CHRISTOPHER.

Introduces new crimes, 33, 61.
Its dependence on Papacy, 100.
Asiatic, its decline, 163. In Arabia,
imperfect, 190. Eastern, its want
of energy, 205. Feeble resistance
to Mohammedanism, 207. Humilia-
tion of, 210, 212. Effect of Mo-
hammedan conquests on, 220.
The
only bond of union in Europe, 224.
Its extension in the West, 225. In
Britain, 225. Unites the Anglo-
Saxons, 281. In Sweden, iii. 270.
Allied to military spirit, iv. 186.
Popular articles of, ix. 54. Adapted
to humanity, 351.
CHRISTOPHER, Pope, iii. 285.
CHRODOGANG, Bishop of Metz, iii.
117.

CHRONICLES, ix. 192.

CHRONOLOGY of first four centuries,

i. 13-19. Fifth century, 103.
Sixth century, 284, 285. Seventh
and eighth centuries, ii. 160. From
A.D. 800 to 1050, iii. 62, 63.
Eleventh century, 362; iv. 2.
Twelfth century, 212, 213.
Of
Innocent III., v. 167. Thirteenth
century, vi. 52. Fourteenth cen-
tury, 294; vii. 167. Fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries, viii. 32.
CHRYSAPHIUS, the eunuch, minister
of Theodosius II., his intrigues,
i. 258.

CHRYSOSTOM, translated from Antioch
to Constantinople, i. 117. Incurs
enmity of Arcadius-appeals to
Pope and Western Bishops, 118.
Supported by Innocent I. and Em-
peror Honorius, 119.

CHURCH, Royal supremacy over, ii. 4.
Growing power of after Charlemagne,
iii. 128. Jealous of Empire in
Papal elections, 366. Its power
and wealth lead to simony, iv. 13.
Enriched by crusades, 199. Its
jealousy of law, vi. 160. The de-
finition of, vii, 407. Great field for
ambition, viii. 155.

H-BUILDING, ix. 283, 284. In-

CLEMENT.

centives for, 284. Good effects of,
288.

CHURCH property, secured by Constan-
tine, ii. 28. By other emperors,
29, 30. Rapid growth and in-
violability of, 29, 31. Alarming
increase of, in France, 55. Liable
to taxation, 57. Taxed under
Becket's chancellorship, v. 33. Va-
rious kinds of, ix. 9. Extent of,
13.

CHURCH services, settled by Gregory
the Great, ii. 113. Effect of, on
languages, ix. 216.

CHURCHES, sanctity of, ii. 155.
Burial in, 156. In Latin Chris-
tendom, ix. 268. In Rome, 273.
In Constantinople, 274. At Ra-
venna, 277. Of Venice and Lom-
bardy, 279. For the priests, 285.
Splendour of, 287. The people's,
288. Mediæval, influence of, 306.
CIMABUE, ix. 330.

CIRCUS, contests of, revived by Jus-
tinian, i. 421.

CISALPINE architecture, ix. 269.
CISTERCIAN order, iv. 308. Monks,
legates in South of France, v. 409.
CITEAUX, monks of, iv. 308.
CITIES under Frederick II., vi. 152.
CLAIRVAUX, Abbey of, founded by
S. Bernard, iv. 312. Innocent II.
visits, 316.

CLARA founds Poor Sisterhood at
Assisi, vi. 31.

CLARENDON, Council of, v. 48. Con-
stitutions of, 49. Condemned by
Alexander III., 70.

CLAUDIAN, his poems on Stilicho-his
silence about Christianity, i. 121.
CLAUDIUS of Turin, iii. 146.
CLEMENT II., Pope, iii. 363. Crowns
Henry III. emperor-attempts to
reform Church, 364. Dies, 365.
CLEMENT III. reconciled to Romans,
v. 154.

CLEMENT.

CLEMENT IV., legate to England, vi.
363. Holds court at Boulogne, 365.
Chosen Pope, 368. Supports Charles
of Anjou, 368. Commands crusade
against English Barons, 376. His
legate in England, 378. His treat-

ment of James of Arragon, 382.
Declaration against Conradin-ad-
vice to Charles of Anjou, 383.
Accused of counselling death of
Conradin, 391. Dies, 392. Coun-
tenances Roger Bacon, ix. 156.
CLEMENT V. (Bernard de Goth), vii.

