ADELPHIA. (adiλpia, from adıλpo5, a brother.) In medicine, similarity of diseases. ADELPHIANA. s. A sect of ancient heretics, who always fasted on Sundays. ADELPHIXIS. (dipiis, from admpos, brother.) Sympathy, or consent of parts. ADELSCALE, in ancient customs, a servant of the king.

ADEMPTION, ADEMPTIO, in the civil law, the revocation of a grant, donation, or the like. The ademption of a legacy may be either express; as when the testator declares in form, that he revokes what he had bequeathed: or tacit, as when he only revokes it indirectly, or implicitly. See RECISSION.

ADEN. (aw, a gland.) A gland. ADENANTHERA. Bastard flower-fence. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and order decandria, monogynia; thus characterised: calyx five-toothed; petals five; anthers incumbent, bearing a globular gland at the outer tip; legume membranaceous. It is a native of the East Indies, and furnishes three species.

ADENIFORM. (adeniformis, from am, gland, and forma, resemblance.) Glandiform, or resembling a gland. A term some. mes applied to the prostate gland. It is a ad and illegitimate word, however, as companded of two distinct languages, and should be relinquished for adenoid, or glandiform. ADENOGRAPHY. (adenographia, ačnoya, from ad, a gland, and yapw, to write.) A treatise on the glands.

ADENOID. (from adw, a gland, and dos, likeness.) Glandiform; resembling a gland. ADENOLOGY. (adenologia, admoλoyia, from sin, a gland, and hoyos, a discourse.) The doctrine of the glands. See GLANDS.

ADENOS, a kind of cotton, often called marine cotton. It comes from Aleppo by the way of Marseilles.

ÁDENOUS ABSCESS. (abscessus adenoses, from aền, a gland.) A hard glandular abscess, which suppurates slowly.

ADEONA. In mythology, the name of a goddess invoked by the Romans, when they set out upon a journey.

ADEPHAGIA, the Sicilian goddess of gluttony.

ADEPS. An oily secretion from the blood into the cells of the cellular membrane. See FAT.

ADEPTS, ADEPTI, from adipisci, to obtain, a name assumed by those proficients in alchemy, who engaged in researches after the philosopher's stone, and the universal medicine; or who pretended to have succeeded in these researches. Though the extravagant projects of the alchemists had been invariably unsuccessful, yet in the sixteenth century a prodigious number of them appeared; at the head of whom was Paracelsus, a Swiss physician, whose reveries were eagerly embraced by the rest. This extraordinary man, in whom was united great energy of mind with great weakness and credulity, and a success in medicine almost unparalleled, with the utmost ar

dour and absurdity of expectation, revived the notion which Raymond Lully and other alchemists had entertained, of a universal medicine, capable of curing all diseases, in all times, in all places, and in every variety of constitution and circumstance. The eagerness and confidence with which Paracelsus pursued this object, engaged many others to co-operate with him, who without laying aside their former enquiries into the transmutation of metals and the making of gold, vied with each other in ardency to discover the universal remedy; and persuaded themselves that these se→ veral miracles might be effected by one chemical process. With these views, which they expected to see realised, and pretending besides that they were taught from heaven in some mysterious manner, they arrogated to themselves the title of adepts, which has ever since been applied to them as a term of derision.' The term adepts is also applied, in a more ge neral and respectful sense, to those who are proficients in any kind of science.

A'DEQUATE. a. (adequatus, Lat.) Equal to; proportionate (South).

A'DEQUATELY. ad. (from adequate.) In an adequate manner; with exactness of pro portion (South).

A'DEQUATENESS. s. (from adequate.) The state of being adequate; exactness of proportion.

