ANCESTRY. s. (from ancestor.) 1. Lineage; a series of ancestors (Pope). 2. The honour of descent; birth (Addison). a ANCHENTRY. s. (from ancient.) Antiquity of a family: properly ancientry (Shak.). ANCHILOPS. See ANCHYLOPS. ANCHISES, in fabulous history, was Trojan prince, the son of Capys: he was so agree able in the eyes of Venus, that she offered herself to him in the form of a beautiful young woman, desiring him to present her to his relations, in order to have their marriage speedily solemnized; but he telling her, that nothing should prevent his enjoying her on the spot, she took him at his word. Venus told him that she should bear him a son, who should be called Æneas; but told him that if he ever boasted of the favour she had granted him, he would be thunder-struck by Jupiter. Some time after, when he was drinking with his friends the secret escaped him, on which it is said that he was struck by thunder, and that this occasioned the loss of his sight. of small rods of very tough metal; but in Spain they are sometimes made of copper, and likewise in several parts of the South Sea. M. Bouguer, in his Traité de Navire, gives the following dimensions of the several parts of an anchor. The two arms generally form the arch of a circle, whose centre is three eighths of the shank from the vertex, or point where it is fixed to the shank; and each arm is equal to the same length, or the radius; so that the two arms together make an arch of 120 degrees: the flukes are half the length of the arms, and their breadth two-fifths of the said length. With respect to the thickness, the circumference at the throat, or vertex of the shank, is generally made about a fifth part of its length, and the small end two-thirds of the throat; the small end of the arms of the flukes, three-fourths of the circumference of the shank at the throat. These dimensions should be bigger when the iron is of a bad quality, especially if cast iron be used instead of forged iron. An improvement in the construction of anANCHOR, ANCHORA, an instrument chors has been proposed by Mr. James Stuard, at sea, and in rivers, to retain and fasten a ves- of the parish of St. Anne, Middlesex, who obsel by. The word comes from the Latin anco- tained a patent for his invention, dated Feb. 9, ra, or anchora, of the Greek which 1796. αγκυρα, comes from ayudas, incurvus, erooked. The anchors now made are contrived so as to sink into the ground as soon as they reach it, and to hold a great strain before they can be loosened or dislodged from their station. They are composed of a shank, a stock, a ring, and two arms with their flukes. The stock, which is a long piece of timber fixed across the shank, serves to guide the flukes in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the ground; so that one of them sinks into it by its own weight as soon as it falls, and is still preserved steadily in that position by the stock, which, together with the shank, lies flat on the bottom. In this situation it must necessarily sustain a great effort before it can be dragged through the earth horizontally. Indeed this can only be effected by the violence of the wind or tide, or both of them, sometimes increased by the turbulence of the sea, and acting upon the ship so as to stretch the cable to its utmost tension, which accordingly may dislodge the anchor from its bed, especially if the ground be soft and oozy, or rocky. When the anchor is thus displaced, it is said, in the seaphrase, to come home. Every ship ought to have three principal anchors, viz. the sheet, maitre-ancre, (which is the anchora sacra of the ancients); the best bower, second ancre; and small bower, ancre d'affourche, so called from their usual situation on the ship's bows. There are besides smaller anchors, for removing a ship from place to place in a harbour or river, where there may not be room or wind for sailing; these are the stream-anchor, ancre de touc; the kedge and grappling, grapin: this last, however, is chiefly designed for boats. In England, France, and Holland, anchors are made of forged iron, or rather of a number The whole of this invention consists in making the anchor with one fluke or arm instead of two, and contriving to load that fluke or arm in