archbishop. It is seated at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a small hill, extending east and west, having an open prospect of the German Ocean. The university, which was founded by bishop Wardlaw, in 1411, once consisted of three colleges. It is governed by a chancellor, who is elected by the two principals, and the professors of both the colleges. The rector is the officer to whose superintendance are committed the privileges, discipline, and statutes of the university. Each college has a principal; that of St. Salvador has nine professors, and the new college has five professors. The commerce of St. Andrews is very inconsiderable.

ANDRIA, in Grecian antiquity, public entertainments, first instituted by Minos of Crete, and, after his example, appointed by Lycurgus at Sparta, at which a whole city or tribe assisted.

ANDROGYNAL. a. (from amp and ym.) Hermaphroditical; having two sexes.

ANDROGYNALLY. ad. (from androgy nal.) With two sexes (Brown).

ANDROGYNUS. s. (See ANDROGYNAL.) A hermaphrodite.

ANDROGYNOUS, among astrologers, is applied to such of the planets as are sometimes hot and sometimes cold: as Mercury is reckoned androgynous, being hot and dry when near the Sun, cold and moist when near the Moon.

ANDROGYNOUS PLANT. (planta androgyna, from amp and yʊŋ.) A plant bearing male and female flowers, on the same root, without any mixture of hermaphrodites. Such plants are to be found chiefly in the class monccia.

ANDROGYNOUS FLOWERS, flowers having stamens or pistils only.

ANDROIDES. (from ame, avdeos, man, and udes, form.) A human figure, which, by certain springs or other movements, is capable of performing some of the natural motions of a living animal. The motions of the human body are more complicated, and consequently more difficult to be imitated, than those of any other creature; whence the construction of an androides, in such a manner as to imitate any of these actions with tolerable exactness, is justly supposed to indicate a greater skill in mechanics than any other piece of workmanship whatever.

A very remarkable figure of this kind appeared in Paris in the year 1738. It represented a flute-player, and was capable of performing many different pieces of music on the German flute; which, considering the difficulty of blowing that instrument, the different contractions of the lips necessary to produce the distinctions between the high and low notes, and the complicated motions of the fingers, must appear truly wonderful.-This machine was the invention of M. Vaucanson, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences; and a particular description of it was published in the Memoirs of the Academy for that

year,

The figure, which was about five feet and a half high, was placed upon a square pedestal four feet and a half high, and three and a half broad. The air entered the body by three scparate pipes into which it was conveyed by nine pairs of bellows, which expanded and contracted, in regular succession, by means of a steel axis turned by clock-work. These bellows performed their functions without any noise, which might have discovered the means of conveying the air to the machine. The three tubes that received the air from the bellows passed into three small reservoirs in the trunk of the figure, where they united, and, ascending towards the throat, formed the cavity of the mouth, which terminated in two small lips, adapted in some measure to perform their functions. Within this cavity was a small moveable tongue, which, by its motion at proper intervals, admitted the air, or intercepted it in its passage to the flute. The fingers, lips, and tongue derived their appropriate movements from a steel cylinder turned by clockwork. It was divided into fifteen equal parts, which, by means of pegs pressing upon the ends of fifteen different levers, caused the other extremities to ascend. Seven of these levers directed the fingers, having wires and chains fixed to their ascending extremities, which, being attached to the fingers, caused them to ascend in proportion as the other extremity was pressed down by the motion of the cylinder, and vice versa: then the ascent or descent of one end of a lever, produced a similar ascent or descent in the corresponding fingers, by which one of the holes of the flute was occasionally opened or stopped, as it might have been by a living performer. Three of the levers served to regulate the ingress of the air, being so contrived as to open and shut, by means of valves, the three reservoirs abovementioned, so that more or less strength might be given, and a higher or lower note produced. The lips were, by a similar mechanism, directed by four levers, one of which opened them to give the air a freer passage; the other contracted them; the third drew them backward; and the fourth pushed them forward. The lips were projected upon that part of the flute which receives the air, and, by the different motions already mentioned, properly modified the tune. The remaining lever was employed in the direction of the tongue, which it easily moved, so as to shut or open the mouth of the flute. The just succession of the several motions performed by the various parts of the machine, was regulated by the following simple contrivance:-The extremity of the axis of the cylinder terminated on the right side by an endless screw, consisting of twelve threads, each placed at the distance of an eighth of an inch from the other. Above this screw was fixed a piece of copper, and in it a steel pivot, which, falling in between the threads of the screw, obliged the cylinder to follow the threads, and instead of turning directly round, it was continually pushed to one side. Hence, if a lever

was moved, by a peg placed on the cylinder, in any one revolution, it could not be moved by the same peg in the succeeding revolution, because the peg would be moved an eighth of an inch beyond it by the lateral motion of the cylinder. Thus, by an artificial disposition of these pegs in different parts of the cylinder, the statue was made by the successive elevation of the proper levers to exhibit all the different motions of a flute-player. For a more minute account, see the article Androide in Nouveau Dictionnaire de Physique par Libes; or, the Mem. Paris Acad. for 1738.

