digenes of this country and Bolivia." How successful this industrious and enthusiastic investigator will be in his self-imposed task, remains to be seen. He appears to be very sanguine regarding the result of his researches, and if his labors should be crowned with success, the scholars of the world will be only too glad to accord him all the honor that such a signal achievement shall merit.

But even after a connection shall have been established between the language of the Incas and the language of the ancient rulers of Mesopotamia, there will be other interesting problems to solve, although not of such transcendent importance as that of the origin of the languages of the American aborigines. For the proof of a linguistic nexus between the languages of America and Asia will contribute much towards a complete demonstration of the unity of the various races of mankind, and will, at the same time, signalize a most notable advance in the science of anthropology.

When the first representatives of the human family appeared in Peru, it is impossible even to conjecture. But that it was many long ages ago, and probably long before the Christian era, appears beyond doubt. Leaving to others to determine the value of the speculations of Ameghino and Lehman-Nitsche respecting the early appearance of man in Argentina,2 and reserving for the future the task of deciding the relationship between Homo pampæus of South America and Homo primigenius of Europe, who, we are asked to believe, walked the earth with the megalonyx and the palæotherium, and confining ourselves solely to the evidence of man's existence within the present boundaries of Peru, we are warranted in placing the advent of man in the land of the Incas at a date long anterior to that

1 Nuevos Estudios sobre las Lenguas Americanas-Origen del Kechua y del Aimara, Tom. I, p. 1, Leipzig, 1907.

2 Notas preliminares sobre el Tetraprothomo argentinus in the Anales del Museo nacional de Buenos Ayres, Tom. XVI, pp. 107, 242, 1907, and Nouvelles recherches sur la formation pampéenne et l'homme fossile de la République Argentine in the Revista del Museo de la Plata, Tom. XIV, pp. 193, 488.

given by Garcilaso for the appearance of Manco Capac and his sister-wife on the shores of Lake Titicaca.

A study of the ruins on the Andean plateau and along the Peruvian coast land affords incontestable evidence of the existence of several waves of migration. This fact, which has only recently received due recognition from men of science, is of itself sufficient to prove that the antiquity of our race in Peru is far greater than has hitherto been imagined.1

The argument for man's antiquity, based on the monuments everywhere found in Peru, is confirmed by the existence of domesticated plants and animals.

De Candolle, referring to the age of cultivated plants, expresses himself as follows: "Men have not discovered and cultivated within the last two thousand years a single species which can rival maize, rice, the sweet potato, the breadfruit, the date, cereals, millets, sorghums, the banana, soy. These date from three, four or five thousand years, perhaps even in some cases, six thousand years." 2 When one remembers that some of the most important of these species are indigenous to America, the force of the argument in question will be manifest.

Among the domestic animals of the ancient Peruvians were the llama, the alpaca, the allko or dog, a species of guinea-pig, called the cuy, and a species of duck. Of these the llama and the alpaca are not known to exist in the wild state, and this fact, conjoined with the great variety exhibited in the colors of their fleeces, points to a very long period of domestication. And their ability to domesticate so many animals, it may be remarked, is not only an evidence of the antiquity of the aborigines of Peru, but also a test of their capacity for civilization. "The inferiority of the African, as compared with the Hindu, is demonstrated by the latter having domesticated the elephant, and made it the useful and hard-working companion of

1 See Dr. Uhle's Pachacamac, p. 45 et seq.

2 The Origin of Cultivated Plants, p. 457, New York, 1885.

man; while the former, during the thousands of years he has inhabited the African continent, has never achieved any such result, and has merely destroyed the elephant for the sake of the ivory." 1

How the original inhabitants of South America were able to traverse the long distances which separated the Old from the New World is not our province to decide. That has been a matter of discussion since the discovery of America, and we are still destitute of positive knowledge regarding the subject. Without, however, assuming the existence of an Atlantis connecting Europe with the Antilles, or a strip of land bridging the Atlantic between Africa and Brazil, or a series of contiguous islands stretching across the Pacific, we can find in any one of a dozen theories, that have at divers times been propounded by various investigators, a plausible, if not satisfactory, explanation of the manner in which the inhabitants of the Old World were, in ages long past, able to reach the distant shores of the New. Future investigators will doubtless clear up many difficulties still investing this interesting problem, and they may even be able to prove to a reasonable certainty the existence of several lines of migration followed by prehistoric man on his way from the Eastern to the Western Hemisphere. Until such certainty is forthcoming, we shall be content with that probability which is the guide of science as well as the guide of life.