such a manner as to make it always fall the right way. With this view Mr. Stuard would have the shank of the anchor made very short, that it may cant the more when suspended by the cable; and he would have the arm and it made of bars in one length, that there may be no shoot or joining in the whole instrument. The bend of the shank and arm he would have rounded, and not angular as in the common anchor; and on this bend he would have a small shackle, or two plates with a small bolt between them, for the buoy-rope to be made fast to. Instead of wood, he proposes for the stock of the anchor a bar of wrought iron, loaded or covered at the ends with knobs of cast iron; and he would have the palm of the fluke or arm either to be composed entirely of cast iron, or to be a cast-iron shell filled with lead. This weight of the palm, the shortness of the shank, and the structure of the stock, will no doubt make the anchor fall the right way; which, having no upper fluke, will never be tripped by the cable taking hold of it on the ship's swinging, nor will it prove so dangerous as the common anchor to such vessels as may happen to ground by it. The anchor is said to be a-peak, when the cable is perpendicular between the hawse and the anchor. An anchor is said to come home, when it cannot hold the ship. An anchor is foul, when by the turning of the ship, the cable is hitched about the fluke. To shoe an anchor, is to fit boards upon the flukes, that it may hold the better in soft ground. When the anchor hangs right up and down by the ship's side, it is said to be a cock bell, upon the ship's coming to an anchor. Riding at Anchor, is the state of a vessel moored and fixed by her anchors. Dropping an Anchor, imports the letting it down into the sea. In some cases it is necessary to drop two anchors opposite to each other; one to keep the ship firmi against the tide or flow, the other against the ebb. Weighing Anchor, is the recovering it into the vessel in order for sailing. The anchor is ordinarily weighed by nitans of a windlass. ANCHOR, in architecture, is a sort of carving, somewhat resembling an anchor. It is commonly placed as part of the enrichments of the boultins of capitals of the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic orders. To A'NCHOR, . n. (from the noun.) 1. To cast anchor; to lie at anchor (Pope). 2. To stop at; to rest on (Shaks.). 1. A'NCHORAGE. s. (from anchor.) The hold of the anchor (Wotton). 2. The set of anchors belonging to a ship (Shaks.). ANCHORED. particip. a. (from To anchor.) Held by the anchor (Waller). ANCHORALIS PROCESSUS, (anchoralis, from axwv, the elbow.) See CORACOID PROCESS. ANCHOR-HOLD. s. (from anchor and hold.) The hold or fastness of the anchor; and, figuratively, security (Camden). ANCHOR-SMITH. s. (from anchor and smith.) The maker or forger of anchors. ANCHOVY, in ichthyology and commerce, a species of clupea, with the upper jaw longest. (See CLUPEA.) The anchovy is so like the common sprat, another species of clupea, that it is no wonder this fish is often pickled and sold under its name. The fishing for anchovies is carried on chiefly in the night-time; when a light being put on the stern of the vessels, the fishes flock round, and are caught in the nets. ANCHOVY PEAR. This fruit, the produce of the grias cauliflora of Linnéus, is eaten by the inhabitants of Jamaica, as a pleasant and refrigerant fruit. See GRIAS. ANCHU'SA. Aikanet. (anchusa, avy σa, from αυχείν, to strangle.) From its supposed constringent quality; or, as others say, because it strangles serpents.-A genus of the class and order pentandria monogynia. Corol funnelform, the throat closed with arched valves; seeds hollowed out at the base. It has thirteen species, only one of which is common to our own country, the a. officinalis, or bugloss. (See BUGLOSSUM.) It is the a. tinctoria, a Montpellier plant, whose root imparts the fine deep-red colour to spirit of wine, oils, wax, and all unctuous substances. ANCHYLOMERI'SMA. (anchylomerisma, arxirouzoua, from avy vhopal, to bend.) Sagar uses this term to express a concretion or growing together of the soft parts. A'NCHYLOPS. See GYLOPS. ANCHYLO'SIS. (anchylosis, arguidwor5, from ayuhoua, to bend.) A stiff joint. ANCIENT. a. (ancien, Fr.) 1. Old; not modern (Cowell). 