articulated the words Eurydice! Eurydice! as it was carried down the stream into the Egean sea. Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which celebrated expedition he wrote a poetical account, still extant. This, however, is doubted by Aristotle. Orpheus after death received divine honours, the muses gave an honourable burial to his remains, and his lyre became one of the constellations in the heavens.

Lucian writes thus concerning the death of Orpheus: "When the Thracian women killed Orpheus, it is said his head which they threw into the river swam a long time upon his harp, uttering mournful tones in honour of the said hero, and that the harp being touched by the winds answered the mournful song; and in this condition they arrived at the isle of Lesbos, where the people erected a funeral monument for him, in the place where Bacchus's temple now stands; but they hung up his harp in Apollo's temple, where the same was kept a long time till the son of Pittacus having heard say that it played of itself, and charmed woods and rocks, had a mind to have it for himself; and so bought it for a good sum of money of the sacristan but not thinking he could play safely in the city, he went by night to the suburbs, where as he went about to touch it, it made such a dreadful noise, instead of the harmony he expected, that the dogs run thither and tore him in pieces, and so was attended with the same fate herein as Orpheus himself." There are some authors who say, that the Menades tore Orpheus in pieces, because he having sung the genealogy of all the gods, had said nothing of Bacchus, and the said god to be revenged on him caused his priestesses to kill him. Others say, this misfortune befel him by the resentment of Venus, to whom Calliope, Orpheus's mother, had refused to give Adonis any longer than for 6 months in the year; and that to revenge the same, she made all the women in love with Orpheus; and that every one of them being disposed to enjoy him, they had in that manner tore him in pieces.

Cicero says, that Aristotle thought there never was such a one as Orpheus, and that the poems which were attributed to him were the works of a Pythagorean philosopher. In the mean time, it is hard to doubt there was such a one, after so many testimonies of the ancients to the contrary, since Pausanias makes mention of Orpheus's tomb, and of the hymns he had composed, which, he says, came but little short of the elegancy and beauty of those of Homer; but that his wit was attended with more religion and piety than the others. Jus tin reports, that Orpheus, Homer, Solon, Pythagoras and Plato had travelled into Egypt, that they got there some knowledge of the scriptures, and that afterwards they retracted what they had before written concerning the superstitious worship of their false deities in favour of the religion of the true God: Orpheus, according to this father, in his verses poke very clearly concerning the unity of God,

as of him who had been, as it were, the father of that extravagant multiplicity of the heathen gods, With respect to the writings of Orpheus, be is mentioned by Pindar as author of the Argonautics, and Herodotus speaks of his Orphies. His hymns, says Pausanias, were very short, and but few in number; the Lycomides, an Athenian family, knew them by heart, and had an exclusive privilege of singing them, and those of their old poets, Musæus, Onomacritus, Pamphus, and Olen, at the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries; that is, the priesthood was hereditary in this family.

Jamblicus tells us, that the poems under the name of Orpheus were written in the Doric dialect, but have since been transdialected, or modernised. It was the common opinion in antiquity that they were genuine; but even those who doubted of it gave them to the ear liest Pythagoreans, and some of them to Pytha goras himself, who has frequently been called the follower of Orpheus, and has been sup posed to have adopted many of his opinions.

Of the poems that are still subsisting under the name of Orpheus, which were collected and published at Nuremberg 1702, by Andr. Christ. Eschenbach, and which have been since reprinted at Leipsic 1764, under the title of Oppews Anovra, several have been attributed to Onomacritus, an Athenian, who flourished under the Pysistratidæ, about 500 years before Christ. Their titles are, 1. The Argonautics, an epic poem. 2. Eighty-six hymns; which are so full of incantations and magical evoca cation, that Daniel Heinsius has called them veram Satanæ liturgium, the true liturgy of the devil. Pausanias, who made no doubt that the hymns subsisting in his time were composed by Orpheus, tells us, that though less elegant, they had been preferred for relig ous purposes to those of Homer. 3. De lapidibus, a poem on precious stones. 4. Frag ments, collected by Henry Stevens. Orphena has been called the inventor, or at least the propagator, of many arts and doctrines among the Greeks. 1. The combination of letters, or the art of writing. 2. Music, the lyre, or cithara, of seven strings, adding three to that of Mercury. 3. Hexameter verse. 4. Mys teries and theology. 5. Medicine. 6. Mag and divination. 7. Astrology. Servius upon the sixth Eneid, p. 450, says, Orpheus first instituted the harmony of the spheres. 8. Ht is said likewise to have been the first who imagined a plurality of worlds, or that moon and planets were inhabited.

ORPIMENT, in mineralogy, an arsenica ore of a particular kind. See ARSENICUM. ORPINE, in botany. See SEDUM. ORPINE (Lesser). See CRASSULA. ORPINE TREE. See TELLOPHIUN

ORR, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbright shire, which issues from a small lake to the E of New Galloway, and flows to Solway Frith, at Dalbeattie.

