ularity we need only state that it was first published in 1895. It has been reprinted as follows: April, 1896; August, October, 1897; March, 1502; March, 1904. A fourth edition, with a new chapter on current plant-breeding practice, was issued in April, 1906. Every teacher of biology should become the owner of this work because of its scientific value, and several volumes should be purchased for every public library. "The Government of the United States" (D. Appleton & Co., New York, Boston and Chicago), by Bernard Moses, Ph. D., LL. D., professor of history and political science in the University of California. The main purpose of the author is to show what the government of the United States is by giving a sketch of its organization and the general methods of its working. He deals not only with the central, or Federal government, but also with the State, Territorial, and local governments; and all of these taken together make up government of the United States. For further information address the publishers at 378 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Prof. Geo. W. Asbury, teacher in the Indiana Reformatory, has kindly favored us with a "Library Catalogue," which is full of interest. He deserves much credit for the work which he is doing for the inmates of the above-named institution. the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth years respectively. List price, 7 cents each, but introduction orders will be filled at 5 cents per copy. F. O. B. New York. "The Gospel of Love" (The Nunc Licet Press, Philadelphia), by the Rev. Edmund G. Moberly. The author has discussed in a very able and most interesting manner the signs of the times, sin, the disease of sin, scope of the gospel of love, the warning of the past, the true unity, definitions of faith, holy scripture and closes with an interesting dialogue upon love, which we take pleasure in reproducing as follows: "O weary soul, and sorely vexed, "But Heaven seems void, no voice replies, "Go, strive with loving tenderness Some fellow-mortal's soul to bless; Within thy soul the Truth shall spring, And there the sweet assurance bring That LOVE is GOD!" "Songs and Glees," by Prof. J. H. Kurzenknabe, Harrisburg, Pa. This work contains a complete, though simplified system of musical notation, designed to make the study of the science attractive for the school room, institutes, societies, and the home. Postpaid, 20 cents per copy, $2.20 per dozen. By express not prepaid, $1.80 per dozen, $12.50 per hundred. We hope that several thousand copies of these songs may be ordered for the county teachers' institutes in Indiana especially. "Graded Spelling Books for City Schools" (Hinds, Noble & Eldredge), by W. J. Moran and C. H. Brelsford, supervising principals in the Philadelphia public schools. There are seven volumes which are intended for "Modern English" (The Macmillan Co.), by Henry P. Emerson, superintendent of education, Buffalo, N. Y., and Ida C. Bender, who is supervisor of primary grades in the public schools there. The two books of the "Modern English" course are closely related, not only in a common purpose to arouse interest in the correct use of the English of today. but in the means by which this purpose is to be attained. "THE NEGRO AND THE SOUTH.” In a widely discussed article on "Reflex Light from Africa" in the May Century, Charles Francis Adams gave it as his opinion, reached after close observation and study of the black in Africa, that the negro is, and always will be, inferior to the white man and a clog on civilization. The other side of the question will be discussed in the June Century by Harry Stillwell Edwards, well-known as a writer, editor and politician. The words of such an authority, a Southerner born and bred, come with weight. Mr. Edwards believes in the negro's final, complete and peaceful incorporation into the American system without injury to himself or to his white neighbor; and urges that he be given the aid, comfort and benefit of a broad Christian tolerance. Mr. Edwards's discussion of his position and his reasons therefor should be read by every thinking person. "Bryant's Poems, Thanatopsis, Sella and Other Poems" (The Macmillan Co.), by Wil liam Cullen Bryant. This work has been edited by J. H. Castleman, A. M. (Indiana), teacher of English at the McKinley High School, St. Louis, Mo. Cloth, 25 cents. "New Elementary Agriculture" (Ainsworth & Co., 378 Wabash avenue, Chicago), by the following members of the faculty in the University of Nebraska: Chas. E. Bessey, professor of botany; Lawrence Bruner, professor of entomology; Goodwin D. Swezey, professor of astronomy. It is intended for rural and graded schools. It treats of plants, insects, birds, weather, and animals on the farm. 1. Simplify: ANSWERS TO STATE BOARD QUESTIONS FOR MAY. ARITHMETIC. 51 × 71 × 3 × 61 2 × 4 × 31 2. How many shares of bank stock, at 5% discount, can be purchased for $3,805, if % % is paid for brokerage? 3. A granary 8 feet by 10 feet and 6 feet deep will hold how many bushels of wheat? 4. If a man should sell an article for $54 and make a profit of 12% %, what would be the cost? 5. A cistern can be filled in 8 hours and emptied in 10 hours. If it is empty, and both the inlet and outlet be opened, in what time will it be filled? 6. How many days elapsed from January 1, 1896, to June 30, 1904, inclusive? How many leap years included? 7. The difference between two numbers is 4 and the difference between their squares is 208. What are they? (Solve by algebra.) 8. Write definitions for the following terms: Point, line, surface, space, angle. 6. 3,103 days. Two leap years, 1896 and 1904. 7. Let x = larger number, x-4= smaller number. x2(x-4)2 = 208; x = 28; x-4=24. Therefore the numbers are 28 and 24. A point is that which has position in space without extension. A line is the path of a moving point A surface is a portion of space having two dimensions. Space is extension without regard to objects occupying it. An angle is the difference in direction between two lines in the same plane that meet in a point. HISTORY. 