volence with which he treated the various Protestant emigrants whom persecution drove out of France, recommended him strongly to the king of Prussia, by whom he was honourably invited to Berlin, where, though physician to the house hold, he staid a short time, and then removed to the Hague, where he resided for twelve years; and, in 1714, he finally settled in London, where he died April 30, 1735, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. This amiable man, so universally respected for his humanity and benevolence, left, besides the books already mentioned, several manuscripts on medical subjects. "His conversation," says his biographer, "was easy, cheerful, and interesting, pure from all taint of party scandal or idle raillery: this made his company desired by all who had a capacity to know its value; and he afforded a striking instance that religion must naturally gain strength from the successful study of nature."-He left an only son, the Rev. DANIEL DUNCAN, D.D. author of some religious tracts: among the rest, Collects upon the principal Articles of the Christian Faith, according to the order of the Catechism of the Church of England. Printed for S. Birt, 1754. This was originally intended for an appendix to a larger work, completed for the press, but never published, entitled, The Family Catechism, being a free and comprehensive Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England. He corresponded with the writers of the Candid Disquisitions, &c.; in which work he was, from that circumstance, supposed to have had some share. He died in June, 1761, leaving two sons, the younger of whom, JOHN DUNCAN, D.D. rector of South Warmborough, Hants, died at Bath, December 28, 1808. He was born in 1720, and educated at St. John's college, Oxford, where he took his degrees of M.A. in 1746, B.D. 1752, and D.D. by decree of convocation in 1757. In 1745 and 1746 he was chaplain to the king's own regiment, and was present at every battle in Scotland in which that regiment was engaged. He afterwards accompanied the regiment to Minorca, and was present at the memorable siege of St. Philip's, which was followed by the execution of admiral Byng. In 1763 he was presented to the college living of South Warmborough, which he held for fortyfive years. Besides many fugitive pieces in the periodical journals, he published an Essay on Happiness, a poem, in four books; an Address to the rational Advo

cates of the Church of England; the Religious View of the present Crisis; The Evidence of Reason, in proof of the Immortality of the Soul, collected from Mr. Baxter's MSS., with an introductory letter by the editor, addressed to Dr. Priestley; and some other tracts and occasional sermons. He contributed to the Biographia Britannica the life of his grandfather, and an account of the family of Duncan.

DUNCAN, (Andrew,) an eminent physician, born in Edinburgh, in 1745, and educated at the university of St. Andrew's. On the death of Dr. John Gregory, professor of the theory of medicine, in 1773, he was chosen to deliver the usual course of clinical lectures, till the end of 1776; when, Dr. James Gregory having been finally appointed to the chair formerly held by his father, Dr. Duncan's connexion with the university was for the time suspended. He continued for fourteen years to deliver private courses of lectures on the theory and practice of medicine, with increasing reputation and success; and in 1790, on the accession of Dr. James Gregory to the chair of the practice of medicine, he was appointed joint professor of the theory or institutions of medicine, along with Dr. Cullen, who had resigned the practice. He was the original projector of the Lunatic Asylum and of the Horticultural Society of Edinburgh. He died in 1828.

DUNCOMBE, (William,) a poet and miscellaneous writer, born in London, in 1690. After a school education, he was entered at sixteen as a clerk in the navy office. He had, however, acquired a taste for literature, and made his first appearance in a translation of an Ode of Horace, printed in the Wit's Horace. He next published separately a version of the Carmen Seculare, which was soon followed by one of Racine's Athalie. In 1725 he quitted the navy office, and devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1757 and 1759 he published, with the assistance of his son, a version of Horace, with notes, in 2 vols; of this, an improved edition appeared in 4 vols, 12mo, 1764. On the death of his friend, archbishop Herring, he collected, in one vol. 8vo, the Seven Sermons on public occasions, which that prelate had separately printed in his life-time, and prefixed to them some memoirs of his life. This was his last publication. With a constitution naturally weak and tender, by constant regularity, and an habitual sweetness and evenness of temper, his life was prolonged

to the advanced age of seventy-nine. He died February 13, 1769.

