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aquadruple velocity will produce D the fifteenth, or double octave; a quintuple velocity will produce the sound sharp, a seventeenth above the primitive tone, and so on. See HARMONICS.

OCTAVE denotes also the eighth day after

a festival of the church.

OCTAVIA, a Roman lady, sister to the emperor Augustus, and celebrated for her beauty and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, and after his death M. Antony. Her marriage with Antony was a political step to reconcile her brother and her husband. Antony proved for some time attentive to her, but he soon after despised her for Cleopatra; and when she attempted to withdraw him from this unlawful amour, by going to meet him at Athens, she was totally banished from his presence. This affront was highly resented by Augustus, who resolved to revenge her cause by arms, which he ultimately did. Marcellus, her son by her first husband, was married to a niece of Augu-tus, and was publicly in tended as a successor to his uncle; but his sudden death plunged all his family into the greatest grief. Vigil, upon this occasion, in his Eneid, paid a melancholy tribute to the memory of a young man whom Rome regarded as her future father. He was desired to repeat his composition in the presence of Augustus and of his sister. Octavia burst into tears as soon as the poet began, but when he mentioned Tu Marcellus eris, she swooned away . This pathetic encomium upon the virtues of young Marcellus was liberally rewarded by Öctavia, and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces for every one of the verses. Octavia had two daughters by Antony, Antonia Major and Autonia Minor. The death of Marcellus continually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who died of melancholy about 10 years before the Christian era.-2. A daughter of the emperor Claudius by Messalina. She was betrothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of Agrippina, she was married to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of her age, but was soon after divorced on pretence of barrenness. She was afterwards, by the intrigues of Poppaa, banished, and was ordered to kill herself by opening her veins. Her head was cut off, and carried to Poppra.

OCTAVIANUS, or OCTAVIUS CESAR. Vid. AUGUSTUS.

OCTAVIUS. This name was common to many eminent Romans, but of celebrity inferior to Octavius Caesar, afterwards Augustus.2. A man who opposed Metellus in the reduc tion of Crete, by means of Pompey. He was obliged to retire from the island.

OCTAVO. (Latin) "A book is said to be in octavo when a sheet is folded into eight leaves.

OCTE'NNIAL. a. (from octennium, Lat.) 1. Happening every eighth year. 2. Lasting eight years.

OCTOBER, in chronology, the tenth month of the Julian year, consisting of thirtyone days: it obtained the name of October

from its being the eighth month in the calen dar of Romulus. See the articles MONTH and YEAR.

OCTOBLEPHARUM. In botany, a ge nus of the class cryptogamia, order musci. Capsule ovate, fringe simple, of eight unconnected teeth. One species only, an exotic moss.

OCTOEDRICAL. a. having eight faces. OCTOFID CALYX. In botany, an eight-cleft calyx, as in tormentilla. See CLEFT.

CTOGENARY. a. (from octogeni, Lat.) Of eighty years of age.

O'CTONARY. a. (octonarius, Latin.) Belonging to the number eight. OCTONO'CULAR. (ocio and oculus, Lat.) Having eight eyes (Derham). OCTOPETALOUS. a. (oxlw and la) Having eight flower leaves.

O'CTOS YLE. s. (0x7w and x.) The face of a building or ordonnance containing eight columns (Harris).

OCTUPLE. a. (octuplus, Latin.) Eight

fold.

O'CULAR. a. (from oculus, Latin.) Depending on the eye; known by the

eye. OCULARIA. (rom oculus, the eye, so called from its uses in disorders of the eye.) In botany. See EUPHRASIA.

O'CULARLY. ad. (from ocular.) To the observation of the eye (Brown). O'CULATE a (oculatus, Latin.) Having eyes; knowing by the eye.

OCULI ADDUCTOR. In myology, see RECTUS INTERNUS OCULI. OCULI ATTOLLENS. PERIOR OGULI.

