ALE. In botany, the two side petals of a papilionaceous flower. (See WINGS.) The angle formed by a branch with the stem, or by a leaf with the branch, was formerly expressed by this term; but it is now called the axilla or axil; which see.

ALAIA PHTHI'SIS. (from λaw;, blind, and pig, a wasting.) Emaciation from a catarrh or coryza.

ALAGTAĜA. See DIPUS, or JARBOA. ALALCOMENIUS, the Boeotian name for the Athenian month Mæmacterion. ALAMANDA. In botany, a genus of the class and order pentandria monogynia. Its corol is twisted; capsule lens-formed, erect, echinate, one-celled, two-valved, many-seeded. The only known species is a native of Guiana, a climbing milky plant, with yellow, terminal flowers; the leaves of which in an infusion are esteemed useful in the colic and other diseases of the alimentary canal.

ALAMANNICUM, a tribute imposed by the emperor Alexius Angelus, on obtaining a peace with the Alamanti,

ALAMBIC. See ALEMBIC. A-LA-MI-RE, in the gammut, is the octave above A-RE, or A in the first space in the base cliff.

ALAMODE, a phrase originally French, importing a thing to be in the fashion or

mode.

ALAMODE, in commerce, a thin glossy black silk, chiefly used for women's cloaks and men's mourning scarfs.

ALANA BOLUS. (ahavaswass, from thevos, sily, and 6205, earth.) English otter. ALA'NA TERRÁ. The same as alanabolus.

ALAND, or ALANDT, an island belonging to Sweden, in the Baltic, about forty leagues in circumference, encompassed with small islands and rocks; it was anciently independent, but now makes part of Finland: Castelholm is the principal place. Lat. 60, 18 N. Lon. 37. 40 E. Ferro.

ALAND, a river of Germany, which runs into the Elbe, near Snackenburg, in the principality of Lunenburg.

ALAND. ad. (from a for at, and land.) At land: landed; on the dry ground (Dryd). ALANDATRAL. (bitter, Arab.) The bitter-apple, or colocynth.

ALANDSBAY, on the south coast of Ireland, between Waterford harbour and Tramore bay: eight miles S. of Waterford.

ALA'NGIUM. In botany, a genus of the class and order polyandria monogynia. Calyx Six or ten-toothed, superior: petals six or ten; berry barky, two or three-seeded. There are two species, both of which are natives of India. ALANORARIUS, anciently, a manager of dogs for hawking.

ALANS, or ALANI, a people who, like the Huns, were of Asiatic origin, but represented by Amminianus Marcellinus, as "victu mitiores et cultu;" more polished in their customs and manners. Pliny (H. N. lib. iv. 19.) erroneously places them in Europe,

beyond the mouth of the Danube: but Josephus (De Bell. Jud. lib. vii. c. 29.) traces their origin more accurately, and describes them as Scythians who dwelt between the river Tenais and the lake Mæoti.

ALANTOID. See ALLANTOID.

ALARAF, in the Mahometan theology, the partition wall that separates heaven from hell. The word is plural, and properly written al araf; in the singular it is written al arf. It is derived from the Arabic verb arafa, to distinguish.

ALARBES, a name given to those Arabians who live in tents, and distinguish themselves by their dress from others who live in towns.

ALA'RE EXTERNUM. (from alaris, winged, and externum, outward.) A name of the external pteregoid muscle; so called because it rises from the pennated process of the sphenoid bone.

ALARES, in antiquity, are supposed by somie authors to have been a kind of militia, or soldiery, among the Romans; so called from ala, a wing, because of their lightness and swiftness in the combat. Others make them a people of Pannonia; but others, with more probability, take alares for an adjective, or epithet, and apply it to the Roman cavalry; because placed in the two wings, or alæ, of the army; for which reason, a body of horse was called ala.

ALARIA OSSA. (alaris, winged.) The pennated or wing-like processes of the sphenoid bone.

ALARICUS, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour, and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms. He died after a reign of 13 years, A. D. 410.

ALARM. s. (from the Fr. a l'àrme, to arms.) 1. A cry by which men are summoned to their arms (Pope). 2. Notice of any danger approaching. 3. Any tumult or disturbance (Pope).