ORRERY, a curious machine for repre senting the notions or phases of the heavenly

bodies. The reason of its being called an orrery was this: Mr. Rowley, a mathematical instrument-maker, having got one from Mr. George Graham, the original inventor, to be sent abroad with some of his own instruments, he copied it, and made the first for the earl of Orrery. Sir Richard Steel, who knew nothing of Mr. Graham's machine, thinking to do justice to the first encourager, as well as to the inventor, of such a curious instrument, called it an orrery, and gave Mr. Rowley the praise due to Mr. Graham.

The machine represented in pl. 106, is Rowley's orrery. The frame which contains the wheel work, &c. and regulates the whole machine, is made of ebony, and about four feet in diameter. Above the frame is a broad ring supported with 12 pillars, which represents the plane of the ecliptic having two circles of degrees, and between these the names and characters of the 12 signs. Near the outside is a circle of months and days, corresponding to the sun's place at noon each day throughout the year. Above the ecliptic stand some of the principal circles of the sphere, viz. No. 10, are the two colures, divided into degrees and half degrees; No. 11, is one-half of the equinoctial circle, making an angle of 234 degrees. The tropic of Cancer, and the arctic circle, are each fixed parallel at their proper distance from the equinoctial. On the northern half of the ecliptic is a brass semicircle, moveable upon two points fixed in and, representing the moveable horizon to be put to any degree of latitude upon the north part of the meridian, and the whole machine may be set to any latitude without disturbing any of the internal motions, by two strong hinges (No. 13.) fixed to the bottom-frame upon which the instrument moves, and a strong brass arch, having holes at every degree, through which a strong pin is put at every elevation. This arch and the two hinges support the whole machine when it is lifted up according to any latitude; and the arch at other times lies conveniently under the bottom-frame. When the machine is set to any latitude (which is easily done by two men, each taking hold of two handles conveniently fixed for the purpose,) set the moveable horizon to the same degree upon the meridian, and you may form an idea of the respective altitudes or depression of the planets both primary and secondary. The Sun (No. 1.) stands in the middle of the whole system upon a wire, making an angle with the ecliptic of about 82 degrees. Next the Sun is a small ball (2) representing Mercury, Next to Mercury is Venus (3), represented by a larger ball. The earth is represented (No. 4.) by an ivory ball, having some circles and a map sketched upon it. The wire which supports the earth makes an angle with the ecliptic of 664 degrees, the inclination of the earth's axis to the ecliptic. Near the bottom of the earth's axis is a dial plate (No. 9.), having an index pointing to the hours of the day as the earth turns round its axis. Round the earth is a ring sup

ported by two small pillars, representing the orbit of the moon; and the divisions upon it answer to the moon's latitude. The motion of this ring represents the motion of the moon's orbit according to that of the nodes. Within this ring is the moon (No. 5.), having a black cap or case, by which its motion represents the phases of the moon according to her age. Without the orbits of the earth and moon is Mars (No. 6.) The next in order to Mars is Jupiter and his four moons (No. 7.) Each of these moons is supported by a wire fixed in a socket which turns about the pillar supporting Jupiter. These satellites may be turned by the hand to any position, and yet when the machine is put into motion, they will all move in their proper times. The outermost of all is Saturn, his five moons, and his ring (No. 8.) These moons are supported and contrived similar to those of Jupiter. The machine is put into motion by turning a small winch (No. 14.); and the whole system is also moved by this winch, and by pulling out and pushing in a small cylindrical pin above the handle. When it is pushed in, all the planets, both primary and secondary, will move according to their respective periods by turning the handle. When it is drawn out, the motions of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn will be stopped while all the rest move without interruption. There is also a brass lamp, having two convex glasses to be put in room of the sun; and also a smaller earth and moon, made somewhat in proportion to their distance from each other, which may be put on at pleasure. The lamp turns round at the same time with the earth, and the glasses of it cast a strong light upon her; and when the smaller earth and moon are placed on, it will be easy to show when either of them will be eclipsed. When this machine is intended to be used, the planets must be duly placed by means of the ephemeris ; and you may place a small black patch or bit of wafer upon the middle of the Sun, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. Put in the handle, and push in the pin which is above it. One turn of this handle answers to a revolution of the ball which represents the earth about its axis ; and consequently to 24 hours of time, as shown by the hour-index (9.), which is marked and placed at the foot of the wire on which the ball of the earth is fixed. Again, when the index has moved the space of ten hours, Jupiter makes one revolution round its axis, and so of the rest. By this means the revolutions of the planets, and their motions round their own axes, will be represented to the eye.

Considerable improvements in the construction of the orrery were made by Desaguliers, Ferguson, &c. The most complete orrery made by Desaguliers has been lately brought from the Tower of London, where it was almost lost amongst rubbish, and placed in a proper situation for use in the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

ORRICE. See IRIS.