α

ADES, or HADES, ang, from & and dw, denotes the invisible state. In the heathen mythology, it comprehends all those regions that lie beyond the river Styx, viz. Erebus, Tartarus, and Elysium. (See HELL.) The Greeks sometimes used the word Ades, to denote the god of hell, the Pluto of the Latins. Dr. Campbell observes, that the word ades occurs eleven times in the New Testament, and is translated hell in all, except one, where it is translated grave. He thinks, however, that it ought never in Scripture to be rendered hell, at least, in the sense applied to that word by Christians. In the Old Testament the corresponding word is sheol (as in Ps. xvi. 5, 10), which signifies the state of the dead in general, without regard to their character or condition, either of happiness or misery. Dr. Doddridge entertains a similar opinion. See his Family Expositor, vol. i. p. 485. note f, where he refers to Mr. Howe's works, vol. ii. p. 61. in proof that the word generally signifies the invisible world in general. Indeed the primitive meaning of the Saxon word hell is much the same; and even now the verb to hill or to hell, is used in many parts of England as denoting to cover up or hide.

ADESSENARII, a name given to those who hold that Jesus Christ is really present in the eucharist; but in a manner different from what the Romanists hold.

ADFECTED EQUATION, in algebra, an equation in which the unknown quantity is found under two or more different powers. For example x3-mx2+na=r, is an adfected cubic equation.

To ADHERE v. a. (adhereo, Lat.) 1. To

stick to. 2. To be consistent; to hold together (Shakspeare). 3. To remain firmly fixed to a party, person, or opinion (Shakspeare. Boyle).

ADHERENCE, ADHE'RENCY. s. (from adhere.) 1. The quality of adhering; tenacity. 2. Fixedness of mind; steadiness; fidelity. ADHERENT. a. (from adhere.) 1. Stick ing to (Pope). 2. United with (Watts). ADHERENT. S. (from adhere.) A follower; a partisan (Raleigh). ADHERER. s. (from adhere.) He that

adheres.

ADHESION. (adhasio, from adhæreo, to stick to.) The growing together of parts.

not

ADHESION, in philosophy and chemistry, a species of attraction which takes place between the surfaces of bodies, either similar or dissimilar, and which in a certain degree connects them together; thus water adheres to the finger, mercury to gold, two pieces of lead or brass to each other, &c. In this respect it is different from cohesion, which, uniting particle to particle, retains together the component parts of the same mass. It has been proved that the power of adhesion is proportional to the number of touching points, which depends upon the figure of the particles that form the bodies, and in solid bodies, upon the degree in which their surfaces are polished and compressed. The effects of this power are extremely curious, and in many instances astonishing. Musschenbrock relates that two cylinders of glass, whose diameters were quite two inches, being heated to the same degree as boiling water, and joined together by means of melted tallow lightly put between, adhered with a force equal to 130 pounds: lead of the same diameter, and in similar circumstances, adhered with a force of 275 pounds, and soft iron with one of 300 pounds. (Musschenbrock's Philosophy, by Colson.) And Martin, in his Philosophia Britannica, vol. i. says that with two leaden balls, not weighing above a pound each, nor touching upon more than of a square inch surface, he has lifted more than 150lbs. weight. The balls were first planed very finely with the edge of a sharp penknife, and then equally pressed together with a considerable force, and a gentle turn of the hand. The force of adhesion between two brass planes, each 44 inches diameter, and smeared with grease or fat, was so great, that Mr. Martin asserts that he never could meet with two men strong enough to separate them by pulling against each other. These instances are sufficient to give an idea of the nature of this power: those who wish for more experiments, may find them detailed in the two books referred to, in Supplement to Encyclopedia Britannica, art. Chemistry, p. 245, &c. and in Rees's Cyclopedia, in the article Adhesion. To measure the force of adhesion between different substances, and in different temperatures and circumstances, various methods have been contrived; but the best is that which was suggested by Dr. Brook Taylor, whose experi

ments led him to conclude that the force of adhesion might be determined by the weight necessary to produce a separation, and which has since been pursued and extended by M. de Morveau (now M. Guyton) with considerable success. He constructed cylinders of different metals, perfectly round, an inch in diameter, and the same in thickness, having a small ring in their upper surface by which they might be hung exactly in equilibrium. These cylinders were suspended, one after another, to the beam of a balance, and when they counterpoised exactly, were applied to mercury placed about

of an inch below them. After sliding them along the surface to prevent any air from lodg ing between them and the mercury, he marked exactly the weight necessary to overcome their adhesion, taking care to change the mercury after every experiment. The results were as follow: Goid adheres to mercury with a force of