See RECTUS SU

See CANCER. See RECTUS IN

See RECTUS SU

See RECTUS SUPE

OCULI CANCRORUM. OCULI DE PRESSOR. FERIOR OCULI. OCULI ELEVATOR. PERIOR OCULI. OCULI LEVATOR. RIOR OCULI. OCULI OBLIQUUS INFERIOR. See OBLIQUUS INFERIOR OCULI.

OCULI OBLIQUUS MAJOR. QUUS SUPERIOR OCULI.

OCULI OBLIQUUS MINOR. QUUS INFERIOR OCULI.

See OBLI

See OBLI

One

O'CULIST. s. (from oculus, Latin.) who professes to cure distempers of the eyes (Bacon). The most celebrated oculists of the present day are Mr. Ware and Mr. Phipps.

OCULUS. See ANATOMY and EYE.
OCULUS CATI. See ASTERIA.
OCULUS MUNDI. See HYDROPHANES.
OCYNUM. See OCIMUM.

OCYPETE, one of the harpies, who infected whatever she touched. The name signines swift flying.

OCYROE, a daughter of Chiron, who had the gift of prophecy. She was changed into a mare. (Vid. Melanippe.)

OCZAKOW, or OCZAKOFF, a town and fortress, lately of Turkey in Europe, but now included in the Russian government of Catha.

rinenslaf. It is seated at the mouth of the
Dnieper, opposite Kinhurn, 50 miles W. of
Cherson and 190 N. by E. of Constantinople.
Lon. 30. 50 E. Lat. 46. 50 N.

ODA, in the Turkish seraglio, signifies a class, order, or chamber. Hence Oda Bachi, is an officer in the Turkish service.

ODD. a. (udda, Swedish.) 1. Not even; not divisible into equal numbers (Brown). 2. More than a round number (Burnet). 3. Particular; uncouth; extraordinary (Pope). 4. Not noted; not taken into the common account; unheeded (Shakspeare). 5. Strange; unaccountable; fantastical (Swift). 6. Uncommon; particular (Ascham). 7. Unlucky (Shakspeare). 8. Unlikely; in appearance improper (Addison).

O'DDLY. ad. (from odd.) 1. Not evenly. 2. Strangely; particularly; unaccountably; uncouthly (Locke).

ODDLY-ODD. A number is said to be oddly-odd, when an odd number measures it by an odd number. So 15 is a number oddly odd, because the odd number 3 measures it by the odd number 5.

O'DDNESS. s. (from odd.) 1. The state of being not even. 2. Strangeness; particularity; uncouthness; irregularity (Dryden. Collier).

ODDS. s. (from odd.) 1. Inequality; excess of either compared with the other (Hook.). 2. More than an even wager; more likely than the contrary (Swift). 3. Advantage; superiority (Hudibras). 4. Quarrel; debate; dispute (Shakspeare).

ODE. s. (n.) A poem written to be sung to music; a lyric poem. Ode, in the modern poetry, is a lyric poem, consisting of long and short verses, distinguished into stanzas, or strophes, wherein the same measure is preserved throughout.

The odes of the ancients, Vossius observes, had a regular return of the same kind of verse, and the same quantity of syllables, in the same place of every similar verse: "But there is nothing (says he) but confusion of quantities in the modern odes; so that, to follow the natural quantity of our syllables, every stanza will be a different song."

He should have observed, however, that all the ancient odes were not of such kind. But he proceeds: The moderns have no regard to the natural quantity of the syllables, and have introduced an unnatural and barbarous variety of long and short notes, which they apply without any regard to the natural quantity of syllables; so that it is no wonder our vocal music has no effect." De Poem. Cantu.

Among the ancients, ode signified no more than a song; with us, they are different things. The ancient odes were generally in honour of their gods, as are many of those of Pindar and Horace: sometimes on other subjects, as those of Anacreon, Sappho, &c. The English odes are generally composed in praise of heroes, and great exploits; as those of Dryden, Prior, &c. The distinguishing character of the ode is sweetness: the poet is to sooth the minds of

his readers by the variety of verse, and the delicacy of words; the beauty of numbers, and the description of things most delightful in themselves. Variety of numbers is essential to the ode.

