resided until his death, February 7, 1791. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1767; and when the Society of Artists was incorporated by charter, he was appointed treasurer.

DALY, (Daniel,) an Irish monk, of the Dominican order, born in the county of Kerry in 1595. He assisted in founding a college of his order at Lisbon, and became its first superior. He also contributed to the establishing of another at the same place for the natives of Ireland. He was employed in diplomatic concerns, and obtained the credit of being a good statesman. He died in 1662. He published, Initium, incrementum et exitus Familia Giraldinorum Desmoniæ, &c. 8vo, Lisbon, 1655.

DALZELL, (Andrew,) an eminent Greek scholar, born at Ratho, near Edinburgh, about 1750. From his village school he went to Edinburgh, and was made professor of the Greek language in the university, keeper of the university library, and one of the secretaries of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, &c. His literary acquirements were such, that he was selected to superintend the education of lord Lauderdale, whom he accompanied on the continent. He compiled and printed, at a great expense, a series of collections out of the Greek authors. These were printed in 8vo, under the titles of Collectanea Minora, and Collectanea Majora. He added to each volume short notes in Latin, explanatory of the difficult passages. He at the same time composed and read to the students a series of lectures on the language and antiquities, the philosophy and history, the literature, eloquence, poetry, and fine arts of the Greeks. By these means he became eminently successful in disseminating a taste for classical literature in the university. On the death of Dr. James Robertson, professor of Oriental languages, Dalzell was chosen to succeed him as keeper of the university library. He likewise succeeded Dr. John Drysdale as principal clerk to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, being the first layman who had ever been elected to that office. Besides an intimacy with his learned contemporaries at home, he corresponded with Heyne and other eminent scholars abroad, and enriched the Edinburgh Royal Society Transactions with a variety of interesting communications in biography, or on literary subjects. He also translated and illustrated Chevalier's description of the plain of Troy; and was editor of the

sermons of his father-in-law, Dr. Drysdale. He died at Edinburgh in 1806. DAMASCENUS, (Nicolaus,) a philosopher and historian of the age of Augustus, mentioned by Josephus, Athenæus, Eusebius, and others. He wrote, among other works, one on universal history, in 144 books, of which we have some fragments, N. Damasceni Historiarum Excerpta et Fragmenta quæ supersunt, 8vo, Leipsic, 1804; and Paris, 1805. DAMASCENUS, (John,) a learned priest and monk, born at Damascus towards the end of the seventh, or beginning of the eighth, century. His father, Sergius, a wealthy Christian of Syria, was counsellor to the khalif, and, at his death, John succeeded him in the same office. His father had given him for preceptor a monk named Cosmas, whom he had redeemed from slavery. About A. D. 728 he wrote several tracts in defence of image worship against the Iconoclasts, who were then favoured by the emperor Leo the Isaurian. He afterwards withdrew from the khalif's court to the monastery of St. Sabas, near Jerusalem; where he passed the remainder of his life in ascetic practices and study. He died, according to some, in 754; according to others, in 780. His numerous philosophical and theological works place him among the most distinguished writers of the Eastern church in the eighth century. His principal_work is an Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, or Christian Doctrines, in four books. This work attained great reputation in the Greek church, and the author was styled Chrysorrhoas, or Golden-flowing, on account of his eloquence. He wrote also treatises against the Manichæans and Nestorians. His principal works have been published by Lequien, Opera J. Damasceni, Paris and Venice, 1748, 2 vols, fol.

DAMASUS I., a Spaniard, raised to the papal throne in 366, on the death of Liberius. Though warmly opposed by Ursinus, the antipope, he was acknowledged by the Italian bishops, and by the council of Aquileia, who condemned his opponent. He was a zealous enemy to the tenets of the Arians. He died in 384. Soine of his letters have been published.

DAMASUS II., Poppo, bishop of Brixen, was elected pope on the day of the resignation of Benedict IX. He died at Palestrina, twenty-three days after his election, 1048, and was succeeded by Leo IX.

