ing in his tour through the northern part of Sweden. In putrid fever, exanthematous diseases, and scurvy, they promise to be, like other summer fruits, very serviceable.

NORMANDY, a late province of France, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, on the N. by the English Channel, on the E. by Picardy and the Isle of France, and on the S. by Perche, Maine, and Bretagne. It is one of the most fertile in France, and abounds in all things except wine, but that defect is supplied by cider and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great number of rivers and harbours. This province now forms the departinents of Calvados, Eure, the Chaunel, Orne, and Lower Seine.

NORMAL, a perpendicular. In the conic sections it is a line drawn from any point in the curve perpendicular to the tangent there, to meet the axis.

NORRIS (John), an English divine, born 1657, at Collingborne-Kington, Wilts, and educated at Winchester school, and Exeter college, Oxford. In 1689 he succeeded to the rectory of Newton St. Loe, Somersetshire, and in 1691 was made rector of Bemerton, near Sarum, where he died a martyr to intense study, 1711, aged 54. Mild, humble, and amiable in his manners, he was an enthusiast as a man, a mystic in theology, and in philosophy an idealist. He attacked Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, and wrote against Dodwell on the Immortality of the Soul. His works are chiefly on moral and theological subjects.

NORRIS (John), a native of Norfolk, educated at Eton, and King's college, Cambridge. He gave to his university an estate of 190l. a year for a theological professorship, and for annual prizes on divinity subjects. He died 1777, aged 43.

NORRISTOWN, a town of the United States, capital of the county of Montgomery, in Pennsylvania. It is seated on the Schuylkill, 12 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Lon. 75. 24 W. Lat. 40. 7 N.

NORTELGA, or NOR TELGE, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Upland. This town suffered much from the ravages committed here by the Russians in 1719 near it is a forge for making fire-arms. It is 30 miles N.E. of Stockholm. Lon. 10. 32 E. Lat. 50. 44 N.

NORTH, one of the four cardinal points of the world; being that point of the horizon which is directly opposite to the sun in meridian. The north wind is generally accompanied with a considerable degree of cold. It sometimes blows with almost irresistible fury. It is often mentioned by the classic authors under the name of Boreas, which is of Greek original. See BORBAS,

NORTH-POLE. See POLE. NORTH (Francis), lord keeper of the great seal under Charles II. and James II. was educated at Bury school, and St. John's college, Cambridge, and then entered at the Middle

Temple. He, on the Norfolk circuit, distinguished himself as an able, acute, and discerning lawyer, and rose through the offices of solicitor and attorney-general to the place of chief justice of the common pleas. On the death of Nottingham he succeeded to the seals, and in 1683 was raised to the peerage. He died at his house at Wroxton, 1685. He wrote an index of verbs neuter, finished while at school, and printed with Lily's grammar-a paper on the gravitation of fluids, considered in the bladders of fishes-an essay on music--political papers, &c.

NORTH (Dr. John), brother to the preceding, was educated at Bury school, and Jesus college, Cambridge. In 1672 he was made Greek professor of the university, prebendary of Westminster 1673, and in 1677 he suc ceeded Dr. Barrow as master of Trinity college. He completed the college library begun by his predecessor, and died 1683. He edited Plato's Socratis Apologia-Crito-Phoedo, &c. 1673.

NORTH (George), of London, was educated at St. Paul's, and at Benet college, Cambridge. He was vicar of Codicote, Herts, and died on his living 1772. He wrote a table of English silver coins from the conquest to the common. wealth-remarks on the money of Henry III. and he began a history of the Antiquarian Society.

NORTH (Frederic), Earl of Guildford, bet ter known as lord North, the minister under whose administration England lost her American colonies. He succeeded Charles Townsend as chancellor of the exchequer; and in 1770 the duke of Grafton, as first lord of the trea sury, and continued in office till the conclu sion of the war. As a public character, lord North was a flowing and persuasive orator, and skilled in argumentation, and master of great presence and coolness of mind, and in private life he was very amiable, cheerful, and jocose in conversation, the friend of learned men, and correct in his conduct. During the last years of his life he was afflicted with blindness. He died 1792, aged 60.