171. His secret compact with
Philip the Fair, 172. Elected Pope,
172. Coronation at Lyons, 173.
His measures in French interest,
174, 179. Absolves Edward I.
from oaths, 178. Excommunicates
Robert Bruce, 178. His embarrass-
ment, 179. Consents to call Coun-
cil of Vienne, 180. Absolves Wil-
liam of Nogaret, 180. Summons
Grand-masters of Military orders,
187. His indignation at the arrest
of Templars, 206. His Bull to
Edward II., 208. His alarm at
power of the Valois, 211. His dis-

simulation, 211. His vacillation in
the matter of the Templars, 214,
216. Appoints commission, 218.
His involved position and weakness,
269. At Avignon-fails to retard
proceedings against Boniface VIII.,
279. His difficulties, 281. Cor-
respondence with Philip, 281.
Claims sole jurisdiction in matter of
Boniface VIII., 282. Opens con-
sistory at Avignon, 285. Examines
witnesses, 287. Is permitted to
pronounce judgment, 295. His
Bull, 295; and judgment, 296.
Holds Council of Vienne, 298. Lays
Venice under interdict, 308. His
league with Henry of Luxemburg,
308. His death-his wealth and
nepotism, 323. Decline of Papacy
in him, 324. Review of his Pope-
dom and policy, 324. Persecution
of heretics under, 368. Dispute
about his wealth, 369.

CLERGY.

CLEMENT VI., his first acts, vii. 450.
His splendid court, 451. Nepotism
of, 453. Excommunicates Louis of
Bavaria, 455, 459. Supports Charles
of Moravia, 460. His declaration
against Rienzi, 494. Speech in
defence of Mendicants-his death,
viii. 3.

CLEMENT VII. (Robert of Geneva)
commands mercenaries in Italy,
viii. 26. Sacks Faenza and Cesena,
29. At conclave at Rome, 36.
Elected Antipope, 48. His acts-
flies from Naples, 52. Crowns
Louis of Anjou King of Naples, 55.
At Avignon, 66. Deputation to,
from University of Paris, 76. His
death, 76.

CLEMENTINA, The, origin of, i. 39.
Judaism of, 40. Hatred to St.
Paul betrayed therein, 41.

CLERGY encourage superstition, i.
371. Laws of Justinian for, ii. 7.
In the west were Latin, 65. Delin-
quencies of, 70. Sanctity of, mira-
culously asserted, 154. Low-born,
encouraged by Louis the Pious, iii.
134. Inferior, insecurity of, 194.
Plundered by Northmen, 212.
Hereditary, danger of, iv. 18. Their
luxury, 371. Their relations with
people, vi. 3. Taxation of, 88;
vii. 59.

Their hatred of Mendi-
cants, viii. 122. Administrative
influence of, ix. 4. Their spiritual
power, 5. Their wealth, 12. Unity,
25. Their common language, 28.
Ubiquity, 29. Unite Europe, 30.
Effects of, on social rank, 31. Of
low birth, 32. Charity of-assert
equality of mankind, 35. Morals
of, 36. Buildings of, 283.
CLERGY, celibacy of, vi. 3; ix. 36.

CLERGY, marriage of, allowed in the
Greek church, i. 57; and in the
early Roman, 57.
Milan, iii. 440.
Stephen IX., 446.
441, 475. Continued strife about,

Maintained at
Condemned by
Prevalence of,

CLERGY, married, in Italy, iv. 20.
In Germany, 21. In France, 23.
In England, 25; vi. 382. Harsh
decree of Gregory VII. against, iv.
61. Their resistance in France, 63.
CLERGY, English, their benefits to
civilization, ii. 271. Remonstrate
against Papal exactions, vi. 200.
Subordinate to King's courts, vii.
40. Approve measures of Edward
I., 45. Taxation of, 50. Refuse
subsidy, 61. Are outlawed, 62.
They yield, 62. Guardians of na-
tional liberties, 65. Subject to civil
laws, viii. 147. Alien, petition
against, 173. Promote French wars,
326. Piers Ploughman on, ix. 237.
Chaucer, 247.

CLERGY, French, obey Papal Inter-
dict, v. 251. Contempt of, in Pro-
vence, 406. In crusade against
heretics, 421, 446. At Lateran
Council, 452. Taxation of, vii. 59.
Their submission to Philip the Fair,
74.

Determines on crusade, 182.
CLIMATE, as affecting architecture, ix.
302.

CLOISTRAL painters, ix. 336.
CLOTILDA, Queen of Clovis, i. 351.

Is the means of Clovis' conversion.
352.

CLOVIS, a pagan Frankish chief, i.
350. Marries Clotilda, 350. His
conversion, 352. The only ortho-
dox sovereign, 353. His religious
wars against Burgundians, 355.
Against Visigoths, 355. His ferocity
and perfidy, 356.

CLUGNY, abbey of, its degeneracy, iv.
306.

219.