2. Old; that has been of long duration (Ral.). 3. Past; former (Sh.). ANCIENT DEMESNE, or DEMAIN, in law, is a tenure, whereby all manors belonging to the crown in William the Conqueror's and St. Edward's time, were held. The numbers, names, &c. hereof were entered by the Conqueror, in a book called Domesday Book, yet remaining in the Exchequer; so that such lands as by that book appeared to have belonged to the crown at that time are called ancient demesne. The tenants in ancient demesne are of two sorts; one who hold their lands frankly by charter: the other by copy of court roll, or by the verge, at the will of the lord, according to the custom of the manor. The advantages of this tenure are, 1. That tenants holding by charter cannot be rightfully impleaded out of their manor; and, when they are, they may abate the writ, by pleading the tenare. 2. They are free from toll for all things relating to their livelihood, and husbandry; nor can be impanelled on any in quest. A'NCIENT. S. 1. The flag or streamer of a ship. 2. The bearer of a flag (Shakṣ.). ANCIENTLY. ad. (from ancient.) In old times (Sidney). The ANCIENTNESS. s. (from ancient.) Antiquity; existence from old times (Dryden). ANCIENTRY. s. (from ancient.) honour of ancient lineage (Shaks.). ANCIENTS. s. Those that lived in old times: opposed to the moderns (Pope). ANCISTRUM. In botany, a genus of the class and order diandria monogynia. Calyx four-leaved; corolless; stigma many-parted; drupe dry, hispid, one-celled. There are three species, all of which are exotics. ANCLAM, a strong town of Upper Saxony, in Germany, remarkable for the excellent pastures in its vicinity. Lat. 53. 52 N. Lon. 14. 5 E. ANCON. (ancon, αγκων, from αγκαζέμαι, το emlruce, από το εγκείσθαι ἑτέρω ος εω το οςιον, lecause the bones meeting, and there uniting, are folded one into another.) In anatomy, the elbow. ANCONA, a marquisate and province in the pope's territories in Italy. ANCONA, the capital of the district of the same name, in Italy. It is the Picenum of the ancients. The inhabitants trade in white wax ; which trade is mostly engrossed by the Jews of this place, who amount to about 5000. Lat. 43. 38 N. Lon. 13. 35 E. ANCONES, in architecture, the corners or quoins of walls, cross-beams, or rafters. Sometimes the word denotes corbells. ANCONE'US. (ancuneus, sc. musculus, from ayxwv, the elbow.) Anconeus minor of Winslow. Anconeus vel cubitalis riolani of Douglas. A small triangular muscle situated on the back part of the elbow. It arises from the ridge and from the external condyle of the humerus by a thick, strong, and short tendon : from this it becomes fleshy, and after running about three inches obliquely backwards, it is inserted by its oblique fleshy fibres into the ANCONEUS MINOR. See ANCONEUS, and ANATOMY. A'NCONOID PROCESS. (processus anconoideus, from ayxwv, the elbow.) A process of the cubit. See ULNA. ANCYLE, in antiquity, a shield that fell, as was pretended, from heaven, in the reign of Numa Pompilius; at which time, likewise, a voice was heard declaring that Rome should be mistress of the world as long as she should preserve this holy buckler. ANCYLOBLEPHARON. (ayxuñoßhɛpapov, from ayvan, a hook, and prepaper, an eyelid.) A disease of the eye, by which the eyelids are closed together. ANCYLOGLOSSUM. (encyloglossum, myxhayhoo, from ayvan,, a hook, and yawora, the tongue.) A contraction of the frænulum of the tongue. Tongue-tiedness. ANCYLO'SIS. (ancylosis, ayuwos, from eyes, crooked.) Anchylosis. A contraction of the joints impeding their motion. AND. conj. The particle by which sentences or terms are joined. ANDABATÆ, in antiquity, gladiators who fought hoodwinked. ANDALUSIA, a province of Spain, bounded on the south by the kingdom of Granada, on the west by Algarve and the sea, on the north by Estramadura, and on the east by the kingdom of Murcia. It is about 250 miles long, and 150 broad. ANDALUSIA (New), a province of Terra Firma, in South America, whose boundaries cannot be well ascertained. ANDAMAN, two islands so called in the gulf of Bengal, the Great and Little. The Great Andaman is about fifty leagues long and eight wide. The Little Andaman is about eight leagues in length, and five in breadth; the inhabitants are of a gentle harmless disposition, they eat no flesh, and employ themselves in cultivating their lands, and raise great plenty of rice and fruit, which they sell to European vessels, that pass that way. The Great Andaman lies in lon. 92. 