them on June 30th, with a vast quantity of artillery and military stores.

Marshal Wurmser, who had been appointed to succeed Beaulieu in the chief command of the Austrian troops in Italy, advanced through Tyrol in the meantime with a German army of veterans, for the purpose of raising the siege of Mantua. He dislodged the French from some of their positions, and Buonaparte found it necessary to quit Mantua on July 13th, and march to Brescia. A series of combats ensued for five successive days, the result of which was the total discomfiture of the Austrians; and their strong line on the Mincio and fortified camp at Peschiera being carried on the two following days, Wurmser retreated in disorder towards Tyrol. Taking post at Bassano, he received powerful reinforcements, which enabled him again to advance; but another complete defeat on September 4th, obliged the Austrians to retire through Trent, which they evacuated, when it was occupied by the French. Buonaparte still pursuing Wurmser, attacked and defeated him with great loss at Bassano. The sole remaining resource of the Austrian general was to escape with the wreck of his forces into Mantua, which with dif ficulty he effected. Attempting to maintain his station. in its suburbs, he was furiously attacked by the French, and obliged to take shelter within the walls; and the close siege of that city recommenced.

The rapid and brilliant successes of the French under a native of Corsica increased the adherents to France in that island, and determined them to excite an insurrection against the new British government. Some Corsican exiles and French landing in October, were joined by a multitude of the inhabitants, and marching to Bastia, they summoned the English garrison to surrender. This was however embarked on board the ships in the harbour, and conveyed to Porto Ferrajo in the isle of Elba, then occupied by a British force; and thus terminated the short-lived English kingdom of Corsica, with its constitution.

Wurmser's fugitive army being again recruited, advanced against the French, who fell back to the Adige, and Trent was recovered by the Austrians. Marshal Alvinzi, now the commander-in-chief, at the head of another army, approached Verona; when Buonaparte crossed the Adige on November 14th, and marched to meet him. The route of the French lay through the village of Arcola, seated in a marsh, and accessible only by a causeway. This spot, on the three following days, was the scene of an engagement, more bloody and obstinately contested than any which had hitherto been fought between the two powers. It terminated in a complete but dearly bought victory to the French, and an almost ruinous loss to the Austrian army. General Davidovich advancing on another quarter towards Mantua, was opposed by a large French detachment and routed; and that city was left without hope of further succour.

In Germany, the campaign was opened on the part of the French by some successes against parties of the Austrians, after which Jourdan invested the strong fortress of Ehrenbreitstein. The Archduke Charles, who commanded the imperial army, advancing to the Rhine, gave a defeat to the French under Lefebre at Wetzlar, which induced Jourdan, relinquishing his attempt, to take a position to oppose the Archduke. Moreau, in the meantime, crossing the Rhine at Strasburg, carried the fort of Kehl, and advanced through a series of victories into Swabia. Jourdan and Kleber, proceeding in another direction, took Frankfort, Wurtzburg, and Bamberg. Moreau then made himself master of Freyburg in the Brisgaw, and of Stuttgard, the capital of the Duchy of Wurtemberg, which successes obliged the Duke of Wurtemberg and the Margrave of Baden to negociate with the directory for a cessation of hostilities, which was granted them on the condition of totally separating themselves from the enemies of the republic. The Duke was also obliged to cede to France his territories on the left side of the Rhine. Large contributions

were moreover demanded by the French from all the districts occupied by their armies, it being their constant policy to make a war support itself; hence the inhabitants, however at first disposed to favour their cause, always in the end became their foes. Moreau, having completed the reduction of Swabia by the capture of Ulm and Donawert, forced a passage across the Leck into Bavaria. Jourdan on the other side drove before him the Imperial forces under Wartensleben, and entered Bavaria on its northern border. The empire was now seriously alarmed, and the Diet, assembled at Ratisbon, determined to open a negotiation with the French. The Emperor, meantime, made a solemn appeal to his Bohemian and Hungarian subjects, urging them to arm for the defence of their property and religion, and his call was attended to. The Archduke hastened to the aid of Wartensleben, hard pressed by Jourdan, who had gained several advantages over him. A junction being made of the two armies, which left the Austrians much superior to the French, the Archduke marched against Jourdan, whom he obliged to commence a retreat. This he conducted with ability, but not without great loss, every day's march being an action. It was concluded on September 17, when the French army crossed the Rhine.