DAMER, (Honourable Anne Seymour.) This lady, who has rendered her name famous by her abilities as a sculptor, was born in 1748. She was the daughter of field-marshal Conway, and was married, in 1767, to the honourable John Damer, but the union proved an unhappy one, for he died by his own hand in 1776. Thus early left a widow, she devoted her time to the cultivation of a taste she had, even in youth, evinced for the fine arts. She took lessons from Cerracchi, the sculptor, and the chaste and classical productions of her chisel became numerous and widely scattered. Among her works may be noticed, a statue of George III., in the Register Office, Edinburgh; a bust of her mother, the countess of Aylesbury, erected as a monument in Tunbridge church, Kent; and a bust of lord Nelson, heroic size, placed in the Council Chamber, Guildhall. Mrs. Damer died in London, the 28th of May, 1828.

DAMIANO, (Peter,) an eminent cardinal, born at Ravenna, about the year 988. After studying at Parma, he taught for some time in the public schools with applause. He then entered a convent of Benedictines at Avellana, near Engulio; in which he was successively appointed to the offices of prior and abbot. In 1057 he was created cardinal, and appointed bishop of Ostia, by pope Stephen IX. He also held in commendam the bishopric of Engulio. In the year 1059, under the pontificate of Nicholas II. he was sent papal legate to Milan, to reform the clerical abuses in that diocese, and for other objects of state policy. · One of these was the more complete subjugation of the Ambrosian church to the see of St. Peter, of which, until that time, it had been in a considerable degree independent. After his return to Rome, he expostulated with great freedom against the ambitious interference of the pontiffs in the temporal concerns of princes, the universal relaxation of order and discipline, and the enormous vices practised by the monks and clergy. In 1062 he was sent papal legate into France; in the following year to Florence; in 1068, to Germany; and in 1072, to Ravenna. He died in the same year. His works are voluminous, and entitle him to be ranked among the most learned and polished writers of his age. They were published at Paris in 1663, in fol.

DAMIENS, (Robert Francis,) a French political enthusiast, born in Artois in 1715, where his father held a small

farm. When young he enlisted in the army, and afterwards became a domestic in the Jesuits' college at Paris. From this situation he was dismissed for ill conduct. After having served several masters in the metropolis, one of whom he was accused of having poisoned, he stole a sum of money, and fled to Flanders. At that period the French court was divided into two parties, one headed by the dauphin, and the other by mad. de Pompadour. Religious disputes agitated the nation, differences existed between the king and the parliaments respecting the bull Unigenitus, and the people in general were discontented. This distracted state of the kingdom seems to have made a strong impression on the excitable mind of Damiens. In the evening of the 5th of January, 1757, he went to the palace of Versailles, and as Louis XV. was about to step into his carriage to go to Trianon, Damiens, pushing aside the attendants, made his way up to the king, and stabbed him in the right side with a knife. The assassin was taken immediately, and after having been interrogated at Versailles, he was transferred to Paris. On his trial he denied having had any accomplices. The wound was slight, and the king, after a few days, recovered. It is worthy of remark, that the knife had two blades, of which Damiens used the shorter; which seems to confirm what he stated on his interrogatory-that he did not intend to kill the king, but only to frighten him and give him a warning. Damiens was condemned as a regicide to be torn to pieces by four horses. The sentence was executed on the 28th of March, 1757, on the Place de Grève. Before being put to death, he was tortured for one hour and a half on the place of execution with red-hot pincers, molten lead, and other cruel contrivances. All the windows and roofs of the houses around were filled with spectators, men and women, among whom were many ladies of rank. It was altogether one of the most disgraceful exhibitions that ever took place in a civilized country.

DAMINI, (Pietro,) a painter, born at Castelfranco, in 1592, and by some said to have equalled Titian. Though undeserving of this extravagant praise, he certainly possessed rare abilities, and, had he lived to improve himself by study, would have proved a distinguished artist; but he died of the plague in 1630.

DAMM, (Christian Tobias,) a learned and laborious Greek scholar, of the re

formed faith, born, in 1699, at Geithayn, near Leipsic. He was rector of the Academy at Berlin, but was dismissed from his office in 1764, in consequence of a leaning towards Socinianism, which he discovered in his translation of the New Testament. His best known publication is his Lexicon to Homer and Pindar, 1765, 4to, a work of prodigious labour. He died in 1778.