To ALA'RM. v. a. 1. To call to arms (Addison). 2. To surprise with the apprehension of any danger (Tickel). 3. To disturb in general (Dryden).

ALARM, or rather ALARUM, is also used for an instrument to awaken persons at a certain hour; one very simple contrivance of this kind is used by weavers. See WEAVER'S

ALARM.

Plate 2. is a representation of a modern alarm-clock of the most approved construction. A is the main arbor on which is fitted a wheel B with a groove on the edge, to receive a line D d, to whose end d a weight is attached; the wheel B is at liberty to turn round without the arbor in one direction, but is prevented from returning by a click fixed to the wheel which acts against the 4 arms of the great wheel E, this being firmly attached to the arbor. The clock is wound up, by pulling down that end of the line which has no weight; this turns the pulley D without the arbor, the click slip

ping over the arms of the wheel E, when the weight is permitted to descend, the click takes hold of the wheel, and by turning it, keeps the clock in motion. The wheel E turns a pinion on the arbor f, which also carries a wheel F; this wheel turns the contrate wheel G by a pinion on its arbor; the contrate wheel turns a pinion on the arbor of the balance-wheels H, in which the pallets of the verge k play. As the pendulum vibrates, the teeth of the balance-wheel escape from the pallets, one at a time, and allow the weight to turn the wheel of the machine, the number of teeth in which must be such, that the great wheel E shall revolve once in two hours. The pinion d on the end of the arbor A has 8 leaves, and turns the wheels b, of 48 teeth, once round in 12 hours: its arbor carries the hand I, by which the time is noted on the dial-plate (supposed to be removed), K is a pulley similar to B, which turns round on a pin fixed in the back plate of the machine; its click turns a crown wheel L, which works a verge similar to that of the escapement before described; the upper end of this verge is bent, and carries a hammer which strikes the inside of the bell M. The wheel L has a pin projecting from its circumference, which falls against the end of a lever m, and prevents the weight N from turning the wheel until the lever is raised, by means of another lever n fixed on the same axis. The arbor of the hour wheel b is not fastened to the wheel itself, but to the circular plate O, fig. 2. against which the wheel is pressed by a pin put through the arbor behind the wheel, so as to cause a considerable friction, which makes the arbor and hand attached to it to turn with the wheel; but the hand may at any time be moved independently of the wheels for correcting the clock's time. P is a collar that fits on the arbour, and has two springs of thin brass at its end, which press against the plate O, and make the collar move somewhat stiff on the arbor; Q is a circle put on the end of the collar, so as to turn with it this circle, and has the 12 hours engraven on it, and they are read by the short end of the hand I. These parts are put together, by first placing the wheel b behind the plate O, and pinning it on; the collar P is put on, and gest the arbor is put in its place in the machine, and the dial pinned on; the circle Q is fixed in its place, the hands next, and lastly all is secured by a pin, put through the arbor beyond the hand. One of the springs of the collar P has a'pin projecting from it, which, as the collar turns round, takes the end of the lever n, and raises it up; the lever m is raised at the same time, so as to set the alarum in motion. When the machine is to be used, both weights must be drawn up, and the circle Q turned round, so as to bring the short end of the hand I to the figure on the plate, corresponding to the hour when the alarm is wished to go off. As the hand I turns round by the action of the great weight, it carries the collar and circle Q with it, till the hand comes to the same hour on the dial, when the pin in the spring lifts up the lever n, and

also the lever m, so as to allow the pin in the wheel L to pass by; as the wheel turns round by the action of the weight, it throws the hammer backwards and forwards against the inside of the bell, as shewn in fig. 3.

ALARMBELL. s. (from alarm and bell.) The bell that is rung at the approach of an enemy. This is what the French call tocsin. ALARMING. particip. a. (from alarm.) Terrifying; awakening; surprising.

ALARMPOST. s. (from alarm and post.) The post appointed by each body of men to appear at, when an alarm shall happen.

ALA'S! interject. (helas, Fr.) 1. A word expressing lamentation (Pope). 2. A word of pity (Shakspeare). 3. A word of sorrow and concern (Milton).