445 grs. Silver Tin Lead

Bismuth

372 282

Iron Cobalt

115

8

Platina

This method, which, when it can be applied, is the most direct and accurate of all that have yet been devised, has been pursued to still greater lengths and degrees of nicety by M. Achard and others, whose experiments our limits will not allow us to detail. From what has been done altogether, we may deduce the following conclusions:-That there exists a tendency to adhesion between many, and probably between all substances in nature, absolutely independent of atmospherical or any other external pressure; that the force of this adhesion between solids, is in the order of their chemical affinities; and between solids and fluids is in an inverse ratio to the thermometrical temperature, and a direct ratio to the squares of the surfaces; that every solid adheres with a peculiar force to each fluid; that this force is truly expressed by the weight necessary to break the adhesion in all cases where the solid comes out clear from the fluid; but that whenever any particles of the fluid adhere to the solid, the weight of the counterpoise is then expressive of the mixed forces of the adhesion between the surfaces of the solid and the fluid, and of the cohesion between the component parts of the fluid.

ADHESIVE. a. (from adhesion.) Sticking; tenacious.

ADHESIVE INFLAMMATION. A term lately introduced into surgery, to express that species of inflammation which terminates by an adhesion of the inflamed surfaces; thus the pleura of the lungs, when inflamed, unites to that of the ribs.

To ADHIBIT. v. a. (adhibeo, Lat.) To apply; to make use of (Forbes).

ADHIBITION. s. (from adhibit.) Application; use.

ADHIL, in astronomy, a small star under Andromeda's foot.

ADHOA, ADOHA, or ADHOGAMENTUM, in ancient customs, denotes what is den called relief.

ADJACENCY. s. (from adjaceo, Lat.) 1. The state of lying close to another thing. 2. That which is adjacent (Brown). ADJACENT. a. (adjacens, Lat.) Lying close; bordering upon something (Bacon). ADJACENT. S. That which lies next another (Locke).

ADIA'NTHUM, ADIANTUM. (from a neg, and daru, to grow wet, because its leaves are not easily wetted.) Maiden-hair. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and onder cryptogamia, filices; thus characterised: fructification in distinct marginal dots or small lines; involucres membranaceous, distinct, from the turned-in margin of the frond, opening towards the rib. There are Bearly forty species of this fern, which may be divided into, 1. those with genuine capsules, innate in the involucres; comprehending those with a simple frond; a compound frond; a frond decompound; frond more than decompound. 2. Those with spurious fructification in distinct marginal dots, covered with scaleke involucres, not innate. The maiden-hair é ne confectioners, is the a. capillus veIt is somewhat sweet and austere the palate, and possesses mucilaginous quaLes The syrop de capillaire is prepared from it.

ADIANTUM AUREUM. The plant which is thus called in the pharmacopoeias, is the polytricum commune; caule simplici, anthera parallelepipeda: the varietas a of p. commune of Linnéus. It possesses, in an inferior degree, adstringent virtues; and was formerly given in diseases of the lungs and calculous cumplaints.

ADIA PHORISTS, in church history, a Lame importing lukewarmness, given in the sixteenth century, to the moderate Luther

ans.

ADIA PHOROUS. a. (åðiáps;95, Gr.) Neutral (Boyle)

ADIA PHORY. s. (ádiapopía, Gr.) Neutrality; indifference.

ADIAPNEUSTIA. (adiapneustia, adianws, from a priv. and Sanvw, to perspire.) A diminution or obstruction of the natural perspiration.

