The Nation Mourns.

Senator Marcus A. Hanna is dead. He was Chairman of the National Civic Federation, of the Executive Committee of which the Grand Master of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen is

SENATOR MARCUS A. HANNA Died February 15, 1904

a member. He was a typical American. One of the greatest ambitions of his life was the establishment of conciliatory relations between capital and labor. His sincerity in this great and worthy cause is recognized and appreciated. He cheerfully and effectively utilized all the power

-7

and influence of his high political and commercial standing in its advancement.

It is with sentiments of most genuine regret that hundreds of thousands of wage earners on the North American continent have learned of his death, for they recognized in him a friend who meant them

well. As a result of his efforts there exists today a better understanding and a much warmer feeling between employer and employe than ever before. While many have differed from him politically, none question the wisdom of his efforts or the sincerity of his motives. In his death the Nation has lost one of its wisest statesmen, and Ohio one of her greatest representatives. His loss will be keenly felt by the thousands who have been the direct beneficiaries of his unostentatious benevolence.

The National Civic Federation and its great work, both past and future, will stand as an imposing monument to his memory and cause his name to be revered by future generations. In this hour of sorrow the Magazine extends to his bereaved family, relatives and friends its sincere sympathy.

An International Tribute to the
Memory of James Watt.

James Watt, born at Greenock, in Scotland, January 19, 1736, was an improver, and almost the inventor of the modern steam engine. Using the words of Professor Robinson, "everything became the beginning of a new and serious study" to Watt. He was very weakly as a child, and through his inability to attend school he became to a great extent his own instructor, and with the assistance which

his father and mother could give him he learned reading, writing and arithmetic. His interest centered in mathematics,

erence and respect for one who made possible so much for them.

1754, he went to Glasgow to learn the trade of a mathematical instrument-maker. He followed the profession of a civil engineer, and between the years 1769 and 1774 was engaged in various important engineering enterprises, "the extensive operations of which Scotland then became the scene," says Lord Brougham, “giving ample scope to his talents."

Watt's attention had been directed to the capabilities of steam as a motive power as early as 1759, but it was in the winter of 1763-64 that he started upon an investigation which culminated in his improvement of the steam engine. While working on a model of the Newcomen engine which had been sent to him for repair, the defects in the machine and the importance of overcoming them greatly impressed him, and he set to work to get rid of them. He hit upon the expediency of using a separate condenser, which caused the condensation of the steam to take place in a separate vessel, and not in the cylinder, but which communicated with the cylinder by a tube provided with a stop-cock. Watt's engine was named the Modified Engine, but is considered properly to have been the first real steam engine, as for the first time the steam, in addition to producing the vacuum, became the moving force.

The world owes much to James Watt, and as an international tribute to his memory the township of Greenock has secured the site of the cottage in which he was born. It is desired, through small contributions from the multitude of people throughout the world who owe their occupation and prosperity to the invention of the steam engine, and who appreciate the great development which has been brought about by it, to erect a monument which will be a constant reminder of the good

he has done.

A committee will be selected, with Mr. Andrew Carnegie fathering the movement, for the purpose of soliciting funds with which to carry out the plan.

The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen owes its present great influence and standing to the inventive genius of James Watt, who made possible the institution and upbuilding of this great, beneficial and benevolent organization. It is believed that our members will be glad to do what they can to promote this movement and make it a success, through rev

zations.

The steps taken by the joint committee representing the National Railway Clerks Association and the Order of Railway Clerks of America at their recent conference held in Toledo, Ohio, on January 9, 1904, with a view to the merging of the two organizations into one body, is a long stride in the right direction. The name of the new organization is the National Order of Railway Clerks of America. The articles of consolidation agreed to by the joint committee have since been ratified by the subordinate divisions of both organizations, which was to have been expected from the high standing of intelligence possessed by the men who constitute these bodies.

It is estimated that this joining of forces will bring together in one grand and harmonious body twenty thousand railway clerks of the North American continent. When we consider the responsible nature of the railway clerks' duties, together with the qualifications essential to their performance, we can only attribute the unfavorable conditions as to wages and hours incident to their employment to the lack of organization prevailing amongst them in the past.