ALASCANI, in church history, a sect of Antilutherans, whose distinguishing tenet, besides their denying baptism, is said to have been this, that the words, "This is my body," in the institution of the eucharist, are not to be understood of the bread, but of the whole action or celebration of the supper.

ALATE. ad. (from a and late.) Lately.
ALATE. See WINGED.

ALATED ANIMALS, such as are furnished with wings.

ALATED LEAVES, in botany, such as are composed of several pinnated ones, See PINNATED.

ALATERNOIDES, in botany, a species of the myrica. See MYRICA.

ALATERNUS. Bastard. See PHYLICA. ALATHER. (alather, from the article the, and adhesion, Arab.) An adhesive mineral described by Avicenna.

ALAUDA. Lark. In the Linnéan system, the seventy-fifth genus in order six, or passeres, of the class aves. The following is its generic character. Bill cylindrical, subulate, straight: the mandibles equal, and a little gaping at the base; tongue bifid: hind-claw straight, longer than the toe. (See Nat. Hist. Plate I.) Ornithologists have described upwards of thirty species of this exquisitely musical bird; of which the following are the chief.

1. A. arvensis. Sky-lark, field-lark, which inhabits Europe, Asia, and Africa: seven inches long: feeds on fruits and insects: sings sweetly at the earliest dawn, as it soars spirally in the air, increasing the volume of its note as it ascends: assembles in vast flocks in winter, when it becomes very fat; builds on the ground beneath a clod, and lays four or five greenish-white eggs, with dusky confluent spots. This and the wood-lark are the only birds that sing as they fly. Body, above, varied with blackish, reddish-grey, and whitish; beneath, reddish-white: bill and legs black: throat spotted with black. There are four or five varieties.

2. A. pratensis. Tit-lark. Inhabits Eu rope, in low grounds; five and a half inches long; has a fine note, and sings sitting in trees or on the ground. Bill black; body, beneath white; breast ochre-yellow, with oblong black spots, legs yellowish.

3. A. arborea. Wood-lark. Inhabits Europe and Siberia: less than the sky-lark; sits on trees, and whistles like the black-bird: sings in the night, and while flying: builds on the ground; eggs dusky, with deep brown blotches. Head surrounded with a white anBular fillet: body varied, like a. arvensis; legs flesh-colour.

4. A. obscura. Rock-lark. Inhabits rocky places in England: seven and a quarter inches lng: is solitary, and sings but little. Its noté Lae the chirp of the grasshopper. Bill slender, long, brown, deeper at the tip; tail three inches long, not wedged; legs red-brown; hmd-claw hooked, hardly longer than the toe. 5. A. cristata. Crested lark. Inhabits Eumpe; six and three-quarters inches long: like the bull-finch, learns with ease to repeat tunes played or sung to it; in doing which it articulates every note distinctly, and entirely drops its native warble. Bill brown, crest darker than the body; body cinereous; breast and belly white, with a yellow band: tail feathers black; head crested; legs black.

ALAY, signifying, in the Turkish language, The Triumph", is a ceremony which accompanies the assembling together the forces of that vast empire upon the breaking out of

a war.

ALB, or ALBE, in the Romish church, a vestiment of white linen hanging down to the et, and answering to the surplice of the English clergy. In the ancient church, it was usual with those newly baptised to wear an alb, or white vestment; and hence the Sunday after Easter was called dominica in als, on account of the albs worn by those baptised on Easter-day.

ALB, is also the name of a Turkish coin, otherwise called Asper.

ALB, a river of Germany, which rises three miles WNW. Wildbad, in the circle of Swabia, and runs into the Rhine, above five miles WNW. Durlach.

ALBA, surnamed Pompeia, and celebrated by Prolomy and other ancient authors, as one of the principal cities of Old Liguria; but having been in the hands of many masters, it has lost its ancient splendour. It is situated in the duchy of Montferat; and is 22 miles S. E. of Turin. Lat. 44. 50 N. Lon. 8. 5 E.

ALBA FIRMA, in old customs, rent paid in silver.