ADIB. (from adil, Arab.) The wolf: whose liver is commended by Avicenna, upon the theory of sympathetic medicine, in all hepatic affections. See CANIS.

To ADJECT. v. a. (adjicio, adjectum, Lat.) To add to; to put to another thing. ADJECTION. s. (adjectio, Lat.) 1. The act of adjecting, or adding. 2. The thing adjected, or added (Brown).

ADJECTITIOUS. a. (from adjection.) Added; thrown in upon the rest.

ADJECTIVE, in grammar, a kind of noun joined with a substantive, either expressed or implied, to shew its qualities, or accidents. The word is formed of the Latin adjicere, to

add to; as designed to be added to a substan tive, without which it has no precise signification. Father Buffier defines adjectives in a manner somewhat different from other grammarians.-Nouns, according to him, are substantives, when the objects which they represent are considered simply, and in themselves, without any regard to their qualities: on the contrary, they are adjectives, when they express the quality of an object. Thus, when I say simply, a heart, the word heart is a substantive, because none of its qualities are expressed; but when I say, a generous heart, the word generous is an adjective; because it adds a quality, or attribute, to the heart. Adjectives, then, appear to be nothing else but modificatives. In effect, the end of an adjective being only to express the quality of an object; if that quality be the object itself whereof we speak, it becomes a substantive; e. gr. if I say, this book is good; good, here, is an adjective; but if I say, good is always to be chosen, it is evident good is the subject I speak of; and consequently, good, there, is the substantive. On the contrary, it often happens in other languages, and sometimes in our own, that a substantive becomes an adjective; as, for instance, in these words: the king, hero as he is, remembers he is a man; where the word hero, though ordinarily a substantive, is yet apparently an adjective. As every quality supposes a substance of which it is the quality; it follows, that every adjective supposes a substantive. If we say the fine touches you; the true ought to be the subject of our enquiries; the good is preferable to the handsome; the rich relieve you, &c. it is evident that we consider these qualities so far only as they are attached to some substance or agent: the fine, that is, the substance which is fine; the true, or that which is true, &c. In these examples, the fine, the true, &c. are not merely adjectives: they are adjectives used substantively; they denote any agent whatsoever, provided that agent be fine, true, good, &c. It therefore follows, that these words are both adjectives and substantives at the same time; they are substantives because they denote an agent; they are adjectives, because they assign a certain qualification to the agent. There are as many species of adjectives as there are species of qualities, manners, and relations. Qualities admit of intensity or remission. One apple may be sour, but another may have more of that quality; and hence in some languages a distinction is made of comparison, and that by degrees which sometimes are called the comparative and superlative degrees. These degrees are expressed by an addition to the adjective, in English, as sour, sourer, sourest, or by applying the words more and most, as more delightful, most delightful; the former method being generally used with adjectives of one or two syllables, the latter when the syllables are more numerous: from these different ways of expressing the same thing in the same language, it is evident that the confining of

adjectives to two degrees is unnecessary in the philosophy of language; and that it is probable there is some language in which this classification does not take place. This is, in fact, the case in the Hebrew language, to which, of all others, the English approaches nearest in point of simplicity. English grammarians object to the use of double comparatives and superlatives, as improper: thus, more higher, most broadest, &c. are objectionable. The double superlative most highest, however, is a phrase peculiar to the old vulgar translation of the Psalms, where it acquires a singular propriety from the subject to which it is applied, the Supreme Being, who is indeed far higher than the highest. Adjectives that have in themselves a superlative signification, admit not properly the superlative form superadded: thus, chiefest, and extremest, are objectionable. But poetry is in possession of these two improper superlatives, and may be indulged in the use of them. In our language, and indeed in most others, the caprice of custom often gets the better of analogy, and presents us with adjectives that are irregularly compared; as, good, better, best; bad, worse, worst: worser, and lesser, however, must be considered as vulgarisms which probably originated in the habit of terminating comparisons in er. Since adjectives express qualities, and therefore cannot be used without the substantives expressed or implied, we may see why participles should frequently be taken for, or seem to pass into the class of, adjectives. "A learned man is never esteemed by a man whose claim to distinction is founded on his wealth or his rank." In this sentence, learned may be considered as an adjective, because from long use the quality only is expressed without reference to time. From having learned, the man is supposed to possess a quality which distinguishes him from others, and this quality is seen when placed in opposition to others who have not had the same advantages. They are called rude, barbarous. Thus we say, A rude man and a learned man are opposites;" where rude is acknowledged at once to be an adjective, and learned is considered of the same class, because it is significant only of the quality without re