The harmonious and good feeling which characterized the joint committee conference but reflects the prevailing desire in the ranks of the men whom it represented to get together and stay together. It is unquestionable and convincing evidence that the railway clerks have come to a full realization of the helplessness of the individual, and the effectiveness and power of organization in the protection of their economic and industrial interests. The organizations representing the railway clerks did not exist as the result of a split in one general organization. They were formed independently of each other and, representing as they did precisely the same interests, have learned to appreciate how much better those interests can be advanced and protected by a consolidation of their forces and energies. It is conservatively predicted that forty thousand railway clerks will be represented at their convention in St. Louis next June.

The Magazine heartily welcomes this lusty baby, the National Order of Rail

way Clerks of America, to our family of railway labor organizations, and sincerely hopes that, forging ahead with firm adherence to its motto of "conservatism, justice and equity," with organization as its watchword, it may attain to such a standard of success as will insure its embracing in its protective fold ere long every railway clerk on the North American continent who is eligible to membership in its ranks.

consideration for the services they were performing.

As I said in the opening, I am acbeen running cars for ten or twelve years quainted with some of the men that have in Bloomington and knew them when they worked in this neighborhood for nearby farmers, and it makes me ashamed of my fellow citizens when they assail such men and call them thugs, rowdies and hoodlums, such as did the gentlemen that wrote the article in the Pantagraph a few days ago, who, from appearances, were ashamed to sign their names. They may say they did not make allusion to the union motormen, but to the young

A member at Bloomington, Ill., has kindly sent the Magazine the following by Mr. E. J. Carmody, a farmer residing near Merna, Ill., giving his observations on the recent trouble of the street railway employes at Bloomington and labor organizations in general, and which is taken from the Bloomington (Ill.) Pantagraph. As a rule, farmers have not much opportunity to become acquainted with labor organizations, or to form opinions regarding them, but from reading the article by this gentleman it is apparent that if they had such opportunity they would be our friends. Mr. Carmody says:

Having read through the Bloomington press of the different movements of the trouble existing from the street car strike, and being acquainted with some of the men connected with the management and also with some of the former operators of the cars, I wish to voice my sentiments in regard to the matter. In the first place, I never heard of a union of organized labor until I began to read and hear about organization of capital, combinations of trusts and citizens alliances.

From my point of view, organizations of the latter class have caused the organzations of union labor, and without going into detail of the merit of either, I think any fair-minded citizen will agree with me that of the two, organized labor is by far the most honorable, because organized labor, such as the street car men that went on a strike, are only demanding a fair remuneration for their services, and the street car management, like many of their fellow organizations of capital that are sending them letters of condolence, trying to treat with their labor as individuals and thereby destroy their organization, so that they in the near future can have them at their mercy and reduce the wages and swell the dividends to suit themselves.

In the second place, I have observed that the Street Car Men's Union have signed every article that they published in the Bloomington press, and no biased mind can say that they have asked or demanded anything out of reason in

un

barded the cars with stones and bricks, but nevertheless the article intimated that the union was sponsor for the trouble, which people in general don't believe. Even if they were, was it not enough to cause the indignation of good citizens for the time to see the street car management bringing a lot of what I call irresponsible, questionable character of men called "strike breakers" from Chicago to take the place of your home citizens and take the bread from the mouths of their families; men that as I understand who care

naught for their lives or principle and are banded together by the allurements of gold they receive for their services in their questionable work from perhaps the "Citizens' Alliance," or other so-called capitalists.

I am not in favor of destruction of property, but I will venture to say that the destruction of the cars the first Sunday was intended to frighten and subdue what a large class of the American people most detest, commonly called "scab labor" and not in any way to wantonly destroy the company's property. And in regard to some of the men in the management of the street car system, whom I have known for years, would it not be well for you to look back a few pages in your life's history when your position in life was similar to your former obedient servants, the men who operated your cars so successfully for a period of years, and ask yourself if you are treating them as well as the people in former times have treated you? I can answer for some of you that you are not, and I feel that had the street car management applied onethird of what they have already lost by the strike to the wages of these men for one year, everything would be running fine and the best of feeling prevailing, in place of all this disorder; and the farmers would drop into their accustomed places of trading and do their shopping in place of shunning the merchants in Bloomington called Citizens' Alliance, whereby their acts and manners seem to be upholding the street car management in their attempt to defeat men in their struggle for honorable existence in life.