DUNCOMBE, (John,) son of the preceding, was born in 1730. After receiving his earlier education at Romford, and Felsted, in Essex, he was entered of Bene't, or Corpus Christi, college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He afterwards took orders, and was presented to a living in the city of Canterbury. In 1766 he obtained a preachership in the cathedral of Canterbury, and in 1770 was appointed master of St. John's hospital in that city, and that of St. Nicholas, Harbledown. He was afterwards presented to the vicarage of Herne, near Canterbury. He wrote several poems, of which one of the best known is The Feminead, a commemoration of female excellence. He wrote also a variety of prose essays in periodical works. He published three sermons, and some antiquarian papers in the Bibliotheca Topographica. He also edited various works; among which were The Correspondence of John Hughes, Esq; The Earl of Corke's Letters from Italy; and Archbishop Herring's Letters. He died in 1785.

DUNDAS, (Robert,) an eminent Scotch lawyer, born in 1685. He had been but eight years at the bar, when he was appointed to the office of solicitorgeneral, by George I., in 1717, and was made lord-advocate for Scotland, in 1720. In 1722 he was elected member of parliament for the county of Edinburgh. On the change of ministry, in 1725, when Sir Robert Walpole and the Argyle party came into power, Dundas was removed from his office of king's advocate, and resumed his station without the bar, distinguished only by the honourable title of dean of the faculty of advocates, till he was raised to the bench in 1737. For nine years he filled the seat of an ordinary judge of the court of session, by the title of lord Arniston, till 1748; when, on the death of Mr. Duncan Forbes, of Culloden, he was appointed to succeed him as president of the court. He died in 1753.

DUNDAS, (Robert,) son of the preceding, born in 1713. He received his earlier education under a domestic tutor, and afterwards studied at the university of Edinburgh; whence, in 1733, he went to Utrecht, to study the Roman law. He remained abroad for four years; and during the recess of study at the university, he spent a considerable time at Paris, and in visiting several of the principal towns of France and the Low Countries. On his return to Scotland

(1738), he was called to the bar; and in 1742 he was appointed solicitor-general. In 1746 he was elected dean of the faculty of advocates. In 1754 he was elected member of parliament for the county of Edinburgh; and in the following summer he was appointed the king's advocate for Scotland. In 1760 he was appointed president of the court of session; and held the office for twenty-seven years. He died in 1787.

DUNDAS, (Henry,) lord viscount Melville, brother to the preceding, was born about 1741, and was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh. Having studied the law, he was, in 1763, admitted a member of the faculty of advocates. In 1773 he was appointed solicitor-general, and in 1775, lord-advocate of Scotland; and was elected member of parliament for the county of Mid-Lothian, and thenceforth abandoned all thoughts of rising in his profession as a lawyer. On the retirement of lord North, in 1782, and a few months after, by the death of the marquis of Rockingham, their successors being obliged to resign, Mr. Dundas joined Mr. Pitt, and was sworn into the privy-council, and appointed treasurer of the navy. On the formation of the Coalition (in 1782), Mr. Dundas was deprived of his offices as treasurer of the navy, and lord-advocate for Scotland. At the close of the existence of that shortlived administration, Mr. Dundas vehemently denounced the memorable East India Bill; and discovered a knowledge of the affairs of the East India Company and government, which had evidently been the result of much study and investigation, and in which at that time he appeared to have no superior. On the return of Mr. Pitt and his friends to power, Mr. Dundas resumed his office as treasurer of the navy, but declined the office of lord-advocate of Scotland. The first measure of the new administration was a bill for the better regulation of the affairs of the East India Company, among the provisions of which was the creation of a board of control, of which Mr. Dundas was appointed president. In 1791 he became a member of the cabinet, as secretary of state for the home department; and to him has been ascribed the origin of the volunteer system. In 1794, when the duke of Portland, with a large proportion of the Whig party, joined the administration, Mr. Dundas resigned his office of secretary for the home department, and was made secretary of the war department. He continued in his several