ference to time.

66

ADJECTIVELY. ad. After the manner of an adjective.

ADIEU. ad. (from à Dieu.) Farewell (Prior).

AD INQUIRENDUM, a judicial writ, commanding inquiry to be made of any thing touching a cause depending in the king's court, for the better execution of justice; as of bastardy, or the like.

To ADJOIN. v. a. (adjoindre, Fr. adjungo, Lat.) To join to; to unite to; to put to (Watts).

To ADJOIN. v. n. To be contiguous to (Dryden).

1.

To ADJOURN. v. a. (ajourner, Fr.) To put off to another day (Bacon). 2. To put off; to defer (Dryden).

ADJOURNMENT. s. (ajournement, Fr). 1. A putting off till another day (L'Estrange). 2. Delay; procrastination (L'Estrange). There is a difference between the adjournment and the prorogation of parliament; the former being done by the house itself, whereas the latter is an act of the king.

ADIPOCIRE, formed of adeps, fat, and cera, wax, a concrete animal oil, lately obtained from the soapy matter into which bu man bodies are converted after burial. On the opening of the pits (fosses communes) in which the corpses of the poor are deposited in the burial-ground of the Innocens at Paris, during the years 1786 and 1787, for the purpose of laying out the ground to build upon, the coffins of several were opened, and the bodies examined by Fourcroy and Thouret: they were much shrunk, and flattened as if they had been strongly compressed; the linen which covered them adhered firmly, and upon being removed presented to view only irregular masses of a soft ductile greyish-white matter, apparently intermediate between fat and wax; the bones were very brittle. Where the conversion was complete, no trace of museles, membranes, vessels, tendons, or nerves, was to be found: the whole contents of the abdominal cavity were wanting; the heart and other viscera of the thorax were dissolved; the brain, which was not wanting in any, had experienced the same change; but the hair appeared to have undergone no alteration. These conversions were effected in about three years; they are never observed, however, in those bodies that are interred singly, but always take place in the fosses communes, after which no farther alteration ensues for a long time: some of the pits, which had been closed more than forty years, being found to contain little else than a solid mass of soapy matter. From the analysis of this singular substance, it appears to be a true ammoniacal soap, composed of water, ammonia, and a concrete oil; the latter of which, on further investigation, was obtained pure, and is that to which the name adipocire is given. It is, when dry, brittle, combustible, waxy, crystallizable, and perfectly insoluble in water. When prepared by mixing well the soapy matter with twelve times its weight of warm water, and decomposing it by a slight excess of acetic or muriatic acid, which is the most effectual way of obtaining it pure, it contains much water between its particles, and is perfectly white. While it retains water, it is soft to the touch, and becomes ductile, like wax, by the warmth of the hand. By drying, it acquires a brownish-grey colour: if it be cooled slowly, it assumes a crystalline and lamellar texture, and very much resembles spermaceti: it is soluble in boiling alcohol, in the proportion of an ounce and a half to an ounce of the fluid. Dr. Gibbes has obtained adipocire from the matter formed in the receptacle for the bodies which are used for dissection by the anatomical professor at Oxford.