In conclusion, would say that I am a farmer and expect to continue in the business and have no axe to grind, but in my estimation the society like the Union Labor that elects its officers annually and

are not ashamed or afraid to give the public the names of their officers after electing them, like the Citizens' Alliance, seems to me are worthy of the admiration of all good citizens who will demand that all such dealing be done open and above board. Yours for justice to all and partiality to none.

Pro

be paid for more than 20 weeks. vision is also made for the payment of a funeral benefit of $40, to be raised by assessment.

Section 56 provides that no member shall be allowed to bring any action or suit in the courts for any sick or funeral benefit, stating that "the lodge will deal fairly by all," and that each member in

The Magazine is in receipt of a copy of the constitution and by-laws of the "Colored Locomotive Firemen's Association." While there is nothing in same to indicate the date upon which the association was organized, it is evident that it is not of long standing, from the following:

Section 3 says: "The Grand Lodge shall have its home office at Macon, Ga., and shall meet annually in said city on the first Tuesday of June, beginning with the year 1903."

Section 1 says: "This organization shall be known in the name and style of the Colored Locomotive Firemen's Association."

Section 4 says: "The Grand Lodge shall consist of a Grand Chief, 1st Vice Grand Chief, 2d Vice Grand Chief, Grand Secretary-Treasurer, Grand Organizer, Grand Chaplain, a Grand Executive Committee of five members, and delegates from each subordinate lodge." vides that they shall serve for one year. Section 35 prescribes that the officers of subordinate lodges shall consist of a Chief, Vice Chief, Past Chief, SecretaryTreasurer, Chaplain, Warden, Inner Guard and Outer Guard.

It pro

The duties of the various officers are made similar in part to those of the railway organizations. The Grand Secretary and Treasurer is required to give a bond in the sum of three hundred dollars ($300). Provisions are made whereby members must agree not to sue one another in civil courts for any claim for money or other property until they first consult the Chief, Secretary-Treasurer and Chaplain of their lodge, with a view to settling their differences. The dues consist of $1 per month, 75 cents to go to the subordinate lodge and 25 cents to the Grand Lodge. There is no insurance department. It is provided that subordinate lodges shall pay $3 per week as sick benefits, except lodges where there are 100 members or more, when $5 per week shall be paid, but in no case shall benefits

rely upon the good faith and fairness of the lodge, and to abide by its decisions, which are to be final. It is provided that both Grand and subordinate chaplains shall be "God fearing men and consistent church members, and shall open all meetings of their respective lodges with prayer," etc.

There is no preamble to designate for just what purpose the association has been organized, neither is there a "protective department" provided for by the constitution, and there is no provision whatever made whereby the organization can be utilized for the advancement of the economic and industrial interests of its members. In fact, the only object for organizing that is apparent from a perusal of the entire constitution is the establishment of fraternal relations and a sick benefit and funeral fund. There is absolutely nothing therein to indicate that the Colored Locomotive Firemen's Association is in any sense a labor organization.

An Anti-Labor Association.

The "Citizens" Association of St. Paul, Minnesota, has announced its platform and set forth its declaration of principles or "articles of faith" in booklet form, a copy of which has recently reached the Magazine. This "Citizens" Association is similar in construction and aim to others already in existence or in course of organization in a large number of cities throughout the United States. Its declaration of principles, when stripped of the generalities and platitudes in which they are clothed, can be read in four words, viz.: Down with organized labor.

From a reliable source it is learned that this association has been recruited from the St. Paul Jobbers Union and the Commercial Club of that city. It embraces in its membership not only manufacturers who are more or less directly interested in maintaining low wages and long hours for labor, but also merchants -store keepers-wholesale and retail, who are directly dependent on the patron