COBHAM, Lord, viii. 217. His trial,
Escapes, 220. His arrest
and execution, 224.
CODE of Justinian. See Justinian.
CODES previous to Justinian, ii. 6.
CELESTINE II. (Guido di Castello), a
friend of Abelard, iv. 364. Pro-
tects Arnold of Brescia, 381.
Elected Pope, 385. His death,
385.

venues, 93.
CLERGY, Roman, impress Teutons
with respect, i. 337. Their self-
devotion and patience, 339. Their
influence in wars of Franks, 357.
Look upon Franks as deliverers,
358. Continue distinct, 358. In-
dulge vices of Teutonic princes, 366.
Subject to common law among Teu-
tons, ii. 39, 42. Admitted to na-

tional councils, 44. Their position
as mediators, 45.

CLERGY, in Sicily, laws of Frederick
II. about, vi. 151.

CLERGY, immunities of. See Immu-
nities.

CLERICAL crimes, v. 42. Jurisdiction
separate, established by William the
Conqueror, 51.

Henry VI., v. 155. Queen Eleanor's
letters to, 160. Excommunicates
emperor, 164.
Removes excom-
munication after Henry's death, 166.
CŒLESTINE IV., his election and death,

COLLEGES.

COLLEGES, foundation of, ix. 47.

COLOGNE, tumults in, iv. 54. Burn-

ing of heretics at, v. 403.
COLONNA, Cardinal, vi. 216.
COLONNA, James, vii. 418.
COLONNA, Otto. See Martin V.
COLONNA, Sciarra, in Italy, vii. 148.
His attack on Boniface VIII., 150.
Violent conduct, 151. Excepted
from Papal pardon, 160. Captain
of Roman people, 414. His flight,
423. Death, 426.
COLONNA, Stephen, his submission to
Rienzi, vii. 478.
COLONNAS, vi. 447.

Their ascend-

ency, 451. Boniface VIII. jealous
of, vii. 23. Their power, 24.
Papal Bull against, 25. Their reply,

27.

Excommunicated, 28. Their
castles taken, 28. Their flight, 31.
Excluded from Jubilee, 86. Re-
ceived by King of France, 104.
Their calumnies against Boniface
VIII., 142. Restored by Benedict
XI., 160. Under Roman republic,
489. Defeated by Rienzi, 492.
COLUMBAN, S., ii. 284. His birth,

285. His travels, 286. Founds
monastery at Luxeuil, and abbey of
Fontaines-his dispute with Gaulish
Bishops, 288. Rebukes King Thierri
and Queen Brunehaut, 288, 289.
Is banished, 290. Returns to France,

291.

His strife with pagans in
Switzerland-removes to Bregenz,
292. Thence to Bobbio, 293.
COMEDIES, religious, ix. 181.
COMMENDAMS, viii. 315.

CONSTANCE.

hierarchy, viii. 165. Petition Henry
IV., ix. 17.

COMMONS of France, vii. 212.
CONCEPTION, Immaculate, ix. 75.
CONCEPTUALISM of Abelard, iv. 367.
Of
CONCUBINAGE legalized, ii. 24.
clergy, iii. 371.

CONCORDAT of Worms, iv. 291.
CONCORDATS of Martin V. not ac-
cepted by nations, viii. 317.
CONFESSION, auricular, vi. 2; ix. 5.
CONON, Pope, ii. 334.
CONON, Cardinal of Præneste, iv. 268.
CONRAD the Salic, his coronation at
Milan, iii. 433.

CONRAD III., Emperor, invited by
Roman insurgents, iv. 384. Takes
the cross, 395.

CONRAD, son of Henry IV., his cha-
racter, iv. 156. His league with
Papal faction-accuses his father,
157. Is crowned King of Italy,
158. Marries a Norman princess,
162. Disinherited by Henry, 218.
His death, 222.

CONRAD, King of Italy, alliance with

Otho of Bavaria, vi. 255. Defeated
by Henry of Thuringia, 257. Ex-
communicated, 271. Obtains pos-
session of Naples, 274. Jealous of
Manfred, 278. His death, 279.
CONRAD of Lutzenberg, v. 188. His
submission to Innocent III., 189.
CONRAD, Archbishop of Mentz, v. 213.
His death, 216.

CONRAD, Bishop of Wurtzburg, v.
226. His murder, 227.

rail, v. 94.
COMMISSIONERS in the matter of the
Templars, vii. 216.
Their sittings
at Paris, 221. Call on Templars to
appoint proctors, 232. Continue
examinations, 243. Adjourn, 244.
COMMODUS, reign of, i. 44. Tolera-

tion of Christianity-death, 46 note.
COMMONS, English, petition against

Conrad, vi. 279, 383. Supported
by Romans, 387. His successes,
388. Enters Rome, 389. Defeated
and put to deatn, 391.
'CONSOLATIONS of Philosophy,' i.
412. Its want of Christianity, 413.
CONSTANCE, treaty of, v. 148. Town
of, viii. 142.

CONSTANCE, Council of, viii. 226.