ADIPOSE MEMBRANE. (membrana

son).

a,

ADIPSIA. (adipsia, from a neg. and st.) A want of thirst. A genus of disease the class locales, and order dysorexia of Cullen's nosology. It is always symptomatic soune disease of the sensorium. ADIRATUS, a price or value set upon things stolen, as a recompence to the ADIT, in general, signifies an approach to, er entrance of, any thing or place; as of a bruse, a theatre, &c.

owner.

ADIT OF A MINE, the hole, or aperture, whereby it is entered and dug, and by which the water and ores are carried away. The tern amounts to the same with cuniculus or dra, and is distinguished from air-shaft. The at is usually made on the side of a hill, towirs the bottom thereof, about four, five, or ax feet high, and eight wide, in form of an ; sometimes cut in the rock, and sometas supported with timber, so conducted as the sole or bottom of the adit may anthe bottom of the shaft, only someber, that the water may have a suffiCat current to pass away without the use of

p. This term is sometimes used for thear-shaft itself, being a hole driven perpendearly from the surface of the earth into we part of a mine, to give entrance to the

ADITION. s. (aditum, Lat.) The act of ging to another.

I ADJUDGE. v. a. (adjudico, Lat.) 1. To give the thing controverted to one of the s by a judicial sentence (Locke). 2. To stence to a punishment (Shakspeare). 3. ·To judge; to decree (Knolles).

T. ADJUDICATE. v. a. (adjudico, Lat.) To adjudge.

ADJUDICATION. s. (adjudicatio, Lat.) The act of granting something to a litigant. ADIVE, in zoology, an animal of the jackal kind; being the canis aureus of Lin

To ADJU'RE. v. a. (adjuro, Lat.) To impose an oath upon another, prescribing the form in which he shall swear (Milton).

To ADJUST. v. a. (ajuster, Fr.) 1. To regulate; to put in order (Swift). 2. To make accurate (Locke). 3. To make conformable (Addison).

ADJUSTMENT. s. (ajustement, Fr.) 14 Regulation; the act of putting in method; settlement (Woodward). 2. The state of being put in method (Watts).

ADJUTAGE. See AJUTAGE.

ADJUTANT. s. A petty officer, whose duty is to assist the major, by distributing pay, and overseeing punishment. In the cavalry, each regiment has an adjutant; in the infantry, each battalion: he receives the orders every night from the brigade-major; which after carrying them to the colonel, he delivers out to the serjeants.

ADJUTANTS-GENERAL, among the Je suits, a number of fathers, who resided with the general of the order, each of whom had a province or country assigned him, as England, Holland, &c. and their business was to inform the father-general of state occurrences in such countries.

To ADJUTE. v. a. (adjuto, adjutum, Lat.) To help; to concur: not used (Jonson). ADJÚTOR. s. (adjutor, Lat.) A helper. ADJUTORY. a. That does help. ADJU TRIX. s. She who helps. ADJUVANT. a. (adjuvans, Lat.) Helpful; useful.

To ADJUVATE. v. a. (adjuvo, Lat.) To help; to further; to put forward.

ADLEGATION, a right claimed by the states of the German empire of adjoining plenipotentiaries, in public treaties and negotiations, to those of the emperor, for the transacting of matters which relate to the empire in general. In this sense adlegation differs from legation, which is the right of sending ambassadors on a person's own account.

ADLOCUTION, ADLOCUTIO, in antiquity, is chiefly understood of speeches made by Roman generals to their armies, to encourage them before a battle.

ADMEASUREMENT. s. The act or practice of measuring according to rule.

ADMEASUREMENT OF A DEGREE. See

DEGREE.

ADMEASUREMENT, ADMENSURATIO, in law, a writ which lies for the bringing those to reason, or mediocrity, who usurp more of any thing than their share.

ADMENSURATION. s. (ad and mensura, Lat.) The act of measuring to each his part.

ADMINICLE. s. (adminiculum, Lat.) Help; support; furtherance.

ADMINICULAR. a. (from adminiculum, Lat.) That gives help.

ADMINICULES, among antiquaries, ornaments wherewith Juno is represented on medals.