At first, indeed, the verse of the ode was but of one kind; but for the sake of pleasure, and the music to which they were sung, they by degrees so varied the numbers and feet, that their kinds are now almost innumerable. One of the most considerable is the Pindaric, distinguished by the boldness and rapidity of its flights.

The ancient ode had originally but one stanza, or strophe: but was at last divided into three parts; strophe, antistrophe, and epode. The priests going round the altar, singing the praise of the gods, called their first entrance strophe, i. e. turning to the left; the second, turning to the right, they called antistrophe, q. d. returning: lastly, standing still before the altar, they sung the remainder; which they called epode.

Among the modern English odes the most distinguished are Dryden's ode on St. Cecilia's day, and Collins's ode on the Passions.

ODE (Alcaic). See ALCAIC.

ODENATUS, a celebrated prince of Pal myra. He early inured himself to bear fatigues, and accustomed himself to the labours of a military life. He was faithful to the Romans, and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself in his cause. Sapor ordered him, in consequence of his solicitations in favour of Aurelian, to appea before him, on pain of being devoted to instant de struction with all his family. Odenatus disdained the summons of Sapor, opposed force to force, and obtained some advantages over the troops of the Persian monarch. For these services, Gallienus, the then reigning empe ror, named Odenatus as his colleague on the throne, and gave the title of Augustus to hir children, and to his wife the celebrated Zenobia. He perished, some time after, by the dagger of one of his relations, at Emessa, about the 267th year of the Christian æra. Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and honours.

ODENSEE, a town of Denmark, capital of the isle of Funen, and a bishop's see. It supplies the greatest part of the army with all their leather accoutrements, and is particularly famous for gloves. Here are also manufac tures of cloth, sugar, and soap. It is situate on a river, six miles from the bay of Stegestrand, and 90 W. by S. of Copenhagen. Lon. 10. 17 E. Lat. 55. 30 N.

ODER, a river of Germany, which has its source in the mountains of Moravia, and flows N. to Oderberg: then passes by Ratibor, Oppeln, Breslau, and Glogau, in Silesia; Crossen, Frankfort, Lebus, Custrin, and Frinwalt, in Brandenburg; and Gartz, Stettin, Camin, Wollin, Usedom, and Wolgast, in Pomerania. Below Stettin it forms a large lake or bay, called Gross Haff, and then enters the Baltic sea by three channels, called Peene, Swin, and

Diwenow; between which lie the islands of Usedom and Wollin.

ODESSA, a fortified seaport of Russia, in the government of Catherinenslaf, seated on a gulf of the Black Sea, 44 miles W. by S. of Oczakow. Lon. 29. 24 E. Lat. 46. 28 N. Odessa is now rising into great opulence. When Mr. Macgill visited it in 1805, though it had then scarcely existed four years, it contained a population of 10,000 persons. The houses are well built of freestone, and the streets are regular. There is a secure harbour for vessels of considerable burthen, and a mole or quay extending above a quarter of a mile into the sea. A thousand ships have been loaded in this port in a single year; and the resort of the Polish nobles to this thriving town renders it a very gay and lively place.

ODEUM, in Grecian antiquity, a musictheatre, built by Pericles; the inside of which was filled with seats and ranges of pillars, and on the outside the roof descended shelving downwards from a point in the centre, with many bendings, in imitation of the king of Persia's pavilion. Here the musical prizes were contended for; and here also, according to Aristophanes, was a tribunal.

ODEY POUR, a town of Hindostan, capital of Jushpour, in the province of Orissa. It is 60 miles N.E. of Ruttunpour, and 220 N.W. of Cattack. Lon. 83. 22 E. Lat. 22. 37 N. O'DIBLE. a. (from odi, Lat.) Hateful. ODIHAM, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Saturday. Here are the remains of an ancient castle, and of a royal palace, barns, &c. It is seated on the Basingstoke canal, 24 miles N.E. of Winchester, and 42 W. by S. of London.

