Number
155
The Nature of Number
156
Of Numerical Abstraction
158
Concrete and Abstract Number
159
Analogy of Logical and Numerical Terms
160
Principle of Mathematical Inference PAGE 153 156 158 159
162
29
169
THE VARIETY OF NATURE OR THE DOCTRINE OF COMBINATIONS AND PERMUTATIONS 1 The Variety of Nature
173
Distinction of Combinations and Permutations
177
Calculation of Number of Combinations
180
30
181
The Arithmetical Triangle
182
126
184
32
186
Connexion between the Arithmetical Triangle and the Logical Alphabet
189
Possible Variety of Nature and
190
36
192
CHAPTER X
197
Fundamental Principles of the Theory
200
Rules for the Calculation of Probabilities
203
The Logical Alphabet in questions of Probability
205
Comparison of the Theory with Experience
206
37
208
Probable Deductive Arguments
209
BOOK III
210
Difficulties of the Theory
213
CHAPTER XI
218
Various Classes of Inductive Truths
219
The Relation of Cause and Effect
220
Fallacious Use of the Term Cause
221
Confusion of Two Questions
222
Definition of the Term Cause
224
Distinction of Inductive and Deductive Results
226
The Grounds of Inductive Inference
228
Illustrations of the Inductive Process
229
43
230
Geometrical Reasoning
232
Discrimination of Certainty and Probability
235
CHAPTER XII
240
Principle of the Inverse Method
242
Simple Applications of the Inverse Method
244
The Theory of Probability in Astronomy
247
The General Inverse Problem
250
Simple Illustration of the Inverse Problem
253
46
254
General Solution of the Inverse Problem
255
Rules of the Inverse Method
257
Fortuitous Coincidences
261
Summary of the Theory of Inductive Inference
265
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT CHAPTER XIII
270
Division of the Subject
274
The Fallacious Indications of the Senses
276
Complexity of Quantitative Questions 1278
278
The Methods of Accurate Measurement
282
Measuring Instruments
284
The Method of Repetition
288
Measurements by Natural Coincidence
292
Modes of Indirect Measurement
296
Comparative Use of Measuring Instruments
299
Systematic Performance of Measurements
300
The Pendulum
302
Attainable Accuracy of Measurement
303
CHAPTER XIV
305
Standard Unit of Time
307
127
312
The Terrestrial Standard
314
The Pendulum Standard
315
Unit of Density
316
Unit of Mass
317
Natural System of Standards
319
Subsidiary Units
320
Derived Units
321
Provisional Units
323
Theory of Dimensions
325
Natural Constants
328
Mathematical Constants
330
Physical Constants
331
Astronomical Constants
332
Terrestrial Numbers
333
Social Numbers
334
ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE PHENOMENA SECTION PAGE 1 Analysis of Quantitative Phenomena
335
Illustrations of the Complication of Effects
336
Methods of Eliminating Error
339
Method of Avoidance of Error
340
Differential Method
344
Method of Correction
346
130
348
Method of Compensation
350
Method of Reversal
354
CHAPTER XVI
357
Several Uses of the Mean Result
359
The Mean and the Average
360
On the Average or Fictitious Mean
363
The Precise Mean Result
365
50
367
Determination of the Zero Point
368
Determination of Maximum Points
371
Rejection of the Mean Result
389
Method of Least Squares 3 3
391
Works upon the Theory of Probability
394
Detection of Constant Errors
396
CHAPTER XXV
398
CHAPTER XVIII
399
Distinction of Observation and Experiment
400
Mental Conditions of Correct Observation
402
Instrumental and Sensual Conditions of Correct Observation
404
External Conditions of Correct Observation
407
203
408
Apparent Sequence of Events
409
Negative Arguments from NonObservation
411
CHAPTER XIX
416
Exclusion of Indifferent Circumstances
419
134
421
Simplification of Experiments
422
Failure in the Simplification of Experiments
424
Removal of Usual Conditions
426
Interference of Unsuspected Conditions
428
Blind or Test Experiments
433
Negative Results of Experiment
434
Limits of Experiment
437
CHAPTER XX
439
The Variable and the Variant
440
Measurement of the Variable
441
Maintenance of Similar Conditions
443
Collective Experiments
445
Periodic Variations
447
Combined Periodic Changes
450
Principle of Forced Vibrations
451
Integrated Variations
452
CHAPTER XXI
456
Substitution of Simple Hypotheses
458
Approximation to Exact Laws
462
Successive Approximations to Natural Conditions
465
Discovery of Hypothetically Simple Laws
470
Mathematical Principles of Approximation
471
Approximate Independence of Small Effects
475
Four Meanings of Equality
479
Arithmetic of Approximate Quantities
481
CHAPTER XXII
483
Probable Connexion of Varying Quantities
484
Empirical Mathematical Laws
487
Discovery of Rational Formulæ
489
The Graphical Method
492
Interpolation and Extrapolation
495
53
496
Illustrations of Empirical Quantitative Laws
499
Simple Proportional Variation
501
CHAPTER XXIII
504
Requisites of a good Hypothesis
510
Possibility of Deductive Reasoning
511
Consistency with the Laws of Nature
514
Conformity with Facts
516
Experimentum Crucis
518
Descriptive Hypotheses
522
PAGE 525
526
Accordance of Quantitative Theories
551
Empirical Measurements
552
Quantities indicated by Theory but Empirically Measured
553
Explained Results of Measurement
554
Quantities determined by Theory and verified by Measurement
555
Quantities determined by Theory and not verified
556
Discordance of Theory and Experiment
558
Accordance of Measurements of Astronomical Distances
560
Selection of the best Mode of Measurement
563
Agreement of Distinct Modes of Measurement
564
55
569
CHAPTER XXVI
574
Error of the Baconian Method
576
Freedom of Theorising
577
The Newtonian Method the True Organum
581
Candour and Courage of the Philosophic Mind
586
The Philosophic Character of Faraday
587
Reservation of Judgment
592
GENERALISATION ANALOGY AND CLASSIFICATION CHAPTER XXVII
594
Distinction of Generalisation and Analogy
596
Two Meanings of Generalisation
597
Value of Generalisation
599
Comparative Generality of Properties
600
Uniform Properties of all Matter
603
Variable Properties of Matter
606
Extreme Instances of Properties
607
The Detection of Continuity
610
The Law of Continuity
615
Failure of the Law of Continuity
619
Negative Arguments on the Principle of Continuity
621
Tendency to Hasty Generalisation
623
CHAPTER XXVIII
627
Analogy as a Guide in Discovery
629
PAGE 206
630
Analogy in the Mathematical Sciences
631
Analogy in the Theory of Undulations
635
Analogy in Astronomy
638
Failures of Analogy
641
CHAPTER XXIX
644
Imaginary or False Exceptions
647
Apparent but Congruent Exceptions
649
Singular Exceptions
652
Divergent Exceptions
655
Accidental Exceptions
658
Novel and Unexplained Exceptions
661
Limiting Exceptions
663
Real Exceptions to Supposed Laws
666
Unclassed Exceptions
668
CHAPTER XXX
673
Classification involving Induction
675
Multiplicity of Modes of Classification
677
Natural and Artificial Systems of Classification
679
Correlation of Properties
681
Classification in Crystallography
685
Classification an Inverse and Tentative Operation
689
Symbolic Statement of the Theory of Classification
692
Bifurcate Classification
694
The Five Predicables
698
Summum Genus and Infima Species
701
The Tree of Porphyry
702
Does Abstraction imply Generalisation?
704
Discovery of Marks or Characteristics
708
Diagnostic Systems of Classification
710
Index Classifications
714
Classification in the Biological Sciences
718
Classification by Types
722
Natural Genera and Species
724
Unique or Exceptional Objects
728
Limits of Classification
730
BOOK VI
735
The Meaning of Natural Law
737
Infiniteness of the Universe
738
The Indeterminate Problem of Creation
740
Hierarchy of Natural Laws
742
The Ambiguous ExpressionUniformity of Nature
745
Possible States of the Universe
749
Speculations on the Reconcentration of Energy
751
The Divergent Scope for New Discovery
752
Infinite Incompleteness of the Mathematical Sciences
754
The Reign of Law in Mental and Social Phenomena
759
The Theory of Evolution
761
Possibility of Divine Interference
765
Conclusion
766
205
771
57
772
INDEX
773
59
774
67
775
68
776
137
778
242
779
74
780
265
781
146
782
577
785
586
786

