brace less than a year of work, and this period would preferably follow a year's course in physics. The first two-thirds of the year may be devoted to physical geography, emphasizing physiography and meteorology, followed in the last third of the year by a good course in commercial geography.

The subject should be presented by methods as strictly scientific as possible, observation and investigation of land features and weather phenomena being very necessary to successful presentation.

The geographical field in the vicinity of the school should be studied by both teacher and students with a view of ascertaining the action of physiographic processes and varieties of resulting features. A laboratory as well equipped as requirements demand and cost will permit is an imperative requisite of scientific presentation.

This laboratory may be very simple and its materials largely the contributions of the local field. Specimens of soils, rocks and minerals, seeds and fibers of plants, including specimens of wood, building stone, plant and mineral products, may be collected by teachers, students and interested patrons.

A collection of the different varieties of igneous, crystalline and aqueous rock fragments found in a gravel deposit will be found interesting and profitable to students living in the region of the glacial drift.

Raw materials, as iron ore, crude oil, or cotton fiber, with specimens of manufactured products derived from them, form interesting and useful collections illustrating the interdependence of industries. Instruments such as a mercurial barometer, an aneroid barometer, thermometers, hygrometers will be necessary for weather observations. The laboratory should be well supplied with good maps in sufficient numbers and variety to afford opportunity for careful and extensive study. The maps of the United States Geological Survey are obtainable in great variety and very cheaply by addressing the Director U. S. G. S., Washington, D. C., who will send on request a catalogue of publications with prices

from which selections may be made. These maps represent many varieties of land forms, and a judicious selection will furnish illustrations for every kind of feature mentioned in the physical geography. Relief maps of the continents are valuable for giving a general idea as well as many details of relief. Maps showing routes of travel by rail and water, maps showing the distribution of plant, mineral, rainfall, population and other areas have their place and value in the laboratory, and no student's education should be considered tolerably complete without the ability to read, and understand maps.

Models, often called relief maps, by which relief is shown by difference in elevation of the surface, are useful but generally too expensive to permit their possession in great number or variety.

A modeling pan or table on which dry sand or moulding clay may be used, will supplement the model and in some instances take its place to good advantage.

A collection of pictures made up of photographs, clippings from illustrated papers, magazines and books, mounted on cardboard, will be found one of the most useful means of geographical instruction. The amateur photographer, student or teacher will have here an opportunity to utilize his art in furnishing views of local features which are often especially valuable.

Advanced geography study is now greatly facilitated by the abundance of good texts in physical and commercial geography, no branch of science showing greater advance within the last dozen years in the quality of texts produced. These books are generally models of clear statement, well illustrated by pictures, maps and diagrams that aid in giving clear ideas instead of merely taking up space. Directions for laboratory and field work in great completeness and variety are included in connection with each topic, and numerous references to supplementary sources of information.

In considering organization of the work and methods of presentation the oftrepeated warning against slavish subservience to text-books is still pertinent.

The topical basis of organization and assignment of work with reference to special and supplementary texts makes the student less dependent on a single text and does something toward avoiding or ending the text-book habit. Fuller examination of a subject than is afforded in the text-book should be made when possible, and a well-grounded knowledge independent of the statements or organization of any book should be the acquisition of the student.

After a good foundation is laid in the knowledge of physical geography, commercial geography should be studied in its relation to the physical basis. Here the conduct of the work as a thoughtsubject instead of as a memory "cram" is exemplified. Reasons will be discerned in physical features and conditions for the life-forms and activities of a region. Many questions that never arose under the old, empirical, memorizing mode of study and recitation are now suggested, and the rational search for the solution of problems gives zest and interest and ideal mental development at the same time. As an illustration of this rational element in geography it will be well remembered that the student formerly learned that the precious and useful metals are generally found in mountain. regions, but never learned why; he knew that the New England coast had many fine harbors, but never sought or thought of an explanation of the fact. He learned by statements and statistics that the States north of the Ohio and Missouri rivers are the leading agricultural region of the United States, but no reason was forthcoming. The fact that New York City is the metropolis of North America was generally known, but

the real reason did not occur. The distinction among peoples civilized, semicivilized, and barbarous was well known, but the effects of climate which enabled people to live without clothes, houses or work to obtain food in one part of the world, while in other parts men must build houses and wear clothing to protect them from the cold, and store up food for the winter, was not observed as an explanation of why the people in one region were savages and in the other civilized. The geographical basis in history, as why civilization sprang up in Assyria, Egypt, Greece and Rome, or why slavery disappeared from New England and grew in the South is a fact that is observable in the march of events through all the ages. Governments and even religions are more largely the products of physical and climatic conditions than we think or willingly admit.

In conclusion let it be emphasized that study and drill should be continued until the student has a knowledge that may be termed at least intelligent, until he can explain the features and industries of his own State and country, until he can pick out a route by which to travel to a city across two or three States from his home or give information concerning routes to the seaboard and the most commonly visited foreign countries.

Let us get and keep our bearings in this grand country of ours, growing grander as the years go by, taking her place even now as peacemaker and adviser among nations of the earth, offering boundless resources, vast opportunities, and the blessings of freedom and justice to all men, that we as intelligent citizens may know our place in her and her place among the nations.

THE NEW HARMONY MOVEMENT.

GEORGE BROWNING LOCKWOOD, AUTHOR
AND ASSISTANT GENERAL MANAGER,
WINONA ASSEMBLY, WINONA
LAKE, IND.