ALBA TERRA, one of the many names that were given by alchemists to the philosopher's

stone.

ALBADARA, (alladan, Arab.) The bone of the first joint of the great toe. ALBAGEASI, (Arab.) the process of the os

sacrum.

ALBAMENTUM, (from albas, white.) The albumen or white of the egg.

ALBAN (St.), is said to have been the first person who suffered martyrdom for christianity in Britain; he is therefore usually styled the protomartyr of this island. He was born at Verulam, and flourished towards the end of the third century. In his youth he took a journey

to Rome, in company with Amphibalus a monk of Caerleon, and served seven years as a soldier under the emperor Dioclesian. At his return home, he settled in Verulam; and, through the example and instructions of Amphibalus, renounced the errors of paganism, in which he had been educated, and became a convert to the Christian religion. It is generally agreed, that Alban suffered martyrdom during the great persecution under the reign of Dioclesian; but authors differ as to the year when it happened: Bede and others fix it in 286; some refer it to the year 296; but Usserius reckons it amongst the events of 303. Between 4 or 500 years after St Alban's death, Offa king of the Mercians built a very large and stately monastery to his memory; and the town of St. Alban's in Hertfordshire takes its name from our protomartyr.

ALBANI (Francis), an Italian painter, was born at Bologna in 1578. His first master was Denys Calvert, who left him to the instruc tions of his pupil Guido Rheni, whom he accompanied to the school of the Caracci. Hav ing finished his studies at Bologna, Albani went to Rome, where he married; but on the death of his wife he returned to his native place, and again entered into the matrimonial state, with a woman of the name of Doralice, who was very beautiful. She brought him several fine boys, and Albani painted pieces in which his wife and children served as models for Venus and Cupids. He was fond of representing the fair sex, and his compositions on love subjects are held in high esteem. He died in 1660.

ALBANI, in antiquity, a college of the priests of Mars.

ALBANIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, on the Gulph of Venice, bounded by Livadia on the S. by Thessaly and Macedonia on the E. and by Bosnia and Dalmatia on the N.

ALBANIA, a country of Asia, bounded on the W. by Iberia, on the E. by the Caspian Sea, on the N. by Mount Caucasus, and on the S. by Armenia and the river Cyrus, now Kur,

ALBAN'S (St.), a borough town of Hertfordshire, twenty-one miles from London. It sends two members to parliament; and has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. This town rose from the ruins of the ancient city Verulam, many vestiges of which are to be seen in the neighbourhood. The church of the abbey is remaining to this day: time and the weather have made it look like stone on the outside; but if a bit be broken off, the redness of the brick immediately appears. When the monasteries were dissolved, the townsmen paid 400 pounds to prevent its being levelled with the ground, and have since converted it into a parish-church, which, for its largeness, beauty, and antiquity, claims a particular regard. It had a very noble font of solid brass, in which the children of the kings of Scotland were used to be baptized; and was brought from Edinburgh, by sir Philip Lea, when that city was in flames; but in the times of the late civil wars it was taken away. Here

Cæsar obtained a victory over Cassibelaun; and this was the scene of Boadicea's victory and cruelty, when she massacred 70,000 Romans and Britons who adhered to them. Near this place were fought two obstinate battles between the houses of York and Lancaster. Lat. 51. 44 N. Lon. 0. 13 W.

ALBANY, a British fortress on the S. W. of Hudson's Bay. Lat. 52. 20 N. Lon. 81. 20 W.

ALBANY, a town of North America, the capital of one of the ten counties of the province of New York. Lat. 42, 36 N. Lon. 74.20 W.

ALBARA ( albahra, Chald.) The leuce or white leprosy.

ALBARAZIN, a strong and large town of Arragon in Spain. Lat. 40. 32. N. Lon. 1. 16. W.

ALBARII, in antiquity, those who made earthern vessels white. Those who whitened walls were called Dealbatores.

ALBARIUM OPUS, in ancient building, the incrustation or covering of roofs with white plaster.