DAMPIER, (William,) an eminent English navigator, born about 1652, at East Coker, in Somersetshire. Becoming an orphan early, he was placed with a master of a ship at Weymouth, with whom he made a voyage to Newfoundland. He soon after sailed as a foremast-man to the East Indies. In 1673 he served in the Dutch war, under Sir Edward Sprague, and was in two engagements. In the next year he accepted the post of under-manager of a plantation in Jamaica; but, disliking that business, he soon after engaged with a coasting trader. Leaving that employment, he entered on board a ship bound to the Bay of Campeachy; and, upon a second trip to the same coast, his love of variety led him to engage with the logwood-cutters as a common workman. He returned to England in August, 1678. In the beginning of the next year he sailed as a passenger to Jamaica, meaning to revisit Campeachy; but he was persuaded to join a body of privateers, with whom he crossed the Isthmus of Darien, in 1680, and spent that year in roving about the Peruvian coast. The next year he recrossed the Isthmus, and joined another fleet of privateers, which was cruising upon the Spanish main. After spending a year among the coasts and islands of the West Indies, Dampier, with a few more, proceeded in a single vessel to Virginia, where he joined a captain Cook, in making an expedition against the Spanish settlements in the South Seas. After touching at the Cape de Verd Islands and the coast of Guinea, he proceeded round Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean. They touched at the Isle of Juan Fernandez, thence made the coast of South America, and cruised along Chili and Peru, proceeded to the Gallapago isles, and thence to the Mexican coast. Here Cook died, and was succeeded in his command by captain Davis. They now sailed back to Peru, where they joined captain Swan. One of their projects was to capture the rich plate fleet which this year (1685) was to convey the treasure of the Peruvian mines to Panama. Foiled in this,

they next proceeded on a cruise along the coast of Mexico. Dampier now left Davis, and went on board captain Swan's ship, for the sake of seeing more of the northern part of the country. They coasted as far as the southern point of California, often landing to obtain plunder and provisions. Swan now proposed to run across the Pacific Ocean, and return by the East Indies, and persuaded his men to venture on the voyage by the temptation of a privateering cruise off the Manillas. Dampier and several of the men were taken ill with dropsy. On March 31, 1686, they took their departure from Cape Corrientes; they reached Guam on the fifty-second day, when the men had begun to talk of killing and eating captain Swan and the officers as soon as their provisions should have been exhausted. It is worth mentioning, that the spare diet, which weakened many of the crew, proved salutary to Dampier, who got rid of the remains of his dropsical swellings during the voyage. From Guam they sailed to Mindanao, where a mutiny arose among the crew for want of active employment; and, in the end, the majority carried off the ship, leaving Swan and some of his people on the island. Dampier happened at this time to be on board; but it does not appear that he was at all concerned in the defection. They proceeded to Luzonia, and roved some time off Manilla, whence they bore away for Pulo Condore, in order to careen. In 1687 they were driven to the coast of China. Thence they made a circuit round Luzonia and Mindanao, and through the group of spice islands, till they arrived on the coast of New Holland in the beginning of 1688. Leaving this in March, they passed all along the west coast of Sumatra to the Nicobar islands, where Dampier, tired of this mad crew, persuaded the commander to leave him, with two other Englishmen, a Portuguese, and four Malays of Achin, in Sumatra. Their number gave them hopes of being able to navigate a canoe to Achin, which they attempted; and, after undergoing extreme danger from a storm in the passage, which Dampier has described with admirable force and nature, they arrived safely on the coast of Sumatra. He made several voyages to Tonquin, Malacca, and various parts of the East Indies; and acted some time as gunner to the English fort of Bencoolen. Desirous, at length, of returning home, he embarked, in January, 1691, on board of an East India ship, and arrived in the