offices (with the addition of keeper of the privy seal in Scotland, conferred upon him in 1800,) until 1801, when he resigned along with Mr. Pitt, and in 1802 was elevated to the peerage by the title of viscount Melville, of Melville in the county of Edinburgh, and baron Dunira, in the county of Perth. On Mr. Pitt's return to office in May 1804, lord Melville succeeded lord St. Vincent as first lord of the Admiralty, which office he continued to hold until the memorable occurrence of his impeachment. During his tenure of office he had brought forward a bill for regulating the office of treasurer of the navy, and preventing an improper use being made of the money passing through his hands, and directing the same from time to time to be paid into the Bank; but, by the tenth report of the commissioners for naval inquiry, instituted under the auspices of the earl of St. Vincent, it appeared that large sums of the public money in the hands of the treasurer had been employed directly contrary to the act. This matter was taken up very warmly by the House of Commons, and, after keen debates, certain resolutions moved by Mr. Whitbread, for an impeachment of lord Melville, were carried on the 8th of April, 1805. On casting up the votes on the division, the numbers were found equal; but the motion was carried by the casting vote of the right hon. Charles Abbot, the Speaker. On the 10th, lord Melville resigned his office of first lord of the Admiralty, and on the 6th of May he was struck from the list of privy counsellors. On the 26th of June, Mr. Whitbread appeared at the bar of the House of Lords, accompanied by several other members, and solemnly impeached lord Melville of high crimes and misdemeanours; and on the 9th of July presented at the bar of the House of Lords the articles of impeachment. The trial afterwards proceeded in Westminsterhall, and in the end lord Melville was acquitted of all the articles by his peers. That lord Melville acted contrary to his own law, in its letter, there can be no doubt; but on the other hand it does not appear that he was actuated by motives of personal corruption, or, in fact, that he enjoyed any peculiar advantage from the misapplication of the monies. Lord Melville was afterwards restored to his seat in the privy council, but did not return to office. He passed the greater part of his time in Scotland, where he died suddenly, at the house of his nephew, the

right hon. Robert Dundas, lord chief baron of the exchequer in Scotland, on the 27th of May, 1811.

DUNDAS, (Sir David,) a British general, born near Edinburgh, about the year 1735. He was destined for the medical profession, but in 1752 he entered on his military career, under the auspices of general Watson, quartermaster-general, under the duke of Cumberland. He obtained a lieutenancy in 1756, and in 1761 was appointed aide-de-camp to colonel Elliott, afterwards lord Heathfield; and after the reduction of the island of Cuba, in 1762, he returned with him to England, and received the majority of the fifteenth Dragoons, in 1770. From that corps he was appointed to the lieutenantcolonelcy of the second regiment of horse. In February, 1781, he obtained the rank of colonel. Shortly after the peace of 1783, Frederic king of Prussia having ordered a grand review of the whole of his forces, colonel Dundas applied for leave to be present on this occasion, which being granted, he repaired to the plains of Potsdam, and there laid the foundation of his system of discipline, to be afterwards matured by observation and diligent consideration. In 1788 he published his Principles of Military Movements, chiefly applicable to Infantry. George III., to whom Dundas dedicated his work, having been pleased to approve of it, directed it to be arranged and adopted for the use of the army, in June 1792. It was accordingly printed under the title of, Rules and Regulations for the Formations, Field Exercises, and Movements of His Majesty's Forces, with an injunction, that this system should "be strictly followed and adhered to, without any deviation whatsoever; and such orders as are found to interfere with, or counteract their effect or operation, are to be considered as hereby cancelled and annulled." The Rules and Regulations for the Cavalry were also planned by general Dundas. On the commencement of the war with revolutionary France, general Dundas was put on the staff; and in the autumn of 1793 he was sent to command a body of troops at Toulon; and, soon after his return, he was sent to the continent, to serve under the duke of York, and greatly distinguished himself in the brilliant action of the 10th of May, 1794, at Tournay, as well as at the capture of Tuyt, on the 30th of December following. In December 1795 he was removed from the command of the 22d foot to that of the 7th dragoons. He

