being had from the king or prince for that purpose. Feudal Advocates. These were of the military kind, who were to lead the vassals of the church to war, not only in private quarrels of the church itself, but in military expeditions for the king's service, in which they were the standard-bearers of their churches. Fiscal Advocate, fisci advocatus, in Roman antiquity, an officer of state under the Roman emperors, who pleaded in all causes wherein the fiscus, or private treasury, was concerned. Juridical Advocates, in the middle age, those who from attending causes in the court of the count of the province, became judges themselves, and held courts of their vassals thrice a year, under the name of the tria placita generalia. Matricular Advocates, were the advocates of the mother or cathedral churches. Military Advocates were introduced in the times of confusion, when every person was obliged to maintain his property by force; bishops and abbots not being permitted to bear arms, recourse was had to knights, noblemen, soldiers, or even to princes. Regular Advocates, those duly formed and qualified for their profession, by a proper course of study, the requisite oath, subscription, licence, &c. Subordinate Advocates, those appointed by other superior ones, acting under them, and accountable to them. Supreme or Sovereign Advocates, were those who had the authority in chief; but acted by deputies or subordinate advocates. These were called also principal, greater, and sometimes general advocates. Such in many cases were kings, &c. when either they had been chosen advocates, or became such by being founders or endowers of churches. re Faculty of Advocates, in Scotland, a spectable body of lawyers, in number above 200, who plead in all causes before the courts of session, justiciary, and exchequer. They are also intitled to plead in the house of peers, and other supreme courts in England. Lord Advocate, or King's Advocate, one of the eight great officers of state in Scotland, who as such sat in parliament without election. He is the principal crown-lawyer in Scotland. His business is to act as a public prosecutor, and to plead in all causes that concern the crown. ADVOCATIONE DECIMARUM, writ which lies for claiming a fourth part of tithes or upwards belonging to any church. ADVOLATION. s. (advolo, advolatum, Lat.) The act of flying to something. ADVOLUTION. s. (advolutio, Lat.) The ! act of rolling to something. ADVOUTRY. s. (avoutrie, Fr.) Adultery | (Bacon). ADVOW, in ancient law books, signifies to justify or maintain an act formerly done: it also signifies to call upon or produce. ADVOWEE, in ancient customs and law books, denotes the advocate of a church, religious house, or the like. There were ad- 1 vowees of cathedrals, abbeys, monasteries, &c Thus, Charlemagne had the title of advowce of St. Peters; king Hugh, of St. Riquier, &c. \ These advowees were the guardians, protectors, i and administrators of the temporal concerns of the churches, and under their authority were passed all contracts which related to them. It appears also, from the most ancient charters, that the donations made to churches were conferred on the persons of the advowees. They always pleaded the causes of the churches in court, and distributed justice for them, in the places under their jurisdiction. In a stat. 25 Edw. III. we meet with advowee paramount, for the highest patron, that is, the king. ADVOWSON, or ADVOWSEN, in common law, signifies a right to present to a vacant benefice. Advowsons formerly were most of them appendant to manors, and the patrons were parochial barons: the lordship of the manor, and patronage of the church, were seldom in different hands, until advowsons were given to religious houses. But of late times, the lordship of the manor and advowson of the church have been divided. Advowsons are presentative, collative, or donative: presentative, where the patron presents or offers his clerk to the bishop of the diocese, to be instituted in his church; collative, where the benefice is given by the bishop, as original patron thereof, or by means of a right he has acquired by lapse; donative, as where the king or other patron does, by a single donation in writing, put the clerk into possession, without presentation, institution, or induction. Colleges holding more advowsons in number, than a moiety of the fellows, are not capable of purchasing more. Grants of advowsons by papists are void. Advowsons are temporal inheritances, and lay fees; they may be granted by deed or will, and are assets in the hands of heirs or executors. Presentations to advowsons, for moncy, or other reward, are void, 31 Eliz. cap. 6. See Burn's Eccl. Law, vol. i. For more on this subject, see Tomlins's Jacob's Dictionary, art. Advowson. ADVOWTRY. See ADULTERY. To ADU'RE. v. n. (aduro, Lat.) To burn up (Bacon). ADUST. a. (adustus, Lat.) 1. Burnt up; scorched (Bacon). 