Downs in September. He now published his Voyage Round the World, a most interesting narrative, which attracted general attention. In 1699 he was entrusted with the command of the Roebuck, a sloop of twelve guns and fifty men. After touching at Brazil, the western coast of New Holland, and the coast of New Guinea, proceeding homeward by Batavia and the Cape of Good Hope, on arriving off the isle of Ascension, in February, 1701, his vessel, springing a leak, foundered, and the crew had much difficulty in reaching the island. They remained there till they were brought away by an East India ship, in which Dampier came to England. He soon after published an account of this voyage. In 1707 he published a Vindication of his Voyage to the South Seas in the Ship St. George, with which he had sailed from Virginia in his former marauding expedition. Dampier went to sea again till 1711. He ranks among the most enterprising navigators of England. He was acquainted with botany, and was possessed of considerable information and general knowledge. His style of narrative is vivid, and bears the marks of truth. His voyages were published to gether in 3 vols, 8vo, London, 16971709. The date of his death is not known. DANCE. (George.) The father of this ingenious gentleman was originally a shipwright; but turned architect, and became clerk of the works and builder to the city of London, and was the architect of the Mansion-house. He died in 1768, and was succeeded by this son, who held the same offices till 1816. Dance was one of the original members of the Royal Academy, of which institution he became auditor and professor of architecture, though he never gave any lectures. He published A Collection of Portraits, sketched from the life, fol. He

died in 1824.

DANCER, (Daniel,) a well-known miser, born in 1714, near Harrow, in Middlesex. The love of money was the ruling principle in his family, and when he inherited his paternal estate, which was considerable, he pursued the same plan of rigid parsimony. His intercourse with the world was merely in the selling of his hay, and the other produce of his farm. He died in 1794, and left the whole of his property to lady Tempest, who it seems had behaved towards him with charity, in the hope of alleviating his apparent poverty.

D'ANCOURT. See ANCOURT.

DANCOURT, (Florence Carton,) a French dramatist and actor of the times of Louis XIV., born at Fontainebleau, in 1661. He studied at Paris under the Jesuit Larue, who wished him to devote himself to the religious profession, but Dancourt preferred the law, and acquired some reputation as an advocate. He, however, abandoned the law, and appeared on the stage. Having married Mlle. la Thorilière, he became one of the king's comedians, and even one of his greatest favourites. After remaining thirty-eight years in the service of the king, he retired to his estate at Berri, where he passed the remainder of his life in devotional exercises. He died in 1726. His dramatic pieces occupy six volumes; the greater number of them are farces, the scenes of which lie mostly in low life. DANDINI, (Jerome,) a learned Jesuit, born at Cesena, in 1554. He taught philosophy at Paris, and divinity at Padua; he was rector of the colleges of Ferrara, Forli, Bologna, Parma, and Milan; visitor in the provinces of Venice, Toulouse, and Guienne; and provincial in Poland and in the Milanese. In the year 1596 Clement VIII. appointed him his nuncio to the Maronites, inhabiting Libanus and Antilibanus. An account of his travels was published at Cesena, entitled Missione Apostolica al Patriarca è Maroniti del Monte Libano; of which Simon published a French translation at Paris, in 1675. Dandini died in 1634. He was the author of Commentaries on the Three Books of Aristotle de Anima, Paris, 1611, fol.; and of a treatise on morals, entitled Ethica sacra, hoc est de Virtutibus et Vitiis, Cesena, 1651, fol.

DANDINI, (Cesare,) a painter, born at Florence, in 1595. He was at first a pupil of Curradi, and subsequently studied under Passignano. His best work is a picture of S. Carlo at Ancona. He died in 1658.-VINCENZIO DANDINI, brother of the preceding, was born at Florence in 1607. He was instructed by his brother, Cesare, and afterwards went to Rome, where he studied under Pietro da Cortona. On his return to Florence he met with much encouragement, and was employed in the palace of the grand duke. He died in 1675.-PIETRO DANDINI, nephew of the preceding, born at Florence, in 1646. Having lost his father at an early age, he was instructed by his uncle, Cesare, and became a successful imitator of the style of Titian and Tintoretto. His best works are at Florence, where he died in 1712.

DANDINI, (Hercules Francis, Count,) an eminent professor of law at Padua, born at Ancona, in 1696. He wrote:1. De Forensi scribendi Ratione. 2. De Servitutibus prædiorum interpretationes per Epistolas, &c. He died in 1747.