40. to 93. 15. E. Greenwich, and lat. 11. 22. to 13. 55. N. The Little Andaman lies about ten leagues S. of the other. ANDANTE, by the musicians of the present day, is used to imply a time somewhat slow, and a performance distinct and exact, gentle, tender, and soothing. ANDANTINO, in music, gentle, tender, and somewhat slower than andante. ANDELY, a town in the department of Eure, and late province of Normandy, in France. Lat. 49. 20 N, Lon. 1. 30 E. ANDERO (St.), a sea-port town of Biscay, in Spain. Lat. 43. 25 N. Lon. 4. 30 W. ANDERSON (Alexander), an eminent mathematician, was born at Aberdeen towards the end of the 16th century. Where he was educated, or under what masters, we have not learned; probably he studied the belles lettres and philosophy in the university of his native city, and, as was the practice in that age of all who could afford it, went afterwards abroad for the cultivation of other branches of science. But wherever he may have studied, his progress in science must have been rapid; for, early in the 17th century, we find him professor of mathematics in the university of Paris, where he published several ingenious works; and among others, 1. Supplementum Apollonii Redivivi; sive analysis problematis hactenus desiderati ad Apollonii Pergai doctrinam wp EU, a Marino Ghetaldo Patritio Ragusino hujusque, non ita pridem restitutam. In qua exhibetur mechanice æqualitatum tertii gradus sive solidarum, in quibus magnitudo omnino data, æquatur homogeneæ sub altero tantum coefficiente ignoto. Huic subnexa est variorum problematum practice, Paris, 1612, in 4to.-2. Altishoyia: Pro Zetetico Apolloniani problematis a se jam pridem edito in supplemento Apollonii Redivivi. Ad clarissimum et ornatissimum virum Marinum Ghetaldun Patritium Ragusinum. In qua ad ea quæ obiter mihi perstrinxit Ghetaldus respondetur, et analytices clarius detegitur. Paris, 1615, in 4to.-3. Francisci Vieta Fontenacensis de Equationum Recognitione et Emendatione Tractatus duo, with a dedication, preface, and appendix, by himself. Paris, 1615, in 410.4. Vieta's Angulares Sectiones; to which he added demonstrations of his own. Our professor was cousin-german to Mr. David Anderson of Finshaugh, a gentleman who also possessed a singular turn for mathematical knowledge. This mathematical genius was hereditary in the family of the Andersons; and from them it seems to have been transmitted to their descendants of the name of Gregory, who have for so many generations been eminent in Scotland as professors either of mathematics, or, more lately, of the theory and practice of physic. ANDERSON (George), an English mathematician, was born at Weston, in Buckinghamshire, in 1760. His parents were common peasants, and he was obliged to work as a day-labourer. His genius, however, overcame every difficulty, and he attained by himself a knowledge of the higher branches of the mathematics. His extraordinary acquirements and modesty recommended him to a worthy clergyman, who at his own expence sent him to a grammar-school, and next to New-college, Oxford, where he took the degree of M.A. He also entered into deacon's orders, but having no relish for a country curacy, he set out for London, and after waiting some months, obtained a place as clerk to the board of con troul, under Mr. Dundass. He attended with such assiduity to business, as to lay the foundation of a disorder which earried him off, April 30, 1796. He left a widow, who, in consideration of her husband's merits, obtained a pension. Mr. Anderson published Arenarius, or a Treatise on Measuring the Sands, translated from the Greek of Archimedes; and a General View of the Variations which have taken place in the Affairs of the East-India Company, since the Conclusion of the War in India, in 1784. One of Mr. Anderson's earliest friends was Mr. Bonnycastle, of the Roval Military Academy, who always speaks of his talents and disposition in terms of the highest respect. ANDES, or