ODIN (see FREA), in mythology, called also in the dialect of the Anglo-Saxons Woden or Wodan, a name given by the ancient Scythians to their supreme god, and assumed, about 70 years before the Christian era, by Sigge, a Scythian prince, who conquered the northern nations, made great changes in their government, manners, and religion, enjoyed great honours, and had even divine honours paid him. According to the account given of this conqueror by Snorro, the ancient historian of Norway, and his commentator Torfæus, Odin was a Scythian, who withdrew himself, with many others in his train, by flight, from the vengeance of the Romans under the conduct of Pompey: and having officiated as priest in his own country, he assumed the direction of the religious worship, as well as the civil government, of the nations which he conquered. Having subdued Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, he retired to Sweden, where he died. There is nothing certain in this account; but it is probable, that the god, whose prophet or priest this Scythian pretended to be, was named Odin, and that the ignorance of succeeding ages confounded the deity with his priest, composing out of the attributes of the one, and the history of the other, the character of the northern conqueror. He deluded the people by his enchantinents and skill in magic: VOL. VIII.

having cut off the head of one Mimer, who in his lifetime was in great reputation for wisdom, he caused it to be embalmed, and persuaded the Scandinavians that he had restored it to the use of speech; and he caused it to pronounce whatever oracles he wanted. The Icelandic chronicles represent Odin as the most eloquent and persuasive of men; they ascribe to him the introduction of the art of poetry among the Scandinavians, and likewise the invention of the Runic characters. He had also the address to persuade his followers, that he could run over the world in the twinkling of an eye; that he had the direction of the air and tempests; that he could transform himself into all sorts of shapes, could raise the dead, could foretel things to come, deprive his enemies, by enchantment, of health and vigour, and discover all the treasures concealed in the earth. They add, that by his tender and melodious airs he could make the plains and mountains open and expand with delight; and that the ghosts, thus attracted, would leave their infernal caverns, and stand motionless about him. Nor was he less dreadful and furious in battle; changing himself into the shape of a bear, a wild bull, or a lion, and amidst ranks of enemies committing the most horrible devastation, without receiving any wound himself.

ODINUS, a celebrated hero of antiquity, who flourished about 70 years before Christ, in the northern parts of ancient Germany, or the modern kingdom of Denmark. He was at once a priest, a soldier, a poet, a monarch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon the credulity of his superstitious countrymen, by the manner of his death, and made them believe as he expired that he was going into Scythia, where he should become one of the immortal gods.

O'DIOUS. a. (odiosus, Latin.). 1. Hateful; detestable; abominable (South). 2. Exposed to hate (Clarendon). 3. Causing hate; invidious (Milton).

O'DIOUSLY. ad. (from odious.) 1. Hatefully; abominably (Milton). 2. Invidiously; so as to cause hate (Dryden).

O'DIOUSNESS. s. (from odious.) 1. Hatefulness (Wake). 2. The state of being hated (Sidney).

O'DIUM. s. (Latin). Invidiousness; quality of provoking hate (King Charles).

ODO (Saint), second abbot of Clugni, was born at Tours, 879. The sanctity of his life was such, that even kings and popes referred their disputes to his unbiassed judgment. He wrote some religious books, and died 943.

ODOMETER, is an instrument for measuring the ground or distance passed over by a carriage.

The best contrivance for this purpose with which we are acquainted was invented by Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Esq. His descrip tion of it is as follows.

This instrument may be easily fixed to the axletree bed of a post-chaise, gig, or any other carriage.

Ope turn and a half of a screw is framed
M M

round the nave of one of the hinder wheels by a slip of iron three quarters of an inch broad, and one-eighth of an inch thick; this is wound round the nave, and fastened to it by screws passing through five or six cocks, which are turned up at right angles on the slip of iron. The helix so formed on the nave of the carriage wheel acts as a worm or screw upon the teeth of the wheel A, upon the arbor of which another screw of brass B is formed, which acts upon the brass wheel C (fig. I. pl. 122). This wheel C serve also as a dial-plate, and is divided into miles, halves, quarters, and furlongs; the figures indicating the miles are nearly three quarters of an inch long, so as to be quite distinct; they are pointed out by the index D, which is placed as represented in the plate, in such a manner as to be easily seen from the carriage.