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was also appointed governor of Languard Fort. In 1797, on the resignation of general Morrison, he was nominated quartermaster-general of the British army. In 1797 he embarked with the expedition to Holland, and served with great distinction under the duke of York, particularly at Bergen and Alkmaar. On the death of Sir Ralph Abercrombie, general Dundas succeeded him in the command of the second, or North British dragoons, and in the government of Forts George and Augustus. In 1803 he was invested with the riband of the order of the Bath; and in 1804 he was appointed governor of Chelsea Hospital, and a knight of the Bath. On the 18th of March, 1809, he succeeded the duke of York as commander-in-chief. About the same time he became a privy-counsellor, and colonel of the 95th regiment. Finally, he received the command of the first dragoon guards, which he held till his death, in 1820.

DUNDAS, (Thomas,) a gallant British officer, born in 1750. He greatly distinguished himself at the capture of GuadaLoupe, in 1794; and died in that island on the 3d of June in the same year. A cenotaph has been erected to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral.

DUNGAL, a writer of the ninth century, supposed to have been a native of Ireland, who emigrated to France. In his youth he studied sacred and profane literature with success, and taught the former, and had many scholars, but at last determined to retire from the world. During this seclusion he cultivated philosophy, and particularly astronomy; and the fame he acquired in the latter science induced Charlemagne to consult him in the year 811, on the subject of two eclipses of the sun, which took place the year before, and Dungal answered his queries in a long letter, which is printed in D'Acheri's Spicilegium, vol. iii. of the folio, and vol. x. of the 4to edition, with the opinion of Ismael Bouillaud upon it. Sixteen years after, in 827, Dungal took up his pen in defence of images, against Claude, bishop of Turin, and composed a treatise which was printed, first separately, in 1608, 8vo, and was afterwards inserted in the Bibliotheca Patrum. It would appear also that he wrote some poetical pieces, one of which is in a collection published in 1729 by Martene and Durand. The time of his death is not known.

DUNI, (Egidius,) an eminent musical composer, born, in 1709, at Matera, in the kingdom of Naples. He was a pupil

of Durante; and afterwards went to Paris, where he was eminently successful. No one better understood the art of giving, by means of sound, the truest and most animated pictures of rural life, and the most delightful and varied scenes of village manners. He died in 1775.

DUNLOP, (William,) a Scottish divine, born in 1692, at Glasgow, where his father was principal of the university. After taking his degree of A.M. he spent two years in the university of Utrecht, having at that time some thoughts of applying himself to the study of the law; but he was diverted from that resolution by the persuasions of Wishart, then principal of the college of Edinburgh, by whose interest he was promoted to be regius professor of divinity and church history, in 1716. He died in 1720, aged twenty-eight. He wrote, Sermons in 2 vols, 12mo, and an Essay on Confessions of Faith.

DUNLOP, (Alexander,) was brother of the preceding, born, in 1684, in America, where his father was a voluntary exile, and at the Revolution came over to Glasgow, where he had his education, and made great progress in the study of the Greek language, of which, in 1720, he was appointed professor in the university. In 1736 he published a Greek grammar, which was long used in the Scottish universities. 1742.

He died in

DUNN, (Samuel,) a mathematical teacher, who first kept a school at his native place, Crediton, in Devonshire, and afterwards at Chelsea. His reputation led to his being appointed mathematical examiner of the candidates for the East India Company's service. Several scientific papers of his have been published in the Philosophical Transactions, as well as separately; and he published a useful and accurate Atlas, in folio. He bequeathed an estate of about 30%. a year to establish a mathematical school at Crediton; the first master was appointed in 1793. The dates of his birth and death are not known.