CORDILLIERAS, a great chain of mountains, which run almost the whole length of South America. They are the highest and most remarkable mountains in the world; for those within the torrid zone are always covered with snow; and in passing over the lower part of them, people are in danger of being starved with cold. There are a great many volcanoes, which break out sometimes in one place, and sometimes in another; and by melting the snow, occasion such a torrent of water, that numbers of men and cattle have perished. ANDES, a hamlet of Mantua, in Italy, the birth-place of Virgil. A'NDIRON. s. The iron at the end of a fire-grate in which the spit turns. ANDOVER, a borough in Hampshire, with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament. Lat. 51. 14 N. Lon. 1. 20 W. ANDRA'CHNE. Bastard orpine. A genus of the class and order monocia gynandria. Male: calyx five-leaved; corol five-petalled; stamens five, on the rudiment of a style. Female: calyx five-leaved; corolless; styles three; capsule three-celled; seeds in pairs. There are three exotic species, Italy, India, Campeachy, furnishing one each. ANDRACHNE. In botany. See ARBUTUS. ANDRE'A. In botany, a genus of the class and order cryptogamia musci. Capsule very short, turbinate; fringe simple, of four incurved, concave teeth, united at their tips, and bearing the lid and veil. There are two species of this fungus, both common to our that Andrew was the first disciple of Christ. He is said to have preached the gospel in Scy thia, and to have been crucified on a cross shaped like the letter X; but his being thus crucified has not, as we find, any foundation in ancient records. ANDREWS (Lancelot), an English divine, was the son of a mariner who was master of the Trinity House; and was born in London, in 1565. He was educated first at the Coopers' free-school at Radcliffe, from whence he was removed to Merchant Taylors' school, and was sent on an exhibition to Pembrokehall, Cambridge; where having taken his degrees in arts, he applied himself to divinity. Sir Francis Walsingham obtained for him the living of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and afterwards a prebend and residentiaryship of St. Paul's. On the death of Mr. Fulke he was chosen master of Pembroke-hall, to which he was a great benefactor. He was also appointed one of the chaplains to queen Elizabeth, who greatly admired his preaching. King James I. employed him to defend the sovereignty of kings against Bellarmine, who had lately at tacked it under the name of Matthew Tortus. Dr. Andrews did this with much spirit, in a piece called Tortura Torti, &c. for which the king gave him the bishopric of Chichester in 1603, at the same time making him his almoner. In 1603 he was translated to Ely, and appointed one of the privy council for England, and also for Scotland. Nine years afterwards he was removed to Winchester, aud made dean of the king's chapel. The following anecdote of bishop Andrews will shew him to great advantage. Waller the poet was one day at court, while king James was at dinner, who was attended by the bishop of Winchester, and Neale, bishop of Durham. His majesty said to the prelates, My lords, cannot I take my subjects' money when I want it, without all this formality in parliament?" Bishop Neale quickly replied, God forbid, sir, but you should; you are the breath of our nostrils." On which the king said to the bishop of Winchester, "Well, my lord, and what say you?" "Sir," replied Andrews, “I have no skill to judge of parliamentary cases." The king answered, Νο puts off, my lord; answer me presently." "Then sir," said he, "I think it lawful for you to take my brother Neale's money, for he offers it." He died in 1626, and was buried in the church of St. Saviour's, Southwark, where there is a monu ment to his memory. He had a share in the present translation of the Bible. A volume of his sermons was printed after his death, by bishops Laud and Buckeridge. His private devotions and meditations in Greek were translated into English by Dr. Stanhope. (Wat kins.) ANDREW's (St.), a town of Fifeshire in Scotland, once the metropolis of the Pictish kingdom, lying in W. lon. 2: 45 N. lat. 56. 18. St. Andrew's was formerly the see of an 4 |