But if the construction of machines capable of imitating even the mechanical actions of the human body, shew exquisite skill; what shall we say of one capable, not only of imitating actions of this kind, but of acting as external circumstances require, as though it were endowed with life and reason? This, nevertheless, has been done. M. de Kempelen, a gentleman of Presburg in Hungary, excited by the performances of M. de Vaucanson, at first endeavoured to imitate them, and at last far excelled them. This gentleman constructed an androides capable of playing at chess!-Every one who is in the least acquainted with this game must know, that it is so far from being mechanically performed, as to require a greater exertion of the judgment and rational faculties than is sufficient to accomplish many matters of greater importance. An attempt, therefore, to make a wooden chess-player must appear as ridiculous as to make a wooden preacher or counsellor of state. That this machine really was made, however, the public have had ocular demonstration. The inventor came over to Britain in 1783, where he remained above a year with his automa

ton.

It is a figure as large as life, in a Turkish dress, sitting behind a table, with doors of three feet and a half in length, two in depth, and two and a half in height. The chair on which it sits is fixed to the table, which runs on four wheels. The automaton leans its right arm on the table, and in its left hand holds a pipe with this hand it plays after the pipe is removed. A chess board of eighteen inches is fixed before it. This table, or rather cupboard, contains wheels, levers, cylinders, and other pieces of mechanism; all which are publicly displayed. The vestments of the automaton are then lifted over its head, and the body is seen full of similar wheels and levers. There is a little door in its thigh, which is likewise opened; and with this, and the table also open, and the automaton uncovered, the whole is wheeled about the room. The doors are then shut, and the automaton is ready to play; and it always takes the first move.

At every motion the wheels are heard; the image moves its head, and looks over every part of the chess-board. When it checks the queen, it shakes its head twice, and thrice in giving check to the king. It likewise shakes its head when a false move is made, replaces

the piece, and makes its own move; by which means the adversary loses one. M. de Kempelen remarks as the most surprising circumstance attending his automaton, that it had been exhibited at Presburgh, Vienna, Paris, and London, to thousands, many of whom were mathematicians and chess-players, and yet the secret by which he governed the motion of its arm was never discovered. He prided himself solely on the construction of the mechanical powers, by which the arm could form ten or twelve moves. It then required to be wound up like a watch, after which it was capable of continuing the same number of motions.

per

The automaton could not play unless M. de Kempelen or his substitute was near it to direct its moves. A small square box, during the game, was frequently consulted by the exhibitor, and herein consisted the secret, which he said he could in a moment communicate. The secret was indeed simple, as our readers will find by referring to the article AUTOMATON, where it is disclosed.

ANDROLEPSY, in antiquity, a term something similar in meaning to our word reprisals. Thus, when one who committed a murder had escaped, the relations of the deceased were empowered to seize three men in the city or house whither the murderer had fled, either till he were surrendered, or satisfaction made for the murder.

ANDROMEDA, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, between Cassiopeia and Pegasus: it represents the figure of a woman chained. The number of stars generally reckoned in this constellation, ranged according to their magnitudes, from 1st to 6th, are 0..3..2.. 10..16.. 35, in all 66.

ANDROMEDA, the name of a celebrated tragedy of Euripides, highly admired by the ancients, but now lost.

ANDROMEDA. Marsh cistus: a genus of the class and order decandria monogynia, Calyx five-parted; corol ovate, with a five-cleft mouth; capsule superior, five celled; the partitions from the middle of the valves; anthers with two pores. There are twenty-six species, some natives of cold and others of warm climates. The greater part appertain to Siberia and North America. See Nat. Hist. pl. V.

ANDRON, among the Greeks, an apart ment designed for the use of men.

ANDRONA, in ancient writings, has various meanings. 1. A space between two houses. 2. A passage between two apartments. 3. A public street. 4. That part in churches assigned to the men.

ANDROPHAGI, man-eater. See AN

THROPOPHAGI.
ANDRO POGON.

In botany, a genus of the class and order polygamia monacia. Herm.: calyx, glume two-valved, one-flowered; corol, glume awned at the base; stamens three; styles two; seed one, coated. Male: corol awnless; stamens three There are thir ty-two species, all of which are exotics, and

the greater number natives of India. The two following are worth noticing.

A. schoenanthus of Arabian growth, well known by the name of camels' hay. A. nardus. Nard, or spikenard: an Indian plant, highly celebrated in ancient and modern times for its perfume.