NORTH, OF NORD, a department of France, including the late French provinces of Hainault, Flanders, and the Cambresis.

NORTH CAPE, the most northern promontory of Europe, on the coast of Norway. Lon. 25.57 E. Lat. 71. 20 N. A very interesting description of the scenery at North Cape is given in Acerbi's Travels through Sweden.

NORTH COAST, a department of France. See COTES DU NORD.

NORTH. a. Northern (Numbers). NORTHALLERTON, a borough in the north riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday. It sends two members to parlia-ment, and is seated on a small brook, which, a mile below, runs into the river Wisk. a well-built trading place, 30 miles N.N.W. of York, and 223 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1. 20 W. Lat. 54. 23 N.

It is

NORTHAMPTON, a county of Pennsyl

vania, 111 miles long and 35 broad. In 1790 it contained 24,250 inhabitants. Easton is the capital.

NORTHAMPTON, a town of the United States, the capital of Hampshire, in Massachusets, situate on the Connecticut, 100 miles W. of Boston.

NORTHAMPTON, a town in England, capital of a county of the same name, situated in W. lon. 1. 11 N. lat. 52. 11. According to Camden, it was formerly called North-afandon, from its situation on the north of the river Nen, called anciently Aufona, by which and another lesser river it is almost inclosed. Dr. Gibson says, that the ancient Saxon annals called both it and Southampton simply Hampton; and afterwards, to distinguish them, called the one, from its situation, Southampton, and the other Northampton; but never North-afandon. Though it does not appear to be a place of very great antiquity, nor to have emerged from obscurity till after the conquest, it has sent members to parliament since the reign of Edward I. and being in the heart of the kingdom, several parliaments have been held at it. There was also a castle, and a church dedicated to St. Andrew, built by Simon de Sancto Licio, commonly called Senlez, the first earl of Northampton of that name. It is said to have been burnt down during the Danish depredations; but in the reign of St. Edward appears to have been a considerable place. It was besieged by the barons in their war with king John; at which time that military work called Hunshill is supposed to have been raised. In the time of Henry III. it sided with the barons, when it was besieged and taken by the king. Here the bloody battle was fought in which Henry VI. was taken prisoner. It was entirely consumed by a most dreadful fire in 1675; yet, by the help of liberal contributions from all parts of the country, it hath so recovered itself, that it is now one of the neatest and best-built towns of the kingdom. Among the public buildings, which are all lofty, the most remarkable are the church called All-hallows (which stands at the meeting of four spacious streets), the sessions and assize house, and the George inn, which belongs to the poor of the town. A county-hospital or infirmary has been lately built here, after the manner of those of Bath, London, Bristol, &c. It has a considerable manufacture of shoes and stockings; and its fairs are noted for horses both for draught and saddle, besides, it is a great thoroughfare for the north and west roads. It was formerly walled, and had seven churches within and two without. The horse-market is reckoned to exceed all others in the kingdom, it being deemed the centre of all its horse-markets and horse-fairs, both for saddle and harness, and the chief rendezvous of the jockies both from York and London. Its principal manufacture is shoes, of which great numbers are sent beyond sea; and the next to that, stockings and lace, as we have hinted at above. It is the