1 Markham, in the introduction to The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, p. XXIV, London, 1864.

2 For the lovers of the curious, it may be stated that there are not wanting those who incline to the belief that the original home of our race was in the New, and not in the Old World, and who would see in Homo pampaeus the common ancestor of mankind. Even Columbus was disposed to locate the Garden of Eden, somewhere in the continent, watered by the great Orinoco. Following the Conquistadores up the Orinoco and Down the Magdalena, Chap. II.

In this connection one may recall the theory of Brasseur de Bourbourg, who makes America the cradle of our race. According to this theory, the Old World was peopled from the New and it was from America that Egypt and Syria received their domestic animals, their arts, their industries, their hieroglyphics, and even their religious rites.

CHAPTER XVI

IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF PIZARRO AND ORSUA

In his Historia del Peru, which constitutes the third part of his unpublished work entitled Miscellanea Austral, Miguel Cavello Balboa, one of the early chroniclers of the New World, writes as follows: "When Pizarro arrived in the valley of Chimu he was greatly astonished at the grandeur and the beauty of the edifices which had been constructed by the ancient kings of this country. It was in this valley that Pizarro, in 1535, founded the city of Trujillo. From Chimu the Spaniards directed their course towards Caxamarca, where Atahualpa had been for fifteen or twenty days." 1

This statement regarding the route of the conquistadores during their march from Tumbez to Cajamarca does not, I know, accord with what other historians tell us regarding Pizarro's itinerary from the coast to the Andean plateau, and is quite at variance with the opinion expressed by Raimondi in his work, El Peru. So diverse, however, are the opinions that have been entertained respecting the actual route of the Spaniards on their way up the western flank of the Cordillera, and so great is the uncertainty which still prevails concerning it, that no one is yet warranted in accepting any one opinion to the exclusion of all others. And until we have more information on the subject, we may believe with Balboa that Pizarro and his gallant band really did go as far south as the capital of The Great Chimu, before advancing towards Cajamarca, which

1 In Voyages Relations et Mémoires Originaux, p. 313, publies par TernauxCompans, Paris, 1840.

2 Tom. II, p. 19 et seq.

then enjoyed the honor of being a kind of second capital of the great Inca empire.

It was early in the morning that I left Trujillo and the kind and hospitable people who had made my stay in the City of Liberty so delightful. My next objective point was Casa Grande, the center of the most extensive and most productive sugar plantation in Peru. I was accompanied by the superintendent of the railroad, who was kind enough to put a special train at my disposition, and the manager of the hacienda, whose guest I was to be during my sojourn in Casa Grande. The former was a genial and wide-awake American, from Wisconsin, and the latter a young and enterprising German, Mr. G- -, who is recognized as one of the most progressive business men in the republic. Both of them were eager to have me see the famous Chicama valley, part of which has been noted since the conquest for its marvelous fertility-and they left nothing undone that would conduce to my convenience and pleasure. To both of them I am indebted for some of the most delightful days spent in the department of Libertad, and I shall always remember their courtesy and kindness with profound gratitude.

On our way to Casa Grande, which is but an hour by rail from Trujillo, I had an opportunity of inspecting the remains of the wonderful acequias that formerly watered the lands of The Great Chimu and that converted an arid desert into fertile fields and gardens adequate to furnish subsistence to the teeming thousands who dwelt in and around the great metropolis that stood on the site now occupied by the crumbling ruins of Chan-Chan. If we are to credit Montesinos, it was by severing these acequias that the victorious Inca Tupac Yupanqui was able to get possession of Chimu and force its inhabitants to acknowledge the supremacy of the Children of the Sun.1

Quite near the road between Trujillo and Casa Grande are the remains of the great mampostería-reservoir1 Memorias Antiguas del Peru, Cap. XXVII.