DANDOLO, (Enrico,) one of the most illustrious of the doges of Venice, was chosen to that office in 1192, at the advanced age of eighty-four. His years, however, did not impair his vigour; and his government mainly contributed to the maritime greatness of Venice. On the formation of the league for the fourth crusade, under Baldwin, earl of Flanders, and the French barons, application was made to the state of Venice for its assistance. Dandolo received their deputies favourably, and pleaded their cause before the people from the pulpit in St. Mark's church. The Venetians agreed to furnish ships for the embarkation, provisions, and a squadron of armed galleys. By means of the policy of the doge, the first hostilities of the armament were directed against Zara, which had revolted from the Venetians; and Dandolo himself, aged, and almost blind, joined the confederates. Zara was taken and dismantled, and the expedition next proceeded to Constantinople, on the pretext of aiding young Alexius Angelus to restore his father, the emperor Isaac, who had been dethroned by his own brother, Alexius. The fleet arrived before Constantinople in June 1203, and the siege commenced. At the storming of the city, the aged doge, in complete armour, standing on the prow of his galley, with the great standard of St. Mark displayed before him, commanded his men to row up to the walls, and was the first who leaped on shore. The walls and towers on that part were speedily occupied by the Venetians, and the banner of the republic was fixed upon them. He died soon after at Constantinople, in 1205, and was buried in the church of Santa Sophia.

DANDOLO, (Andrew,) doge of Venice, and one of its earliest historians, was born in 1310. He became doge in 1344, and by his means Venice was first enabled to extend her commerce to Egypt. His Chronicle of Venice, which is written in Latin, and comprehends the history of the republic from its foundation to the year 1342, is esteemed for its impartiality, and for the exhibition of authentic documents which the author has produced to substantiate his facts. Petrarch, with whom he corresponded, Blondus, Justinian, Sabellicus, Leander, and Cuspinian,

always mention this Chronicle with praise. It is inserted in Muratori's collection, with a continuation to 1388, by Caresino. To Dandolo also has been ascribed the sixth book of the Venetian Statutes. He died, in 1354, of anxiety occasioned by the war with Genoa, to which the opening of the trade of Venice with Egypt had given rise.

DANDRE-BARDON,

(Michael Francis,) a painter and writer on the fine arts, was born at Aix, in Provence, in 1700. He excelled in historical subjects, and was professor of the Academy of Painting, on which art he wrote a treatise. He is also the author of a conference on the Utility of History to Artists, and of a life of Vanloo. He died in 1783.

DANEAU, or DANÆUS, (Lambert,) a learned French Protestant minister, born at Orleans, about the year 1530. He was originally designed for the law, which he studied under the celebrated Anne du Bourg, counsellor-clerk to the parliament of Paris, who died a martyr to the reformed religion in 1559. Daneau had embraced the same religious sentiments with his master, and after his death withdrew, in 1560, to Geneva, where he became minister, and professor of theology; which offices he afterwards sustained with much reputation at Leyden, whence he went to Ghent, and then to Bern. In 1594 he was invited to Castres, in Languedoc, where he died about two years after. He published Commentaries on the Gospels of Matthew and Mark; Loci Communes; Harmonia, sive Tabula in Salomonis Proverbia et Ecclesiasten; Geographiæ Poeticæ, Lib. IV.; Vetustissimarum Mundi Antiquitatum, Lib. IV.; Elenchus Hereticorum; Methodus sacræ Scripturæ; and Aphorismi Politici et Militares. Primi Mundi antiquitatum Sectiones quatuor, was published in English, by Thomas Twine, under the title of The wonderful Workmanship of the World, 1578, 4to. His Les Sorciers was also published here in 1564, under the title, A Dialogue of Witches.

DANEDI, (Giovanni Stefano,) was born at Treviglio, in the Milanese, in 1608, and is known also by the name of Montalto. He was a pupil of Morazzone, and attained celebrity as a historical painter. His best pictures are at Milan, where he died in 1689.

DANES, (Peter,) a learned French prelate, born at Paris, in 1497. He was educated under William Budé, John Lascaris, and other able tutors, and, in 1530 was appointed professor of Greek in the