richer and more populous, by being a thorough fare both in the north and west roads; but, being 30 miles from the sea, it can have no commerce by navigation. The walls of this town were above two miles in compass. In 1801 it contained 1371 houses, and 7020 inhabitants. It had formerly a nunnery in the neighbouring meadows, with several other monasteries; and of its very old castle on the west side of the town, a small part of the ruins are still to be seen. Some discontented scholars came hither from Oxford and Cambridge, about the end of the reign of Henry III. and, with the king's leave, prosecuted their studies here academically for three years; during which there was the face of an university, till it was put a stop to by express prohibition, because it was a damage to both universities. The public horse-races are on a neighbouring down, called Pye-leys. In and about the town are abundance of cherry-gardens. Within half a mile of the town is one of the crosses erected by king Edward I. in memory of his queen Eleanor, whose corpse was rested there in its way to Westminster. On the north side of the river, near that cross, many Roman coins have been ploughed up. At Guilesborough, north-west of Northampton, are to be seen the vestiges of a Roman camp, the situation of which is the more remarkable, as lying between the Nen and the Avon, the only pass from the north to the south parts of England not intercepted by any river. This camp was secured only by a single intrenchment, which was, however, very broad and deep.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, a county of England, 60 miles long and 22 where broadest; bounded on the S. by Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, W. by the latter county and Warwickshire, N.W. by Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, N. by Lincolnshire, and E. by the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford. It contains 617,000 acres; is divided into 20 hundreds, and 336 parishes; has one city and 11 market-towns; and sends nine members to parliament, viz. two for the county, two for the borough of Northampton, two for the city of Peterborough, two for Brackley, and one for Higham Ferrers. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 131,757, In the N.E. part, near Peterborough, commences a fenny tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With this single exception, Northamptonshire is said to contain less waste ground, and more seats of the nobility and gentry, than any other county. Its greatest defect is a scarcity of fuel, which is but scantily supplied by its woods; and though coal is brought by the river Nen, it is at a very dear rate. This county, however, possesses some considerable remains of its old forests, particu larly those of Rockingham on the N.W., and of Salcey and Whittlebury on the S. Its products are, in general, the same with those of other farming counties; but it is peculiarly celebrated for grazing land. Horned cattle, and other animals, are fed to extraordinary

The number of inhabitants are reckoned 126,400, of houses 22,740.

A great number of Roman monuments have been found in this county; but the most remarkable curiosity of that kind consists in the remains of Hadrian's vallum and the wall of Severus.

The most noted towns in Northumberland, are Newcastle, Morpeth, Alnwick, Berwick, Hexham, and North Shields. It sends two members to parliament.

NORTHUMBERLAND, a town of Pennsylvania, in the county of its name, seated in the angle formed by the junction of the W. and E. branches of the Susquehanna, two miles above Sunbury, and 138 N.W. of Philadelphia:

NORTHUMBERLAND ISLANDS, a chain of islands in the Pacific ocean, near the N.E. coast of New Holland. Lon. 152 E. Lat. 22 S.

NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT, the S. part of the gulph of St. Lawrence, between the island of St. John and the coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

NORTHWARD. a. (north and peand, Sax.) Being towards the north.

NORTHWARD. ad. (north and peaɲd, Sax.) Toward the north (Shakspeare).

NORTHWEST. s. (north and west.) The points between the north and west (Bromn). NORTHWIND. s. (north and wind.) The wind that blows from the north (Milton).

NORTHWICH, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Friday, a cotton manufacture, and considerable salt-works. Mines of solid rock salt have been dug here to a great depth, from which immense quantities are raised; and much of it, in its crude state, is conveyed to Liverpool to be exported. Northwich is seated on the Dan, at its junction with the Weever, 20 miles N.E. of Chester, and 174 N.W. of London.

NORTON, a town of Massachusets, in Bristol county. A great quantity of nails is made here, and it has a manufacture of ochre similar to that of Taunton. It is 28 miles S. of Boston.

NORTON, OF CHIPPING NORTON, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Wednesday. Here is a freeschool founded by Edward VI. and a manufacture of horse-cloths, tilting, &c. It is 12 miles S. W. of Banbury, and 73 N.W. of London.