2. It is generally now applied to the complexion and humours of the body (Pope). ÁDUSTED. a. (See ADUST.) Burnt; dried with fire; scorched (Milton). ADUSTIBLE. a. (from adust.) That may be adusted, or burnt up. 1 1 ! ADYTUM, in pagan antiquity, the most retired and sacred place of their temples, into which none but the priests were allowed to enter. The term is purely Greek, signifying inaccessible. ADZE, or ADDICE, a cutting tool, of the ar-kind, having its blade made thin, and arching; and its edge at right angles to the handle; chefly used for taking off thin chips of timber or boards, and for paring away certain irregularities which the ax cannot come at. AE, or, a diphthong compounded of A and E Authors are by no means agreed as to the se of the ae in English words. Some, from a consideration that it is no proper diphthong in our language (its sound being no other than that of the simple e,) contend that it ought to be entirely disused; and, in fact, the simple e of late been much adopted instead of the Roman æ, as in the word equator, &c. EACEA, in antiquity, feasts and combats, ebrated in Ægina, in honour of their king Lacus. EACUS, the son of Jupiter by Egina. When the isle of gina was depopulated by a pagne, his father, in compassion to his grief, changed all the ants upon it into men and wonen, who were called Myrmidons, from Pan ant. The foundation of the fable is said to be, that when the country had been depopulated by pirates, who forced the few that remained to take shelter in caves, acus encouraged them to come out, and by commerce and industry recover what they had lost. His character for justice was such, that, in a time of universal drought, he was nominated by the Delphic oracle to intercede for Greece, and his prayer was answered. The pagans also imagined that Æacus, on account of his impartial justice, was chosen by Pluto one of the three judges of the dead; and that it was his province to judge the Europeans. ECHMALOTARCHA, in antiquity, a Greek term, signifying the chief, or leader of the jewish captives in Babylonia. The jewish name was rosch-galeth. ECIDIUM, a genus of the Linnéan class and order cryptogamia, fungi, with membraDous cases, glabrous both sides, filled with naked seeds not cohering. Its species are eleven; of which some are clustered, and others solitary. ÆDES, in Roman antiquity, signified or dinarily a house, but often a chapel or inferior kind of temple, not consecrated. EDILE, EDILIS, among the aneient Romans, implied a magistrate, whose chief business consisted in superintending edifices of all kinds, especially those which belonged to the public, as temples, aqueducts, bridges, &c. They had also the care of the highways, public places, weights, and measures. The prices of provisions were also fixed by the ædiles, who also punished lewd women, and such persons as frequented gaming houses. They had the custody of the plebiscita, or orders of the people; inspected all comedies, and other pieces of wit; and were obliged to exhibit magnificent games to the people at their own expence. There were originally only two ædiles, who were chosen out of the common people; but these in general being unable to support the enormous expence attending their office, two others were created out of the patrician order: these took upon themselves the charges of the games, and were called ædiles curules, or majores, as the two plebeians were stiled minores. Julius Cæsar, in order to ease these four magistrates, increased their number to six, calling the two additional ones ædiles cereales, from their having the inspection of all manner of grain committed to their care. ÆDITUUS, in Roman antiquity, an officer belonging to the temple, who had the charge of the offerings, treasure, and sacred utensils. The female deities had a woman officer of this kind called Editua. ÆDOIA, the same as PUDENDA. ÆDON, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a nightingale as she attempted to kill herself. ÆDORIA, (aidoia from aidus modesty; or from & neg. and now to see.) The pudenda, or external sexual organs in females. ÆDOSOPHIA, (aido↓opia from aidoies and op to break wind,) flatus from the womb passing through the vagina. ÆGEAN SEA, (ancient geography,) now the Archipelago, a part of the Mediterranean, separating Europe from Asia and Africa; washing, on one hand, Greece and Macedonia; ou the other Caria and Ionia. The origin of the name is greatly disputed. Festus advanced three opinions: one, that it is so called from the many islands therein, at a distance appearing like so many goats: another, because Egea queen of the Amazons perished in it: a third opinion is, because Egeus, the father of Theseus, threw himself headlong into it. GEUS, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at the