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The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method
William Stanley Jevons
Vollansicht - 1883
The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method
William Stanley Jevons
Vollansicht - 1877
The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method
William Stanley Jevons
Vollansicht - 1877
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abC abc ABcd AbCd analogy apparent approximate arises ascertain assert body calculation cause character classification colour combinations consists Contrapositive crystals deductive deductive reasoning density detect discovered discovery disjunctive proposition earth effect electricity equal equation equivalent error exactly exist experiment expression fact force give gravity heat hypothesis identity induction inference infinite instance inverse inverse logical investigation J. S. Mill knowledge Laws of Identity laws of nature Laws of Thought Leibnitz light Logical Alphabet logical conditions logicians magnetic manner mathematical matter mean measure metal method mind mode motion negative Newton objects observation pendulum phenomena Philosophical planets possible premises principle principle of substitution probability problem properties proposition qualities quantity reasoning refraction regards relation scientific scientific method similar simple stars substances substitution supposed syllogism symbols temperature theory things tion triangle true truth velocity

Bibliografische Informationen

TitelThe Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method, Band 1
Autor/inWilliam Stanley Jevons
Ausgabe2, Neuauflage
VerlagMacmillan, 1879
Original vonPennsylvania State University
Digitalisiert24. Mai 2013
Länge786 Seiten
  
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