NORTON (Thomas), an English writer, born at Sharpenhoe, Bedfordshire. He was a barrister, and in his principles a strong Calvinist. He assisted Sternhold and Hopkins in their version of the Psalms; and to the 27 which he turned to metre appear the initials of his name. He also translated into English some Latin poems, Calvin's Institutions, and Nowell's large Catechism; and assisted Sackville in his play called Ferrex and Porrex. He wrote besides, an Epistle to the Queen's poor deluded Subjects, and other pieces against popery, and died about 1600.

NORWAY, a kingdom of Europe, the most westerly part of the ancient Scandinavia.

It is bounded on the N. and W. by the Northern Ocean, on the E. by Swedish Lap land and Sweden, and on the S. by the Categate; extending from the Naze in lat, 57. 30, to the North Cape in lat. 71. 20. Its breadth, which is very unequal, is from 30 to 280 miles. It is divided into the four governments of Aggerhuys, or Christiania, Christiansand, Bergen, and Drontheim. From its rocky soil and northern position, Norway is not popu lous in proportion to its extent. Mr. Coxe has calculated the number of inhabitants to be 750,000. They maintain their own army, which consists of 24,000 foot and 6000 cavalry. Their troops are much esteemed for their bravery, and, like the Swiss mountaineers, are exceedingly attached to their country. Norway is blessed with a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by Grieffelfeld, at the command of Christian V. the great legislator of his country. By this law, peasants are free, a few only excepted on some noble estates near Fredericstadt; and the benefits of this code are visible in the great difference, in their appearance, between the free peasants in Norway and the enslaved vassals of Denmark, though both living under the same government. The Norwegian peasants possess much spirit and fire in their manner; are frank, open, and undaunted, yet not insolent; never fawning to their superiors, yet paying proper respect to those above them. The same causes which affect the population of Norway, operate likewise on the state of tillage, for the country does not produce sufficient corn for its own consumption; but it is rich in pasture, and produces much cattle. The fisheries, particularly on the W. coast, find employment and wealth for the natives, and supply the finest sailors for the Danish fleet. The principal fish, which, dried and salted, furnish a considerable article of exportation, are cod, ling, and whiting: their livers also yield train oil: and the smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle. The extensive forests of oak and pine produce timber, spars, beams, and planks, beside charcoal, turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure; and the birch (the bark of which is used as a covering for the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, but also a kind of wine. The general exports are tallow, butter, salt, dried fish, timber, planks, horses, horned cattle, silver, alum, Prussian blue, copper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers; the former so large that they appear like inlets of the sea. Norway was formerly governed by its own hereditary sovereigns. On the demise of Hagen V. in 1319, without male issue, his grandson in the female line, Magnus Smek, united in his person the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Magnus was succeeded in the kingdom of Norway by his son Hagen VI. husband of the celebrated Margaret, and, at his decease, in 1380, Norway was united to Denmark by their son Olof V. who dying without issue, Margaret herself was raised to the throne by the unanimous voice of the nation. On her death, it descended, with Denmark and Sweden, to her nephew

Eric. Sweden was afterwards separated from Denmark by the valour and address of Gustavus Vasa; but Norway continues united to Denmark. The capital is Christiania.

NORWAY RAT. See Mus.

NORWICH, an ancient and populous city, the capital of Norfolk, with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. It is surrounded by a wall, now much decayed, and seated on the Yare, which runs through it, and is navigable to Yarmouth, without locks. Although of considerable extent, the popula tion is not so great as might be expected, as it contains a number of gardens and orchards within the walls. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. There are, besides the cathedral, 36 parish churches, some of which were formerly covered with thatch, two churches for the Flemings, several dissenting meetinghouses, and a Roman catholic chapel. It has a stately castle, on a hill, which is the shirehouse and the county gaol; also a city and county hospital, a lofty market-house of freestone, a freeschool founded by Edward VI. and several charitable foundations. The ancient dukes of Norfolk had a palace here, which is still in existence as a workhouse. Near this city are the ruins of the castle of Kett, the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign of Edward VI. the city was reduced to a ruinous state. Norwich has manufactures of crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various kinds, which are still considerable, though somewhat declined, on account of the rivalship of the cotton branches. Houses in 1801 were 8763, inhabitants 36,854. It is 43 miles N. of Ipswich, and 108 N.E. of London. Lon. 1. 20 E.