1. How many voyages of discovery were made by Columbus and what did he accomplish in the respective voyages? 2. For what do the years 1607 and 1620 stand especially in the history of our country? 3. What did England gain in North America by the Treaty of Peace made with France in 1763? 4. What were the Navigation Laws and what were they designed to do? 5. Why was the Battle of Brandywine fought? 6. Citizen Genet-who was he, and what trouble did he create in this country in Washington's administration? 7. What were the terms of the Treaty made at the close of the Mexican War? 8. State the causes of the financial panics of 1873 and 1893. Answers. 1. Four. His first he discovered the Bahamas. In his second he established a colony in Hayti. On his third he discovered the mainland of South America. The true value of his discoveries is that he was the first civilized man to cross the Atlantic and thus pave the way to the colonization of the Americas. 2. The first as the date of the settlement of Virginia, the home of the Cavalier. The second as the date of the settlement of Massachusetts, the home of the Puritan. 3. She gained all the French possessions on the North Au erican Continent east of the Mississippi, save New Orleans and a small district adjacent to the city. And Florida was given to her by Spain. After this treaty Great Britain became the great Colonial power of the world. 4. These were laws intended to build up the commercial power of England by restricting the carriers to English ships only. The most important products of all the colonies could be shipped to England only. 5. Washington hoped to prevent Cornwallis from entering Philadelphia, but he was disappointed. 6. Our country had a treaty with the French Monarch, Louis XVI, by which we agreed to defend French colonies. When the French r. volutionists overthrew the Monarchy, they sent Genet to the United States to fit out privateers and enlist men against England. Washington issued a proclamation of strict neutrality between the belligerents. Genet counted on the sympathy of the people of the United States to break down the attitude of Washington. Genet was finally dismissed as minister. 7. Mexico had to agree to relinquish all her territory north of the Rio Grande and Gila rivers The United States agreed to pay her fifteen million dollars for upper California and New Mexico, and assumed debts owed by Mexico to private citizens of the United States. 8. The panic of 1873 was caused by overspeculating and railroad building. Business was greatly overdone. That of 1893 was a lack of confidence. The manufacturers had relied on high protective tariffs and they feared a radical change under the Cleveland administration. 2. The human body is constructed on the plan of the body of other vertebrate animals. There is a central axial portion formed of a chain of bones. These are so joined and shaped as to form three cavities, the cranium, the thorax and the abdomen. There are two bony girdles to which are attached the two pairs of limbs. 3. The vessels of the portal circulation are: The portal vein, carrying blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver; the hepatic artery, supplying the liver with pure blood; the hepatic veins, carrying out the blood brought in by the hepatic artery. 4. The continued use of alcohol causes the condition known as "hob-nailed liver," an ulcerous affection of that organ. It also causes "fatty degeneration" of the liver. With either of these conditions present the functions of that organ are imperfectly performed, and hence the entire system of digestive organs become diseased. 5. An excretory organ has for its function the elimination from the system that which would be injurious if allowed to remain; the skin, the kidneys, the lungs. A secretory organ separates from the blood some product of digestion and applies it to the needs of the system; the liver, the gastric glands, the salivary glands. 6. By stoves; produces heat enough but the temperature varies too much and air is rendered too dry. By open grate; this plan is better than the stove for ventilation, but heats irregularly and unevenly. By furnace; this plan gives a more uniform heat and better ventilation, but is too much affected by prevailing winds. 7. The functions of the nervous system are: Originating nerve force, transmitting nerve stimulus, receiving nerve impressions. 8. This question calls for the personal opinion of the applicant. READING. 1. Outline the assignment of a lesson for an eighth grade class, using any suitable selection as the basis. 2. What are the chief purposes (of the use) of supplementary reading matter? 3. Should children in first and second grades be expected to master the spelling of all the words of the reading lesson? Why? 4. In first grades is it best for the teacher to introduce the reading lesson by relating in her own words the story to be read? Why? 5. What place has a knowledge of grammar in the interpretation of thought in the higher grades? 6. To what extent should classes in the upper grades be required to learn the exact meaning of words? 7. Name five poems suitable for memory work in fourth grade. 8. What is the value of memorizing selections from literature? 1. "Excelsior." Answers. Preparation: Show physical setting of poem. Switzerland, its mountain passes and glaciers. Presentation: Let teacher read the entire poem. Separate it into three parts for convenience. Emphasize ending of each stanza Questions on each part: What is meant by the shades of night? Origin of Alpine? What did the youth carry? What is a device? Where was it writ ten? What is a falchion? A silver clarion? Why spectral? Why did a groan come from his lips? What did he see in the village and on the mountain? What is contrasted with sad brow? The flashing eye? Show who speak to the youth, why fear the pine tree branch, the avalanche? Who are the pious monks of Saint Bernard, what animals assist them? What did they find? Find the theme of the entire poem. 2. To stimulate the pupil to read for himself. 