These two brass wheels are mounted by the irons E E upon a block of wood F, eight inches long, two inches thick, and five inches broad. This block may be screwed upon the axletree-bed by two strong square-headed wood If the carriage permits, this block should be fixed obliquely on the axletree-bed, so that the dial-plate may be raised up toward the eye of the person looking out from the carriage.

screws.

H is a ratchet wheel attached to the arbor of the wheel A, which, by means of the click I, allows the wheel to be set with a key or handle fitted to the squared end of the arbor at K. L is a long spring screwed on the block; it presses on the wheel A, to prevent it from shaking by the motion of the carriage. A small triangular spring is put under the middle of the dial-plate wheel for the same purpose.

If the wheel of the carriage is exactly five feet three inches in circumference, the brass toothed wheel which it turns should have twenty teeth, and that which serves as a dialplate should have eighty; it will then count five miles. If the carriage wheel is either larger or smaller, a mile should be carefully measured on a smooth road, and the number of turns which the carriage wheel makes in going this mile may easily be counted by tying a piece of fine pack thread to one of the spokes, and letting the wheel, as it moves slowly for ward, wind up the packthread on its nave. When the wheel has proceeded a half or a quarter of a mile, unwind the string, and count the number of turns which it has made.

By the addition of another wheel of eightyone teeth, placed under the dial-plate wheel, and moved by the screw C, with a proper hand fitted to it, and proper figures on the dial-plate, this machine would count four hundred miles.

[blocks in formation]

toides, from is, a tooth, and us, form, because it is shaped like a tooth.) A process of the second vertebra of the neck. See DENTATUS.

ODONTOLOGY. (odĉous, odorros, a tooth, and aoyos, a treatise, or discourse.) The doctrine of teething, or dentition.

There are few branches of science of so great consequence that have been so little attended to. The different orders of mammalian animals in mined by the peculiarity of the teeth. Much of the Linnéan system are for the most part deterthe comfort of human life, as well as much of the beauty of the human face (notwithstanding that the organ is thrown entirely out of the hands of the regular surgeon, and left entirely at the mercy of persons who for the most part have but slender pretensions to any scientific acquaintance with the subject), are to a considerable extent dependent upon the state of the teeth; and much of the general age, and, consequently, of the real value of that noble animal the horse, as well as of various other animals, is ascertained by their structure and appearance. They are subject to diseases of various kinds, and of the most distressing character: to agony the most excruciating, and to foulness and decay most humiliating, from the fetor they produce.

We shall, therefore, take leave to dwell somewhat more largely, and in a more physiological point of view, upon this important science, than has ever been done, as we believe, in a work of this kind before, or has often been done in any work even of a professional nature.

1. In the first stages of infancy nature designs us for the softest aliment, so that the gums alone are then sufficient for the purpose of manducation; but as we advance in life, and require a different food, she wisely provides us with teeth, These are the hardest and whitest of our bones, and, at full maturity, we usually find thirty-two in both jaws; viz. sixteen above, and as many below. Their number varies indeed in different animals, as well as different human subjects; but it is seldom seen to exceed thirty-two in the last, and it will very rarely be found to be less than twenty-eight.

Each tooth in the human subject may be divided into two parts; viz. its body, or that part which appears above the gums; and its fangs or root, which is fixed into the socket. The boundary between these two, close to the edge of the gum, where there is usually a small circlar depression, is called the neck of the tooth. The

teeth of each jaw are commonly divided into three classes; but before each of these is treated of in particular, it will be right to say something of their general structure.

Every tooth is composed of its cortex or enamel, and its internal bony substance. The enamel, or as it is sometimes called, the vitreous part of the tooth, is a very hard and compact substance, of a white colour, and peculiar to the teeth. It is found only upon the body of the al tooth, covering the outside of the bony or internal substance. When broken it appears fibrous

or striated; and all the stria are directed from

the circumference to the centre of the tooth. This enamel is thickest on the grinding surface, and on the cutting edges or points of the teeth, becoming gradually thinner as it approaches the neck, where it terminates insensibly. It would seem to be an earth, united with a portion of ani

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