ALBATEGNI, an Arabic prince of Batan in Mesopotamia, was a celebrated astronomer about the year of Christ 880. He composed in Arabic a work under the title of The Science of the Stars, comprising all parts of astronomy. Editions of this were printed at Nuremburg in 1537, and at Bologna in 1645. Albategnus is highly spoken of by Dr. Halley, as vir admirandi acuminis, ac in administrandis observationibus exercitatissimus.

ALBATI EQUI, anciently, horses having white furniture.

ALBATROSS, in ornithology. See Dro

MEDEA.

ALBEIT. ad. Although; notwithstanding; though it should be.

ALBEMARLE, a small town in the late province of Normandy, France; but now reckoned in the department of Lower Scine. From this place the Keppel family of England take the title of earl. It also furnished the title of a duke to the famous general Monk. It is seated on the declivity of a hill. Lat. 49. 50. N. Lon. 1. 30. E.

ALBEMARLE, a county in Virginia between the Blue Ridge, and the Tide waters.

ALBERAS, (alberas, Arab.) 1. White pustules on the face. 2. The herb staphis agria, or staves acre, whose juice was formerly

used as a remedy for them.

ALBERNUO, a kind of camblet from the

Levant.

ALBERONI (Julius), the son of a poor gardener, in the suburbs of Placentia, born in 1664; who, by his great abilities and good fortune, rose from this low original, to the employment of first minister of state at the court of Spain, and to the dignity of cardinal. He roused that kingdom out of the lethargy it had sunk into for a century past; awakened the attention and raised the astonishment of all Furope, by his projects; one of which was to set the Pretender on the throne of Great Britain.

He was at length deprived of his employment, and banished to Rome: he died in 1752, at the great age of 89. His Testament Politique, collected from his memoirs and letters, was published at Lausanne in 1753.

ALBERTI (Dominico), an Italian musician, was a native of Venice. He came to London as page to the Spanish ambassador, and afterwards went to Rome, where he attained great eminence as a singer and per former. He excelled on the harpsichord, and invented a new style of playing on that instru ment. In 1737, he set to music Metastasio's Endimione," and published some other fine pieces of his composition.

ALBERTI (Leone Battista), was descended from a noble family in Florence; and was perfectly acquainted with painting, sculpture, and architecture. He wrote on all three in Latiu; but his studies did not permit him to leave any thing considerable behind him in painting. He was employed by pope Nicholas V. in his buildings, which he executed in a beautiful manner; and his work on architecture, which consists of ten books, is greatly esteemed. He also wrote some treatises of morality, and a piece on arithmetic. He was born in 1398, and died in 1472.

ALBERTUS (Magnus), a learned dominican, was born in Suabia, at the beginning of the thirteenth century. He becaine successively vicar-general and provincial of his order, and pope Alexander IV. made him master of the sacred palace. In 1260, he was preferred to the bishopric of Ratisbon, which he soon afterwards resigned, and retired to his cell to enjoy his studies. His knowledge of nature was so great that he was accounted a magician, and several ridiculous tales are told of him. He died at Cologne, in 1280. His works, consisting of 21 vols. folio, were printed at Lyons in 1615. He wrote upon most of the mathematical sciences.

ALBI. See ALBY.

ALBICANTIA, (rom albeo, to grow white) Willis's glands in the brain; so called from their white colour.

ALBIGENSES, a sect about Tholouse and Alby, in Languedoc, whence they derived their name; who, in the twelfth century, became remarkable for their opposition to the discipline and ceremonies of the church of Ronie. This sect had their name, it is supposed, either by reason there were great numbers of them in the diocese of Albi, or because they were condemned by a council held in that city. In effect, it does not appear that they were known by this name before the holding of this council, Other names given to them are Henricians, Abelardists, Bulgarians, &c.; some on account of the qualities they assumed; others on that of the country from whence it is pretended they were derived; and others on account of persons of note who adopted their cause, as Peter de Brius, Arnold de Bresse, Abelard, Henry, &c. Berengarius, if not Wickliff himself, is by some ranked in the number. The Albigenses are frequently con

founded with the Waldenses; from whom, however, they differ in many respects, both as being prior to them in point of time, as having their ougin in a different country, and as being charged with divers heresies, particularly Ma nicheist, from which the Waldenses are exempt. But several protestant writers have indicated them from that imputation. Dr. Allix shews, that a great number of Manichees did spread over the western countries from Bulgaria; and settled in Italy, Languedoc, and other places, where there were also Albigenses; by which means being both under the imputation of heresy, they came, either by ignorance or malice, to be confounded, and called by the same common naine, though in reality entirely duferent. See WALDENSES.

