themselves in the least amenable to reason. Then, seeing that the rebels had managed to get together a small fleet of their own, the value of the foreign seamen and the justice of their claims at once became evident. A sum of money was collected and part of the arrears were liquidated, after which Lord Cochrane and his officers sailed to Pernambuco and proceeded to blockade the town. On this occasion Cochrane decided to run no financial risks. Having restored order out of chaos at Pernambuco, his actions showed themselves devoid of red tape to a rather startling degree. He commandeered such prize money as he thought adequate for himself and his crew, and then in his flagship the Piranga he sailed straight home to Plymouth, where he received a warm welcome. The proceeding was, to say the least of it, irregular; but it served the Admiral's purpose.

Cochrane arrived in England in the early summer of 1825. His original engagement had been to serve Brazil until her independence had been acknowledged by Portugal. This did not occur until August, some three months later; so Cochrane left his Brazilian flag flying during the interval. He was still ready to be called upon, he explained. Doubtless he was; but the distance between him and Brazil was considerable. In the meanwhile the prize money remained his own and his crews', to the unbounded wrath of Pedro.

CHAPTER XVI

THE BRITISH IN BRAZIL (III)

Royalty in Brazil-Some stringent regulations concerning etiquette-Compulsory salutations-A collection of ludicrous incidents-Behavior of Dom Pedro-Episode related by Mr. H. M. Brackenridge—A meeting with the royal family-The Queen of Portugal and the United States Minister-A triumphant collision with autocracy-Violence of the Queen-Mr. Sumpter's resolution and its results-Intervention of King João VI-Curious ceremonies at Bahia and Pernambuco-Privileged Lisbon beggars-Fortunate recipients of free passages on men-of-war -The voyage of the warship Dom João VI-A British merchant's abode in Rio-His work and amusements-Opening of the Exchange -An early Tragedy-The trade in Bacalhao-Coinage and its by-products The British shop-keepers and their Brazilian colleagues-Respective qualities of the two-Ephemeral existence of the first newspaper-Private theatricals, ashore and afloat-Public-houses in RioPrejudice against mutton in Brazil-Dinner given with the object of destroying this-Hospitality of the Fazendeiro-Local reputation of the British for insobriety-Establishments of the interior-An experience in a primitive household-Mr. Mawe's journey to the Diamond Mines-A negro and his supposed gem-Eventual disappointment— Mawe's experience at Barbacena-The ubiquity of British manufactures.

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ET us now perform a feat possible only in print, and turn back a few years to the early events of

this tropical court which the British navy had been instrumental in creating.

The transference of this court was followed by some local results which the contemporary students of the Portuguese character could scarcely have foreseen. Perhaps it was the collision of royalty with the essentially democratic atmosphere of the Americas that brought about a number of explosions of a nature foreign both to the Brazilian soil and to the kindly Portuguese temperament!

It was undoubtedly part of the old colonial policy which caused the regulations for the exhibition of external respect toward the royal family to be arbitrary and oppressive to a degree unheard of in Europe. The ethics of the street were included in these. When the royal family took its airings abroad it was the aim of the authorities to make the progress one of tremendous glamour and dignity. At the passage of a royal personage humanity was commanded to fall as prone as autumn leaves! As a result, the inhabitants of Rio found themselves, whether they would or no-in the early days their enthusiasm was genuine enough—committed to perfect debauché of obeisance.

In actual practice, these regulations were made to apply to foreigners as well as to Portuguese and Brazilians, notwithstanding the fact that the King had declared publicly that he did not require it of any who were not his subjects. In spite of this, whenever a foreigner or native chanced to meet any members of the royal family, he was obliged, if mounted, to dismount from his horse, and, if in a carriage, to alight with all speed. The "Times" of November, 1818, has some interesting comments on this peculiar state of affairs:

"Woe to him who is not able to do this quickly enough, for he will be dreadfully chastised by the servants who accompany him. It happened very lately that two merchants, the chief partners of a foreign establishment here, on meeting some of the royal princes, and relying on the ordinance of the King, did not dismount from their horses; one of them, by the command of the youngest, a boy of fourteen, was severely beaten by a groom, and the other, a man of fifty, received from the Crown Prince himself, a blow from his whip."

This reveals a condition of affairs, where dignity would seem to rest with the assaulted rather than with the assailants, and certainly the transplanting of royalty seems to have had curious and exotic results, for the

journal goes on with the still more astonishing statement to the effect that: "This same Crown Prince on another occasion did not consider it beneath his dignity to throw a stone at a foreigner, who, not knowing him, happened not to have taken off his hat!"

Those who have followed Dom Pedro's later career, with all its attributes of personal valor and unconscious buffoonery, resolution, and ridiculous want of humor, will experience less surprise in reading this than they would if the anecdote concerned a more ordinary prince. With such extraordinary evidences of a want of discipline in his youth, the wilder days of Pedro's subsequent life become explicable.

An American writer, Mr. H. M. Brackenridge, has already been quoted. He was traveling to Rio de Janeiro on a mission from his Government in 1817, and on his first landing came into contact with Brazilian royalty. He describes his experiences with some satire. He was at the house of the United States minister, Mr. Sumpter, when he saw a cavalcade going down the road. A couple of dusky dragoons, whose faces showed traces of their Indian blood, galloped by, their swords rattling gallantly by their sides. These were followed at a considerable distance by a number of cumbrous and old-fashioned coaches. They contained the Queen, the princesses, and their suite.

The procession came to a halt at the gate of the American minister, and there the Queen and the princesses spoke in a familiar and friendly fashion with Miss Sumpter. But for their guard and retinue, Brackenridge says he "would have taken them to be the respectable class of citizens," which was no small concession from a traveler of his democratic caliber! In fact, our thorough-going republican confesses himself not unimpressed by the modest attire and behavior of these first royalties with which he was brought into contact.

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'Although," he says, "I had read a great deal of

kings and queens and princesses, I had no idea that I should feel so little of that awe supposed to be produced by the irradiations of majesty."

Thus our chronicler-a very loyal and estimable republican, but faintly inclined to be intolerant-pats with some warmth the back that found so little trouble in remaining stiff and erect. This should not have been difficult, since, with the exception of the Queen's personality, there was very little formality about the party. The Princess Leopoldina, he says, was distinguished from the rest by the fairness of her complexion. He adds, however, that there was nothing remarkable in her appearance, and that there were thousands of his countrywomen that he would choose in preference for a wife, which confession seems to betray a leaning toward Mormonism!

It was, of course, a terribly servile manner of obeisance shown by the inhabitants-both civil and military-of Rio when in the early days of the kingdom they fell on their knees in the roadway at the sight of their sovereigns. But, at the very least, the guards who accompanied the royal cortége would compel riders to dismount and to stand bareheaded. This crude method, as we have seen, was occasionally applied to foreigners, and, apparently, passed unresented in the majority of instances. It is even said that a number of the foreign ministers submitted to this-a most remarkable and quite inexplicable concession. But the American representative was most decidedly not one of these.

This latter, Mr. Sumpter, was determined to use every diplomatic means to preserve his dignity. He took every precaution to avoid meeting the royal cavalcade in the street. He was successful for a considerable time; but at last the day came when he found himself face to face with the cumbersome coaches and the outriding dragoons. It was the Queen who chanced to be taking an outing. Sumpter realized that the ordeal could no longer be