DUNNING, (John, Lord Ashburton,) an eminent lawyer, was the second son of Mr. John Dunning, an attorney, of Ashburton, in Devonshire, where he was born in 1731. At the age of seven he was sent to the free grammar-school of his native place, where he made an astonishing progress in the classic languages. At the age of thirteen he was taken into his father's office, where he remained until his nineteenth year, when

Sir Thomas Clarke, master of the rolls, (to whom his father had been many years steward) took him under his protection, and sent him, in May 1752, to the Temple. In 1756 he was called to the bar, and travelled the western circuit, but had not a single brief; and he was three years at the bar before he received one hundred guineas. But at length he was enabled to emerge from obscurity. In 1759, the authority of the French in the East Indies was entirely overthrown by the success of the English troops. The great accession of power which thereupon accrued to this country, excited the jealousy of the Dutch, who, after some disputes in the country, transmitted their complaints home, in form, against the servants of the English East India Company, as violators of the neutrality, and interrupters of the Dutch commerce. As the defence of the English company against these charges was absolutely necessary, it became requisite to select some person to whom the task of their vindication might be committed, and Dunning was introduced to Laurence Sullivan, Esq., a director of the East India Company, as a person eminently qualified to undertake it. Dunning was accordingly employed to draw up the defence, which was published under the title of, A Defence of the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, and their Servants (particularly those at Bengal), against the Complaints of the Dutch East India Company; being a Memorial from the English Company to his Majesty on that subject, 1762, 4to. This memorial, which drew a conciliating answer from the Dutch government, was esteemed a master-piece of language and reasoning, and obtained for the writer both emolument and fame. In 1763 he gained an accession of reputation by his argument in the case of Combe v. Pitt; and in the same year an opportunity occurred of signalizing himself in defence of his friend Wilkes, whose papers, connected with the North Briton, had been seized by a general warrant, the question of legality of which was argued with such ability by Dunning, that his business rapidly increased. In 1766 he was chosen recorder of the city of Bristol, and in the following year he was appointed solicitorgeneral. In this office he continued until May 1770, when he resigned it, along with his friend and patron, lord Shelburne, afterwards marquis of Lansdowne, and returned to his original situation at the bar. In 1771 he was presented with

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the freedom of the city of London. In 1768 he was elected member for the borough of Calne, and vehemently opposed the administration which conducted the American war. On the change of administration in 1782, he was appointed, through the interest of his friend, lord Shelburne, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, one of the places against which he had himself often objected as useless and burthensome to the public; and was about the same time advanced to the peerage by the title of lord Ashburton, of Ashburton, in Devonshire. He died, worn out by indefatigable labour in his profession, August 18, 1783. He married, in 1780, Elizabeth, daughter of John Baring, Esq., of Larkbear, in Devonshire, sister to John Baring, Esq. Few men, in a career requiring the gifts of voice, person, and manner, had ever more difficulties to struggle with than lord Ashburton. He was a thick, short, compact man, with a sallow countenance, turned-up nose, and a constant shake of the head, with a hectic cough which so frequently interrupted the stream of his eloquence, that to any other man this single defect would be a material impediment in his profession; yet, with all these personal disadvantages, he no sooner opened a cause which required any exertion of talent, than his genius burst forth with dazzling effulgence, and his powers of argumentation swept from before them all opposition.

DUNOIS, (John d'Orleans, count of,) one of the heroes of France, born at Paris, in 1402, was natural son of Louis, duke of Orleans, second son of Charles V. who was assassinated by the duke of Burgundy. When France was almost reduced to the state of a province of England, he began to change its fortune by a victory over the earls of Warwick and Suffolk in 1427, of which the consequence was the raising of the siege of Montargis. He afterwards threw himself into Orleans; which city he defended with great resolution, till it was so closely pressed by the duke of Bedford, at the head of 24,000 men, that he thought of setting it on fire and making way through the enemy. At this juncture appeared Joan of Arc, by whose means the siege was raised. He gained various advantages over the English, particularly at the battle of Patay, in 1429, and contributed to the reduction of Paris, which he entered in triumph on the 13th of April, 1436. He had borne the name of the Bastard of Orleans till 1439, when the duke his

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