3. Yes. For the reason that in these grades the mechanical side of reading is uppermost. 4. Frequently it is, especially if she is a good story teller. Greater interest may be thus aroused in the reading lesson. 5. The proper mastery of expression lies in the study of grammar. The formal study of the analysis of the sentence is very important in thought interpretation., 6. Pupils should be thoroughly drilled in word analysis, so that they may understand the technical meaning of words. This should include all prefixes and suffixes. 7. (1) The Village Blacksmith; (2) The Landing of the Pilgrims; (3) Abou Ben Adhem; (4) Little Brown Hands; (5) Little Dandelion. 8. It fixes in the mind memory gems that will be of infinite service in after years. GEOGRAPHY. 1. What forms of government are found in Europe? Give an illustration of each. 2. Why are the rivers of England so valuable to that country? Name her most important waterway. Give two good reasons for its being the chief outlet and entry of that country. 3. In what locality of the United States are the following products produced: lumber, petroleum, corn, wheat, copper, salt, fruit? 4. Why is the climate of Washington State warmer in general than that of Maine? 5. "The trend of civilization has been westward." Explain. 6. Name and locate the largest city on the Atlantic coast of South America. "It has nearly a million inhabitants and it increases in population about one hundred thousand a year." How do you account for its growth? 7. What great religions had their origin in Asiatic Turkey? Name and locate the city brought to your mind by each. 8. It has been said that one object of teaching geography is to show the interdependence of man. Briefly explain how you would bring out this idea with pupils. Answers. 1. Limited monarchy-Great Britain, Germany; absolute monarchy-Russia, Turkey; republicFrance, Switzerland. 2. Many of the English rivers have their lower valleys drowned, forming estuaries. Of these the Thames is most important. It is navigable for the largest vessels, is protected against storms, is easily defended, is ample in area for the navies of the world, is convenient to the continent and accessible to the commerce of the world. 3. Lumber is produced in all the Southern States, in the States bordering the three upper great lakes and the States traversed by the eastern and western mountain ranges. Petroleum is produced in fifteen States, chiefly in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Texas. Corn grows in all States east of the 100th meridian, and in greatest abundance in Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri and Indiana. Copper is abundant in Michigan and Arizona. Salt is obtained in Michigan, New York and California. 4. The prevailing westerly winds blow from the Pacific Ocean over Washington State, giving it a mild climate, while the west winds bring cold air from the interior of the continent to Maine in winter. The summer climate of Maine is much warmer than that of Washington. 5. Migration is along parallels of latitude for climatic reasons chiefly. The hordes of Central Asia were doubtless drawn west by hope of plunder to be obtained from the richer and more fertile regions in . Western Europe. The development of the sea-going spirit for adventure and commerce led to the discovery and settlement of the eastern shores of America and the subsequent movement west. The comparatively narrow Atlantic Ocean made the eastern shore of America more accessible than the western. 6. Buenos Ayres, situated on the Plata estuary near 35° S., capital of Argentina, is the largest city in South America or in the Southern Hemisphere. Its good harbor, the large and fertile tributary region and⚫ the delightful climate contribute to its growth. 7. Judahism and Christianity call to mind Jerusalem, east of the Mediterranean Sea. Mohammedanism suggests Mecca, near the Red Sea. 8. A question in method to be judged by Superintendent. a group of words expressing a thought and consisting, essentially, of a subject and a predicate. 2. He and his are pronouns, touched and heard are verbs, harp and nations are nouns, ntranced is a participle, and is a conjunction. 3. Two main classes of conjunctions are coördinate and subordinate. Coördinate: I saw John and Mary. Subordinate: He plays because he likes it. 4. Substantive words are nouns and pronouns; a noun is a word representing an object of thought; a pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid its inconvenient or too frequent use. 4. The pupil is tempted to copy or borrow that which is not his own. He frequently evades the salient features of the question and relates unimportant detail. 5. It means that there is no royal road to learning. The student must assimilate the subject-matter for himself, be be educated in the log schoolhouse or the great university. 6. When the pupil has a real desire to learn he may be offered exemption from final examinations, privileges in athletics and other legitimate inducements. But the offering of prizes to children in the secondary schools almost always leads to evil results. 7. Any faculty grows strong by the constant use of that faculty. If a child has a weak memory let him begin to use that power and immediately strength ensues. 8. We are not sure that a teacher should pretend to be any better morally than any other good citizen in the community. It is true however that many parents wish and expect the teacher to give their child that which they make no effort to give him themselves. A good teacher should be strong enough to be a leader in all lines tending to elevate human society. The community will find that out in good time. METHOD OF RECITATION. 1. "Before knowledge is really digested, it is necessary to fix it in the mind many tin es." Will mere repetition do this? If not, why not? 2. What amount of time does the author think should be given to reviews, and when should these reviews be made? |