"Jussit et ambītæ circumdare littora terræ." Ovid, Metam. i. 37. "Fallit et ambītos a principe vendit honores." Claudian. in Rufinum, 180. If "circitor" be ever long, it is probably to be taken as a contraction of "circuitor." Compare See Facciol. in v.; Zumpt Lat. Gramm., ss. 228, 551, 218. The elision of the m of the supine offers little difficulty, though the insertion of the r in its place may cause more hesitation. In "prodesse" and "prodire” the letter selected for insertion in this manner is d, which was at one time occasionally interchanged with r. See Buttmann, Lexilogus, b. ii. s. 112, note on 'Laurus,' and b. i. s. 126. (G.) EXTRACTS FROM SHAKSPERE ILLUSTRATIVE OF HIS USE OF 66 SHALL" AND 66 WILL." I SHALL begin with a passage from 'Love's Labour's Lost' (act v. sc. 2), which exhibits upwards of twenty instances of the use of "shall" and "will," all in perfect conformity with modern usage. To comment on them separately would be to repeat what has been already said in the text: Boyet. "Under the cool shade of a sycamore "I thought to close mine eyes some half-an-hour; "And overheard what you shall overhear: 66 That, by and by, disguised they will be here. "Their herald is a pretty knavish page, "That well by heart hath conn'd his embassage: Princess. Boyet. Princess. "Action and accent did they teach him there; "I should have fear'd her had she been a devil.' "With that all laugh'd and clapp'd him on the shoulder, "One rubb'd his elbow, thus, and fleer'd, and swore 66 "Cried Via! we will do't, come what will come:' 66 66 Hold, Rosaline, this favour thou shalt wear; "And then the king will court thee for his dear: 66 Hold, take thou this, my sweet, and give me thine, "So shall Biron take me for Rosaline. "And change your favours too, so shall your loves Rosaline. "Come on then, wear the favours most in sight. Rosaline. Princess. Boyet. Princess. "Their several counsels they unbosom shall 66 "And they well mock'd depart away with shame." The passage in ‘Coriolanus' (act iii. sc. 1) which is quoted at p. 32 is remarkable for dwelling on the compulsory sense of "shall" throughout a whole speech. Coriolanus has been rating the people and their representatives the tribunes. Sicinius, one of the latter, takes up the words "By Jove 'twould be my mind," and exclaims Coriolanus. 66 It is a mind "Shall remain ! "Hear you this Triton of the minnows? mark you Cominius. Coriolanus. """Twas from the canon. "Shall! "O good but most unwise patricians, why, "That with his peremptory shall, being but "The horn and noise o' the monsters, wants not spirit "To say he'll turn your current in a ditch, "And make your channel his?" A little after he adds "Shall" is taken as the type and token of absolute command. I proceed now to select an extract which exemplifies the full prophetic power of "shall as stated at p. 22. It is Cranmer's supposed prediction of Elizabeth's future greatness. The reader will find in it also instances of "will" for the simple future with the third person, and of the contingent or conditional use of "shall." Cranmer. "Let me speak, sir, "Upon this land a thousand thousand blessings, 66 (But few now living can behold that goodness) "A pattern to all princes living with her, "With all the virtues that attend the good, "Shall still be doubled on her: truth shall nurse her, "Holy and heavenly thoughts still counsel her: "She shall be loved and fear'd: her own shall bless her: "Her foes shake like a field of beaten corn, "And hang their heads with sorrow: Good grows with her: "In her days every man shall eat in safety, Hen. VIII. act v. sc. 4. Another example in which "should" expresses a condi It occurs in Troilus and tional prophecy is remarkable. Cressida' (act i. sc. 3). I think a modern writer in an analogous case would prefer "would," but the object of Ulysses is to expose what he considers the certain and necessary results of destroying due subordination and constituted authority. He says "Take but degree away, untune that string, 66 And, hark, what discord follows! each thing meets "Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores, 66 Strength should be lord of imbecility, "And the rude son should strike his father dead: "Force should be right; or, rather, right and wrong 66 (Between whose endless jar justice resides) "Should lose their names, and so should justice too." When the king in Hamlet' (act iv. sc. 7) is trying to stimulate Laertes to avenge his father's death with all speed, he speaks as follows "We should do when we would, for this would changes, "And hath abatements and delays as many "As there are tongues, are hands, are accidents; "Would" here stands for inclination, and "should" for duty. The meaning is "If we wish to do a thing, we ought to do "it whilst we wish it; for the will may be diminished by "persuasion, the acts of others, or circumstances; and if this 'happens, then the duty becomes painful to discharge." It is unnecessary to point out the fallacy of an assumption that a duty can be created by a wish, but the play upon the words suits the sophistry of the speaker. 66 The following passage is not quite satisfactory, inasmuch as "should" and "would" at first sight appear to be used indifferently. |