The Archduke then turned to Moreau, who was successfully contending against the Austrians in Bavaria. This able general, finding it impossible for him to maintain himself in the heart of Germany after the expulsion of Jourdan, began a retrograde march from Ingoldstadt on September 10th, and retired in a leisurely and orderly manner, defeating all the Austrian corps which attempted to oppose him. At length, after a retreat which vies with the most celebrated achievements of this kind in military history, and in which several of the actions were on his part signal victories, he re-crossed the Rhine at Huningen on October 26th, having first garrisoned Fort Kehl. The Austrians laid siege to it, and its attack and defence occasioned many sanguinary encounters

to the close of the year. On the Lower Rhine an armistice took place in the middle of December. Thus terminated the German campaign, which, whilst it operated as a powerful diversion in favour of the French in Italy, was upon the whole highly advantageous to the imperial cause.

War was declared against Great Britain by the Batavian republic in May, and by Spain in October.

The military transactions of this year in which England was concerned, were almost entirely in her favour. In the East Indies, the Dutch settlements in Ceylon, with Malacca, Cochin, Chinsura, Amboyna, and Banda, were taken possession of without resistance by British troops in the end of 1795, and the beginning of 1796. In the West Indies, Grenada was recovered in the month of March from the French insurgents, by General Nichols; and St. Lucie was reduced in May by General Abercromby. The Dutch settlements of Demerary and Essequibo in South America were taken by General Whyte. The unfortunate island of St. Domingo, which the French decrees had chiefly thrown into the hands of the negroes, was torn in pieces by internal dissensions. The French held but a small part; and the English, who had occupied some strong posts, were wasted away by the diseases of the climate.

The most brilliant naval successes of the year took place at the Cape of Good Hope. A fleet of Dutch ships of war, with troops on board for the recovery of that settlement, sailed from the Texel in March, expecting to have been joined by a French squadron, but the junction was not effected. The fleet put in at Saldanha bay, where, in August, it was blocked up by the British squadron at the Cape the Cape under Admiral Elphinstone, and the whole armament surrendered without resistance. It consisted of three ships of the line, three frigates, and some smaller vessels, with 2000 land forces. The only maritime success obtained by the French was a sweep of shipping and merchandize to a great amount, and the destruction of other

property, at Newfoundland in August by Admiral Richery, who returned to France without the loss of a single vessel.

The internal state of France in this year was far from tranquil, parties still raging, animated by the characteristic impetuosity of the nation, while the frequent changes of government, and the want of solid principles, had left men's minds afloat with respect to the most important points of civil polity. A revival of the reign of terror was attempted in the south of France by Freron, who had been sent to exercise the supreme authority in those parts, which occasioned much disorder. On the other hand, the Jacobins, disgusted with the system of moderation upon which the directory acted, formed a deep conspiracy for an insurrection in Paris, which was discovered but a short time before the intended execution. The credit of the nation ran so low, that assignats had lost all their value, and great difficulties occurred in raising the necessary supplies. The sale of national property, or the confiscated estates of emigrants, which had been reckoned upon as a considerable resource, was much impeded by the denunciations of the non-juring clergy against such purchases, so that many remained unsold. These clergy were, of course, very obnoxious to the government, and efforts were made to establish a new ecclesiastical system upon a plan conformable to the present constitution of the country, which should possess respectability enough to influence the public mind; but popularity was still attached to the nonjuring party. The spirit of moderation, however, was upon the whole gaining ground, and the nation was in general little disposed to a renewal of the horrors it had experienced.

The power and wealth of Great Britain being manifestly the greatest obstacle to the ambitious projects of France, to overthrow the foundations of her prosperity, and reduce her to the common level, was a leading object of French policy. Ideas were studiously inculcated in publications, that England was the