As these lines are written John Duss and his band are pleasing the ears of thousands of Hoosiers gathered during the daytime hours at the State Fair Grounds, and in the evening at the base of Indiana's splendid monument to the soldiers. And in this conjunction of circumstances the thread of history is strangely knotted. John Duss is the successor of George Rapp to supreme authority in the Harmonist hierarchy, which, as Byron says, so "strangely flourished" in the wilds of Indiana nearly a century ago, and the strains of his great concert band from the country's chief metropolis are the augmented echo of the notes which floated over the wheatfields of Posey County as the Wurtemburg zealots gathered their golden harvest, or through the quiet streets of quaint Harmonie when the day's work was done. For as leader of the Harmonist band at Economy, Pa., during the waning years of the Rappite communism, John Duss acquired the ambition to lead a great concert organization-an ambition "the millionaire bandmaster" has been enabled to realize through the lavish employment. of a fortune heaped up to the music of a humbler band in the long years of patient Rappite labor.

And there are other suggestions of contrast and relation between present and past in that it was Frederick Rapp, adopted son of the founder of the Rappite society and premier of the community in Harmonie days, who dominated the commission which drove a stake in the wilderness where now stands Indianapolis, and called it the capital of Indiana. We know that Frederick Rapp

must have been a potent factor in the deliberations of the first constitutional convention at Corydon and in the committee of three which selected the site of Indiana's capital-with Washington, Indianapolis is one of the few capitals arbitrarily chosen for political considerations, and yet, strangely enough, one of the few State capitals which has developed into the principal commercial center of its commonwealth Frederick Rapp was the chief citizen, in its relations with the outside world, of the most important manufacturing town of the territory of Indiana. He was the Middle West's first great captain of industry, commanding as he did a business organization which not only planted its outposts up and down the lower Wabash, but extended its trade throughout the settled portions of that great southwestern empire which had recently been purchased by Thomas Jefferson, and which, for a time, had its seat of government at the neighboring town of Vincennes. It was Frederick Rapp who chose the site of Harmonie when it was determined to make the westward trek from Zelienople, and during the course of his explorations he journeyed widely through the vast wilderness bordering the Ohio and the Wabash before purchasing that splendid estate of thirty thousand acres upon which the Rappites were to spend ten such busy and prosperous years. He had been with the Harmonists in their emigration from the borders of the Black Forest to the land of religious liberty. Of all those who gathered under Indiana's charter tree at Corydon he was probably the least provincial. So that it was no doubt due in considerable degree to his influence that he and his colleagues struck so deeply into the vast forest which in 1816 stretched an almost unbroken canopy across a commonwealth now confronting the problem of an in

adequate lumber supply. If Frederick Rapp, as he and his colleagues drove the stake which determined the site of the Hoosier metropolis, could have been favored with one of the prophetic visions which seemed to come in emergencies to his patriarchal foster father, he might have heard the splashing of the fountains about the world's greatest battle monument-a monument so eloquent of a great history yet to be written-he might have seen the yellow heights of a great terminal traction station near at hand, indicative of the marvelous industrial miracle yet to be wrought by electricity and steam; he might have seen the cosmopolitan crowds thronging by thousands, under the glow of lights unknown to him, the circle which has become the hub of Hoosierdom; and then, he might have bought all the corner lots within a radius of a half mile for less money than had been paid for the horse beneath him, and have thus become the certain beneficiary of a community of effort in which millions should join their labor for his enrichment, rather than only the thousand peasants whom the world said served him stupidly at home! After all there is, in what Henry George called the "unearned increment," an individually an individually reaped harvest from a community in sowing.

The value of the teachers' study of "The New Harmony Movement" will depend upon the degree to which the story and the problems it suggests, political and educational, are vitalized by consideration of their relation to the history and the problems of today. We have seen that even the Rappite experiment, reactionary as it was and strangely out of its natural environment, had its bearing upon Indiana history. And certainly in this day when social conditions and industrial organization are as never before the subject of study by thoughtful men and women, there is value in an investigation of the causes of failure of an experiment localized by the years of Rappite residence in Indiana, which stands in history as the most successful effort to build up a social order based upon the repression of individual ambition and individual initiative.

But vastly more significant in its historical and sociological relations is the Owenite experiment, which, by a strange fortuity, occupied the same theater of action as the Rappite attempt in social reconstruction. The Rappite movement came out of the forest-the world's most famous forest, the Schwartzwald-and its leader was a simple peasant; but the Owenite movement came out of one of the greatest factories of the first manufacturing nations of the world, and its leader was the foremost cotton-maker of his time. The problems which called into action the brave and unselfish philanthropist of New Lanark are still the world's vital social and educational problems. The philosophy of Robert Owen is full of oddities and crudities not unnatural in the reasoning of a man who, because of the lack of scholastic training, gave too little weight to the sum of human experience as set forth upon the printed page, and yet those who study "The New Moral World" and the other writings of Robert Owen must be struck with the fact that here was a man far in advance of his time in his conception of elemental questions which are now forcing themselves across the mental horizon of every thoughtful man and woman. While it is true that Robert Owen, with an Oxford or Cambridge training, would have traveled a more nearly normal intellectual orbit, there was perhaps a greater value to the world in the untrammeled radicalism of this remarkable man, than there would have been in the more conservative conclusions of a truer scholarship. For, after all, Robert Owen, like many another agitator of his type, was to be not a reaper, but a sower only of seed, some of which, in its appointed time, has come to rich fruition. In that strange border Utopia on the Wabash, Robert Owen was indeed a John the Baptist of a better social order, "crying forth as one in the wilderness." American factory legislation of recent years is a belated realization of Robert Owen's conception of the state's duty to the wage-earner. The problem forced upon Great Britain a century ago by the sudden development of the cotton industry and the introduction of labor saving