ANDROS, one of the ancient Cyclades, lying between Tenedos and Euboea. The ancients gave it various names, viz. Cauros, Lasia, Nonagria, Epagris, Antandros, and Hydrusia. E. lon. 25. 30 N. lat. 37. 50.

ANDROSA'CE. In botany, a genus of the class and order pentandria monogynia. Umbel with a many-leaved involucre; corol with an ovate tube, and glandular throat; capsule one-celled, globular. Ten species, nearly the whole of which are natives of Europe, and chiefly of the Alps: none are known to be indigenous to our own country.

ANDRY ALA. Downy sow-thistle: a genus of the class and order syngenesia polygamia æqualis. Receptacle villous; calyx many-parted, nearly equal, rounded; down simple, sessile. Six species, all natives of the south of Europe, or the Barbary coast.

ANECDOTE, ANECDOTA, a term used by some authors for the titles of secret histories; but it more properly denotes a relation of detached and interesting particulars. The word is Greek, avixdora, q. d. things not yet known or hitherto kept secret. Procopius gives this title to a book which he published against Justinian and his wife Theodora; and he seems to be the only person among the ancients who has represented princes such as they are in their domestic relation.-Varillas has published Anecdotes of the House of Medicis.

ANEMO-CHORD, a name given to the Eolian harp.

ANEMOMETER. s. (ävμos and μérgov.) An instrument to measure the force and velocity of the wind. The first instrument of this kind was, we believe, invented by Wolfius in 1708, and described in his Areometry. Various machines for the same purpose have been invented by different persons. Descriptions of some of them may be seen in Mem. Acad. Scienc. an. 1734. Hutton's Translation of Ozanam's Recreations, vol. ii. Watson's Trans. of Euler on the Theory of Vessels, p. 161. Gregory's Mechanics, vol. ii. p. 48. and different parts of the Phil. Transac. We shall describe two of the best. The first is Mr. B. Martin's improvement upon the anemometer of Wolfius. (See pl. 10. fig. 4.) An open frame of wood ABCDEFGHI, is supported by the shaft or arbor I. In the two crosspieces HK, LM, is moved a horizontal axis QM, by means of the four sails, ah, cm, of, gh, exposed to the wind in a proper manner. Upon this axis is fixed a cone of wood, MNO; upon which, as the sails move round, a weight R, or S, is raised by a string round its superficies, proceeding from the smaller to the larger end NO. Upon this larger end or base of the

cone, is fixed a rachet-wheel k, in whose teeth the click X falls, to prevent any retrograde motion from the depending weight.

The structure of this machine sufficiently shews that it may be accommodated to estimate the variable force of the wind; because the force of the weight will continually increase as the string advances on the conical surface, by acting at a greater distance from the axis of motion; consequently, if such a weight be added on the smaller part M, as will just keep the machine in equilibrio in the weakest wind, the weight to be raised, as the wind becomes stronger, will be increased in proportion, and the diameter of the cone NO may be so large in comparison to that of the smaller end at M, that the strongest wind shall but just raise the weight at the greater end.

If, for example, the diameter of the axis be to that of the base of the cone NO as 1 to 28; then, if S be a weight of one pound at M on the axis, it will be equivalent to 28 pounds when raised to the greater end. If, therefore, when the wind is weakest, it supports one pound on the axis, it must be 28 times as strong to raise the weight to the base of the cone. If therefore a line or scale of 28 equal parts be drawn on the side of the cone, the strength of the wind will be indicated by that number on which the string rests.

In the Philos. Transactions for the year 1775, Dr. Lind gives a description of a very ingenious portable wind-gage, by which the force of the wind is easily measured; a brief description of the principal parts of which here follows. This simple instrument consists of two glass tubes, AB, CD, (pl. 10. fig. 5.) which should not be less than eight or nine inches long, the bore of each being about of an inch diameter, and connected together by a small bent glass tube ab, only of about of an inch diameter, to check the undulations of the water caused by a sudden gust of wind. On the upper end of the leg AB is fitted a thin metal tube, which is bent perpendicularly outwards, and having its mouth open to receive the wind blowing horizontally into it. The two tubes, or rather the two branches of the tube, are connected to a steel spindle KL by slips of brass near the top and bottom, by the sockets of which at e and f the whole instrument turns easily about the spindle, which is fixed into a block by a screw in its bottom, by the wind blowing in at the orifice at F. When the instrument is used, a quantity of water is poured in, till the tubes are about half full; then exposing the instrument to the wind, by blowing in at the orifice F, it forces the water down lower in the tube A B, and raises it so much higher in the other tube; and the distance between the surfaces of the water in the two tubes, estimated by a scale of inches and parts H I, placed by the sides of the tubes, will be the height of a column of water whose weight is equal to the force or momentum of the wind blowing or striking against an equal base. And as a cubic foot of water