ORSOVA, a town and fortress of Upper

Hungary, on the confines of Servia, subject to the Turks. The fortress was besieged by the Austrians in 1790, but without success. It stands on the N. side of the Danube, 60 miles S.E. of Temeswar, and 75 E. of Belgrade. Lon. 22. 40 E. Lat. 45. 16 N.

ORSZA, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Witepsk, with a castle, seated on the Dnieper, 36 miles N. of Mohilef, and 52 S. by E. of Witepsk.

ORTA, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, seated near the Tiber, 10 miles E. of Viterbo.

ORTA, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, on a lake of the same name, 21 miles N.N.W. of Novara.

ORTEGAL, a cape and castle of Spain, on the N. coast of Galicia, 30 miles NN.E. of Ferrol. Lon. 7 39 W. lat. 43 46 N.

ORTEGIA, in botany, a genus of the class triandria, order monogynia. Calyx five-leaved, corolless, capsule one-celled; seeds numerous. Two species, natives of Spain and Italy; trailing with small, axillary, green flowers.

ORTELIUS (Abraham), a celebrated geographer, born at Antwerp, in 1527, was well skilled in the languages and the mathematics, and acquired such reputation by his skill in geography, that he was surnamed the Ptolemy of his time. Justus Lipsius, and most of the great men of the 16th century, were Ortelius's friends. He resided at Oxford in the reign of Edward VI. and came a second time into England in 1577. His Theatrum Orbis was the completest work of the kind that had ever been published, and gained him a reputation equal to his immense labour in compiling it. He also wrote several other excellent geographi cal works; the principal of which are his Thesaurus, and his Synonyma Geographica. The world is likewise obliged to him for the Britannia, which he persuaded Camden to undertake. He died at Antwerp in 1598.

ORTHIA, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be whipped. Vid. DIAMASTIGOSIS.

ORTHIAN. (Greek.) The epithet applied by the ancients to a dactylic nome, or song, said to be invented by the Phrygian Olympus. Herodotus tells us, that it was the Orthian nome that Arian sung when thrown into the

sea.

O'RTHODOXLY. ad. (from orthodox.) With soundness of opinion (Bacon).

ORTHODOXY. (formed from off, right, and doa, opinion, judgment.) A soundness of doctrine or belief, with regard to all the points and articles of faith.

According to the proper etymology of the word, orthodoxy denotes what every honest man believes his own opinions to be, in contradistinction to the opinions of others, which he rejects. In England it is vulgarly restricted to signify the opinions contained in the Thirtynine Articles; and in Scotland it is in like manner used to denote the doctrines contained in their confession of faith. It is, in general,

applied to the opinions that are maintained by those called Calvinists.

Orthodoxy is used in opposition to hererodoxy, or heresy.

ORTHODROMICS. That part of navigation which teaches the art of sailing in the arch of some great circle.

The word is Greek, offèfoμuxe, derived from 90s, rectus, straight, and poos, cursus, run ar distance; q. d. the straight or shortest distance; and this can only be in the arch of a great circle.

O'RTHOGON. s. (opdog and yavis.) A rectangled figure (Peacham).

ORTHOGONAL. a. (from orthogon) Rectangular.

ORTHOGRAPHER. s. (og and yes.) One who spells according to the rules of grammar (Shakspeare).

ORTHOGRAPHICAL. a. (from ortho graphy.) 1. Rightly spelled. 2. Relating to the spelling (Addison). 3. Delineated according to the elevation.

ORTHOGRAPHICALLY. ad. According to the rules of spelling. 2. According the elevation.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION OF THE SPHERE, that wherein the eye is supposed to be at an infinite distance; so called, because the perpendiculars from any point of the sphere will all fall in the common intersection of the sphere with the plane of the projection. See GEOGRAPHY, and PROJECTION.

ORTHOGRAPHY, that part of grammar which teaches the nature and affections of letters, and the just method of spelling or writing words, with all the proper and necessary letters, making one of the four greatest divisions or branches of grammar. See GRAMMAR.

ORTHOGRAPHY, in geometry, the art of drawing or delineating the fore right plan of any object, and of expressing the heights or elevations of each part. It is called orthography, for its determining things by perpendicular lines falling on the geometrical plane.

ORTHOGRAPHY, in architecture, the ele vation of a building.

ORTHOGRAPHY, in perspective, is the fore right side of any plane, i. e. the side or plane that lies parallel to a straight line, that may be imagined to pass through the outward conver points of the eyes, continued to a convenient length.

ORTHOPNOEA. (orthopnoea, from and on, breathing.) A very quick and labo rious breathing, during which the person is obliged to be in an erect posture.

ORTHOTRICUM. În botany, a genus of the class cryptogamia, order musci: capsules ovate-oblong; fringe double; outer of sixteen teeth placed in pairs; inner of eight or sixteen filiform teeth, which are sometimes wanting; veil conic, mostly composed of erect hairs. Nine species; seven mosses common to out heaths and wilds; of which two have a simple, and the rest a double fringe.