Other errors imputed to them by their opponents, the monks of those days, were, that they admitted two Christs; one evil, who appeared on earth; the other good, who has not yet appeared. That they denied the resurrection of the body; and maintained human souls to be demons imprisoned in our bodies, by way of punishment for their sins. That they condemn ed all the sacraments of the church; rejected baptism as useless; held the eucharist in abhorrence; excluded the use of confessions and jenance; maintained marriage unlawful; ughed at purgatory, prayers for the dead, images, crucifixes, &c.-There were likewise aid to be two classes of them, the Perfect and the Believers. The perfect boasted of their living in continence, of eating neither flesh, eggs, nor cheese. The believers lived like other men, and were even loose in their morals; but they were persuaded they should be saved by the faith of the perfect, and that none were damned who received imposition of hands from them. But from these charges also they are generally acquitted by Protestants; who consider them as the pious inventions of the Romish church, whose members deem it meritorious by any means to blacken heretics.

The curious reader who desires to know more concerning the history of the Albigenses, may consult Prateol. Elencht. Hær.; Limborch's History of the Inquisition, by Chandler, vol. i. p. 42-70; Mosheim's Eccles. Hut. vol. ii. p. 530, 8vo.

ALBINOS, a diseased variety of the human race, highly curious and extraordinary, proceeding from some unknown constitutional affection; first noticed by the Portuguese, as existing among African negroes, and in which the surface of the body is rendered white; whence the distinctive name. The same morbid affection is now known to exist Occasionally among other tribes. See the article Hoмo.

ALBINUM, (allas, white,) cotton weed: so callert from the whiteness of its blossom. ALBINUS, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of Britain, by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two

rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone. A. D. 198.-There were others of this name of less note among the Romans.

ALBION, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules. The greatest island of Europe, now called Great Britain, is called after Albion, who is said to have reigned there; or from its chalky white (albus) rocks, which appear at a great distance.

ALBION, NEW, a name given by sir Francis Drake, to California.

ALBIREO, in astronomy, a star in the constellation Cygnus, marked 6 by Baver. ALBIS, in ancient geography, the Elbe. ALBOGALERUS, in antiquity, a white cap worn by the flamen dialis.

ALBORAK, in the Mahometan theology, the beast on which the prophet is said to have ridden in his extraordinary aerial journeys. It is represented as of an intermediate shape and size between an ass and a mule; and many fabulous accounts are given of it by the Arabian commentators.

ALBUCA. In botany, a genus of the class and order hexandria, monogynia, thus characterised. Corol six-petalled, the inner-ones connivent, outer-ones spreading; style triangular. There are fourteen species, all natives of the Cape; of which some have only three and others all the stamens fertile.

ALBUCUM, (albus, white.) The herb white daffodil.

ALBUGINEA OCULI, (albuginea scil. tumca; from allus white.) See ADANATA.

ALBUGINEA TESTIS, (from albus, white.) The innermost coat of the testicles; so called on account of its white colour. It is a strong, dense membrane, immediately covering the body or substance of the testicle. On its outer surface it is smooth, but rough and uneven on its inner.

ALBUGINEOUS. a. (allugo, Lat.) Resembling the white of an egg (Brown).

ALBUGO OCULI, (from albus, white,) a white speck or opacity of the cornea.

ALBUM, in antiquity, a kind of white table or register, wherein the names of magistrates, public transactions, &c. were entered. Of these there were various kinds.

ALBUM, in later times, a kind of table or pocket book, presented as a mark of respect to men of letters. When Algernon Sydney was in Denmark, the University of Copenhagen presented him with their album, on which he wrote these words:

-Manus hæc inimica tyrannis, Ense petit placidanı sub libertate quietam. ALBUM is sometimes used for white lead, or ceruse.