Lat. 52. 40 N.

NORWICH, a city of Connecticut, in New London county, with three churches. It is in three divisions, namely Chelsea, the Town, and Bean Hill. The executive courts of law are held at this place and New London alter nately. Here are made paper of all kinds, stockings, buttons, stone and earthen ware, and all kinds of forge work. It is seated at the head of navigation on the Thames, 12 miles N. of New London. Lon. 72. 12 W. Lat. 41. 34 N.

of

NOSE. s. (nore, nora, Saxon.) 1. The prominence on the face, which is the organ scent, and the emunctory of the brain. See NARES (Locke). 2. The end of any thing (Holder). 3.Scent; sagacity (Collier). 4.To lead by the Nose. To draw by force: as a bear by his ring. To lead blindly. 5. To thrust one's NOSE into the affairs of others. To be a busy body. 6. To put one's NOSE out of joint. To put one out in the affections of another.

To NOSE. v. a. (from the noun.) 1. To scent; to smell (Shakspeare ). 2. To face; to oppose.

To Nose. v. n. To look big; to bluster (Shakspeare).

NOSE-BAND, or MUSEROLE, that part of a

headstall of a bridle that comes over a horse's

nose.

NOSE-BLEED, in botany, a species of ACHILLEAS, which see.

NO'SEGAY. s. (nose and gay.) A posy; a bunch of flowers (Pope).

NO'SELESS. a. (from nose.) Wanting a nose; deprived of the nose (Shakspeare). NO'SESMART. s. (nose and smart.) The herb cresses.

NO'SLE. s. (from nose.) The extremity of a thing: as, the nosle of a pair of bellows. NOSOCOMIUM. (from voμos, a disease, and xw, to take care of.) An infirmary, or hospital.

NOSOGRAPHY. (vos, a disease, and yap, writing.) Nosology, the doctrine of disThe term has been lately used by M. Pinel. See NosoLOGY.

eases.

NOSOLOGY. (voco, a disease, and λoyos, doctrine.) The doctrine of diseases, comprising that peculiar and important part of medicine which relates to their description and arrange. ment, as therapeutics relate to their treatment and mode of cure, and pharmacy to the preparation of materials by which the cure is to be effected.

Thus contemplated, nosology consists of two parts, medical language or technology, and me

thod or classification.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY.

Under the article NOMENCLATURE, which is directed to a general view of the technical tongue of most of the sciences, we have observed that the language of medicine is at present in a very imperfect state, and that fewer attempts have been than have taken place, within the last half century, made to correct it and give it purity and precision, in almost all the other liberal arts and sciences. The evil has been felt and complained of by almost every practitioner; but the complaint has been still endured, and the evil been rather a growing than a diminishing one. In the last volume of the Transactions of the Medical Society of London, this subject has been amply brought before the public and discussed in an article contributed by Mr. Good; and a plan proposed for purifying and reforming the language now in use by a few easy and perspicuous changes, to which it seems capable of submitting without violence. And as this plan is altogether new, and appears to have met with general approbation, not only in our own country, but in several foreign nations, we shall copy its outline in as few words as we are able.

The sources, observes Mr. Good, of the impurity and perplexity of medical language may be contemplated under the following heads :-First, the intermixture of different tongues that have no family or dialectic union. Secondly, the want of a common principle in the origin or appropriation of terms. Thirdly, the introduction of a variety of useless synonyms, or the adoption of different words by different writers to express the same idea. Fourthly, imprecision in the use of the same terms. Fifthly, an unnecessary coinage of new terms upon a coinage of new systems.

Having discussed these points at full length, the author proceeds to offer his "hints" for such a general correction and improvement as may yet be introduced into medical language without violence or ostentation.