court of Pittheus, king of Troezene, who gave him his daughter Athra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, if she had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be known to Ægeus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his crown. Athra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his father's sword. At that time geus lived with Medea, the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon shewing geus the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. (Apollod. Paus. &c.) The Egean sea is supposed to be called after him. Theseus when he rcturned from Crete, omitted to hoist white sails as a signal of his subduing the Minotaur, as he had agreed with geus. His disconsolate father, at the sight of the black sails, threw himself into this sea. Ægeus reigned 48 years, and died B. C. 1235. ÆGIAS, (alias from ag a goat,) a white concretion in the pupil of the eye; so called because goats are said to be frequently subject to it. AGICERAS. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and order pentandria, monogynia, thus distinguished. Calyx five-cleft; petals five; capsule curved, one-celled, one-valved, one-seeded. It has been only found in the Moluccas, which produce two species, the a. majus, and a. minus. EGIDION, a name given to a collyrium for inflammations and defluxions of the eyes. ÆGILOPS, or EGYLOPS, (ary from and the eye.) In surgery an ulcer in the internal canthus of the eye, so called, because goats are said to be peculiarly subject to it. 2 The holm-oak; because its acorns resemble a goat's eye. 3 The great wild oat grass, or dank; resembling in colour the goat's eye, constituting a genus of the Linnéan class and order polygamia, monoecia, thus characterised: herm. calyx, glume or husk about three-flowered, cartilaginous; corol, glume ending in a triple awn; stamens three; styles two; seed one. Male stamens three. It is a native of the south of Europe, and offers four species to the eye of the naturalist. ÆGINA, daughter of Asopus, had acus by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She afterwards married Actor, son of Myrmidon, by whom she had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name. EGINA, an island formerly called Enopia, in a part of the gean sea, called Saronicus Sinus. The inhabitants were very powerful by sea, and gave themselves to Darius when he demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles expelled them from their possessions; the island is now called Engia. Herodot. Strab. &c. ÆGINETIA. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and order didynamia, angiospermia; thus characterised: calyx one-leaved, spathacecous, or sheathy; corol campanulate; two-lipped; capsule many cells. The only species known of it is a native of Malabar. GIOCUS, a sirname of Jupiter, from his using the goat Amalthea's skin, instead of a shield, in the war of the Titans. EGIPHILA. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and order tetrandria, monogynia thus characterised; calyx four-toothed; corot four-cleft; style semibifid; berry two-celled, with two seeds in each. It is an inhabitant of both the Indies, and eight species of it have been discovered. ÆGIRA, a town of Achaia, supposed to be founded by Egirus, the sixth king of Sicyon, and situate between Egium and Sicyon, opposite to Parnassus. It is now a small village called Hylocastro. ÆGIS, in the ancient mythology, a name given to the shield or buckler of Jupiter and Pallas.-The goat Amalthea, which had suckled Jove, being dead, that god is said to have covered his buckler with the skin thereof; whence the appellation ægis, from aış, ayes, she-goat. Jupiter, afterwards restoring the beast to life again, covered it with a new skin, and placed it among the stars. As to his buckler, he made a present of it to Minerva: whence that goddess's buckler is also called ægis.-Minerva, having killed the Gorgon Medusa, nailed her head in the middle of the ægis, which henceforth had the faculty of converting into stone all those who looked thereon; as Medusa herself had done during her life.-Others take the ægis not to have been a buckler, but a cuiras, or breast-plate. ÆGISTHUS, son of Thyestes by his own daughter Philopeia, who, to conceal her shame, exposed him in the woods: some say he was taken up by a shepherd, and suckled by a goat, whence he was called Ægisthus. He corrupted Clytemnestra the wife of Agamemnon; and with her assistance slew her husband, and reigned seven years in Mycena. He was, together with Clytemnestra, slain by Orestes. Pompey used to call Julius Cæsar Ægisthus, on account of his having corrupted his wife Mutia, whom he afterward put away, though he had three children by her. ÆGIUM, (ancient geography,) a town of Achaia Propria, five miles from the place where Helice stood, and famous for the council of the Acheans, which usually met there, on account either of the dignity, or commodious situation of the place. It was also famous for the worship of Quayugios 2:05, Conventional Jupiter, and of Panachacan Ceres. The territory of Ægium was watered by two rivers, viz. the Phoenix and Meganitas. The epithet is giensis. EGLE. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and order polyandria, monogynia; thus distinguished; calyx five-lobed; petals five, berry globular, many-celled, with numerous seeds in each. The only known species of this genus is a tree in the East Indies with thorny branches, and a fruit equally delicious to the taste and fragrant to the smell. GLIA, (a from a) the same as Egias. the stars, transformed himself into a goat, and was called Egoceras. EGOPODIUM, (from daypa or, (reversed) apa-modos, the gout.) Gout-weed, or gout-wort, so named from its supposed benefit in this disease: called also wild angelica, or herb gerard. A genus in the Linn an class and order pentandria, trigynia; thus characterised: fruit ovate-oblong, ribbed; petals inflected, heart-shaped, unequal. The only known species is to be found wild in our own hedges and road sides, with small white flowers, and leaves resembling those of the angelica. EGOPRICORN. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and order monoecia, diandria. Its male is an ament; common calyx threecleft; partial one tubular; corolless; anther four-lobed. In its female the flowers are solitary; calyx as in the male; corolless; styles three, united at the base; capsule three grained. The only known species is a tree of the East Indies, with flowers issuing from the end of the branchlets. EGYPTI'ACUM. s. An ointment consist ing of honey, verdigrease, and vinegar (Quin.). EINAUTÆ, in antiquity, a name given the senators of Miletus, because they held their deliberations aboard a ship. EL, or EAL, or AL. In compound names, El, or altogether. So Aldred, altogether reverend: Alfred, altogether peaceful (Gibson). ELF, implies assistance. So Elfwin is victorious (Gibson). ELIA CAPITOLINA, a name given by the emperor Adrian, from Ælius that of his own family, and Capitolinus the epithet of Jupiter, to the new city which he caused to be built about A. D. 134, near the spot where the ancient Jerusalem stood; and which, on his visit to the eastern parts of the Roman empire, he found in ruins. ELIAN CLAUDIUS, a Roman sophist of Præneste, in the reign of Adrian. He first tanght rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in seventeen books, on various history in fourteen books, &c. in Greek, a language which he preferred to Latin. He was surnamed Maywoos, honey mouthed, on account of the peculiar sweetness of his style. Martial refers to this excellence; lib. xii. epigr. 24. "Ojucunda, Covine, solitudo, Carrucâ magis, essedoque gratum Facundi mihi munus Eliarni." ELURUS,in mythology, a deity worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, under the form of a cat, or that of a man, with the head of that animal. They had likewise a goddess, whom they represented under the figure of a woman with the head of a cat. The Egyptians had so superstitious a regard for this animal, that the killing it, whether by accident or design, was punished with death: and Diodorus relates, that in the time of extreme famine they chose rather to eat one another, than touch these sacred animals. ÆMOBOLIUM, in antiquity, the blood of a bull or ram, offered in the sacrifices called taurobolia and criobolia. ENARIA, an island in the bay of Cumæ, which Pliny says derived its name from its being the station of the ships of Æneas. ÆNEAS, in fabulous history, a famous Trojan prince, son of Anchises and Venus. At the destruction of Troy he bore his aged father on his back, and saved him from the Greeks; but being too solicitous about his son and household gods, lost his wife Creusa: getting on board a ship, he set sail, and landed in Macedonia, in Sicily, and in Africa, where he was kindly received by queen Dido; but forsaking her he landed in Italy, where he married Lavinia the daughter of king Latinus, and defeated Turnus, to whom she had been contracted. After the death of his father-in-law he was made king of the Latins, over whom he reigned three years but joining with the Aborigines, he was slain in a battle against the Tuscans. Virgil has rendered the name of this prince immortal, by making him the hero of his poem. ANEID, the name of Virgil's celebrated epic poem. There is nothing in antiquity to equal the sixth book of the Æneid. Yet, a late writer, M. La Harpe, in his Lycée, or Lectures at the Lycæum, does not allow Virgil to be the inventor of a single incident; and scarcely of a verse in his He acpoem. knowledges, however, that the third, fourth, and sixth books, are admirable productions. In the estimation of this author, the excellence of Virgil rests on the constant perfection of his style, to surpass which seems impossible. It is at once, he says, the delight and despair of all who wish to cultivate poetry; so that if he has not equalled Homer in invention, variety, or constant interest, he has surpassed him in the beauty of particular parts, and in the fine taste with which he has embellished his narratives. ENI, in ancient geography, an island of the Red sea, situated to the east of Hippos and south of the Elanitic gulf. ENIGMA, a proposition put in obscure, ambiguous, and generally contradictory terms, to puzzle, or exercise the wit, in finding out its meaning; or, in obscure discourse, covering some common and well-known thing, under remote and common terms. The word is formed of anrhodai, obscure inneure, to hint a thing darkly; of avos, an obscure speech, discourse. The Latins sometime call it scirpus, sirpus, or scrupus. The populace with us name it riddle; from the Belgic raeden, or the Saxon araethan, to interpret. The use of ænigmas was very great among the Egyptians. Gale thinks, they might borrow their custom from the Hebrews, among whom, it is certain, ænigmas were not less in use. Witness Samson's riddle, Judg. xiv. 12, 13. I will now put forth a riddle to you, &c., i. e. according to Vatable, an ænigmatical problem. the LXX render it, 6. Solomon is said to have been particularly skilful in the solution of enigmas. Joseph, Antiq. lib. v. cap. 2. Clemens assures us, that the Egyptians placed sphinges before their temples; to intimate that the doctrines of God and religion were ænigmatical and obscure. See HIEROGLYPHIC. Æniginas consist in words, which, whether they be in prose or verse, contain either some description, a question, or a prosopopœia. The last kind are the most pleasing, inasmuch as they give life and action to things which otherwise have them not. To make an ænigma, therefore, two things are to be pitched on, which bear some resemblance to each other; as the sun and a monarch; or a ship aud a house: and on this resemblance is to be raised a superstructure of contrarieties to amuse and perplex. It is easier to find great subjects for ænigmas in figures than in words, inasmuch as painting attracts the eyes and excites the attention to discover the sense. The subjects of enigmas in painting, are to be taken either from history or fable; the composition here is a kind of metamorphosis, wherein, e. g. human figures are changed into trees, and rivers into metals. It is essential to ænigmas, that the history or fable, under which they are presented, be known to every body; otherwise it will be two ænigmas instead of one; the first of the history or fable, the second of the sense in which it is to be taken. Another essential rule of the ænigma is, that it only admit of one sense. Every ænigma which is susceptive of different interpretations, all equally natural, is so far imperfect. The alchemists are great dealers in the ænigmatic language, their processes for the philosopher's stone being generally wrapped up in riddles: e. g. Fac ex mare et fæmina circulum, inde quadrangulum, hinc triangulum, fac circulum, et habebis labidem philosophorum.-F. Menestrier has attempted to reduce the composition and resolution of ænigmas to a kind of art, with fixed rules and principles, which he calls the philosophy of enigmatic images. There are some ænigmas in history, complicated to a degree which much transcends all rules, and has given great perplexity to the interpreters of them. Such is that celebrated ancient one, Elia Lælia Crispis, about which many of the learned have puzzled their heads. There are two exemplars of it: one found 140 years ago, on a marble near Bologna; the other in an ancient MS. written in Gothic letters, at Milan. It is controverted between the two cities, which is to be reputed the more authentic. The Bononian Ænigma. D. M. Nec pudica; Neque fame, neque ferro, Nec cælo, nec terris, Sed ubique jacet. Neque mærens, neque gaudens, Nec molem, nec pyramidem, Scit et nescit, cui posuerit. That is to say, To the gods' inanes, Ælia Lælia Hoc est sepulchrum intus cadaver non habens. ENIGMATICAL, something which re- ENIGMATOGRAPHY, or ENIGMATOLOGY, the art of making, or of explaining, or of collecting ænigmas. ENITHOLOGICUS, in poetry, a verse of two dactyls, and three trochai; as Prælia dira placent truci juventæ. ÆOLIC, or ÆOLIAN, in grammar, denotes one of the five dialects of the Greek tongue. It was first used in Boeotia; whence it passed into Eolia, and was that which Sappho and Alcæus wrote in. The Æolic dialect generally throws out the aspirate or sharp spirit, and agrees in so many things with the Doric dialect, that the two are usually confounded together. EOLIC VERSE, carmen Eolicum, a kind of measure, consisting first of an iambic, or |