five out of seventy-five tragedies written by him were crowned with the prize, according to Varro; and of these only nineteen have come down to us. At some time after the expedition to Sicily, Euripides went to reside at the court of Archelaus, king of Macedon, being then seventy-two years old; and his life was after a few years terminated, by meeting, while walking in a wood, with his patron's hounds, which fell on him, and tore him to pieces. No very good edition exists of all the works of Euripides; but the labours of Porson, Elmsley, Hermann, &c. have been bestowed upon various separate plays. The earliest printed copy is that of John Lascaris, Florence, towards the end of the fourteenth century, in capitals, and containing the Medea, Hippolytus, Alcestis, and Andromache. The Aldine of 1503 contains seventeen plays; and there are other early editions. The edition of Barnes, Cambridge, 1694, enjoyed for some time a high reputation, which was destroyed by the labours of Valckenaer and Reiske. Musgrave's and Matthiæ's must also be mentioned.

EUSDEN, (Lawrence,) was of an Irish family, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. His earliest patron was lord Halifax, whose poem, The Battle of the Boyne, was translated into Latin by him; and in 1718 he was appointed poet laureate, by the duke of Newcastle, at that time ford chamberlain, and whom he had addressed in an epithalamium upon his marriage with lady Henrietta Godolphin. Eusden died at his rectory of Coningsby in Lincolnshire, in 1730, leaving a reputation which may be gathered from Cook's mention of him in the Battle of Poets,

"Eusden, a laurelled bard, by fortune raised, By very few was read, by fewer praised;" and other discommendatory remarks, in the note to the line containing his name in the Dunciad.

EUSEBIUS, (St.,) was elected pope in 310, and died in the same year.

EUSEBIUS, (Pamphilus,) bishop of Cæsarea, was born about 267, and received ordination from Agapius. He was the friend and companion of Pamphilus, who suffered martyrdom in the persecution of Diocletian, A.D. 309, but himself escaped unhurt; an immunity which he was afterwards accused of having purchased by consenting to sacrifice to idols. But this accusation appears to have rested upon no sufficient grounds. In 313 he succeeded Agapius in the bishopric of

Caesarea; and on the commencement of the dissensions between Arius and Alexander, espoused the cause of the former, but was one of the fathers who afterwards condemned the Arian doctrines at Nicæa in 325, although he then made considerable objection to the introduction of the Homoousion into the Nicene confession of faith. Eusebius, however, continued favourably disposed towards the Arians, and joined at Antioch, in 330, in the deposition of Eustathius, while his influence contributed not a little to the triumphant recall of Arius; and he condemned Athanasius, in concert with the other schismatical prelates, at the councils of Tyre and Cæsarea in 334. He died about 338. Eusebius possessed the confidence of Constantine in a high degree, and was in constant communication with him. He left a vast number of works, displaying great learning and ability. Of those which are preserved, the principal are:-1. The Apology for Origen. 2. A Treatise against Hierocles. 3. Fifteen books of the Evangelical Reparation, and twenty of the Demonstration. 4. A Chronicle from the earliest Times to the twentieth year of Constantine. 5. His Ecclesiastical History, which embraces the period from the beginning of the Church to the death of Licinius the Elder, being 324 years. 6. Five books on the Incarnation. 7. Six, of Commentaries on Isaiah; and thirty against Porphyry. 8. A Topography of Palestine and the Temple. 9. A Life of Pamphilus. Of all these, the Church History and the Life of Constantine are perhaps the most important. Gibbon chooses to impute downright partiality and misrepresentation to Eusebius in his character of an historian; and all agree that he wrote, if honestly, yet with the spirit rather of an advocate than of a critical investigator of truth. Yet the moderate course pursued by him in his lifetime should procure for him our esteem, although it may have tended to diminish the number of his contemporary admirers; and the veracity of all that he has related in his Church History is, except by Gibbon, unquestioned; and if he failed in performing to the utmost the duties of a faithful recorder of events, it was in suppressing all mention of what was unfavourable to the Christian character, rather than in perverting or misrepresenting any thing. The Ecclesiastical History has met with three Latin translators, and several editors; and various editions have been given of all his works.

EUSEBIUS, of Nicomedia, an Arian prelate of the early church, lived under Constantine and Constans. He was bishop of Berytus at the time of the council of Nicæa, and after making some overtures of conformity, refused to sign the condemnation of Arius, and was banished; but he soon obtained his recall, and with it a degree of influence over the emperor and his son, which enabled him to procure the temporal success of his party. He caused the deposition of several of the orthodox bishops, drove Athanasius into exile from Constantinople, and upon the death of Arius became the leader of his party. In 339 he usurped the bishopric of Constantinople, on the exile of Paul, the orthodox occupant of that see, and in 341 held a council at Antioch, where the Arian doctrines were publicly avowed, but he died in the following year.

EUSEBIUS, bishop of Vercelli, in the fourth century, was distinguished for his exertions against the Arians. He attended the council of Milan in 355, to maintain the orthodox faith, but was exiled to Palestine, and was only released from his sufferings there by the accession of Julian in 361. Eusebius was at Alexandria with Athanasius in 362, and joined in the acts of the council held there at that time; and was afterwards engaged in visiting and restoring tranquillity to the churches of Asia. He died at Vercelli, about 372, leaving two Pastoral Letters, and a Latin version of the Commentaries on the Psalms, by Eusebius of Cæsarea. In addition to these, a Latin version of the Evangelists, printed at Milan in 1743, and discovered among the MSS. of the church of Vercelli, has, but without sufficient reason, been ascribed to him: it would undoubtedly be of great value if its authenticity could be proved.

EUSEBIUS of Samosata, was bishop of that place in 361; and although at one time a partisan of Arius, became subsequently one of the most strenuous supporters of the orthodox faith. On the elevation of Meletus, by consent of both parties, to the see of Antioch, the written act of election was deposited with Eusebius; Meletus however disappointed the Arians, by subscribing to the Nicene Creed, and they endeavoured to annul his election. Eusebius, to prevent this, departed for Samosata, taking with him the papers confided to him, and displayed the utmost constancy in resisting the threats of the emperor, when required by him to give them up. In 363 he was at the council of Antioch; and in 371 was

banished by Valens to Thrace, upon the representations of the Arians, but continued to serve the Church, though in exile and in disguise. He returned from banishment on the death of Valens in 378, and afterwards visited the churches of Syria and Mesopotamia; when, upon entering the little city of Dolicha, in which the Arian party prevailed, to put Maris (an orthodox bishop, ordained by himself) in possession of his church, he was killed by a tile thrown by a woman from a housetop. He died beseeching that no steps should be taken against her; and, in fact, although prosecuted, her pardon was obtained by the Catholics. Eusebius was enrolled in the list of martyrs, and his death probably took place after 379.

EUSEBIUS, of Dorylæum, was originally an advocate in Constantinople, where he opposed himself to the errors of Nestorius, and afterwards became bishop of Dorylæum, in Phrygia. Eutyches, having fallen into errors of the very opposite nature to those of Nestorius, was denounced by Eusebius, in a council of thirty prelates at Constantinople; but in the false council of Ephesus, held in 449, the Eutychians prevailed, and Eusebius, on refusing to subscribe to their doctrine, was imprisoned. The general council of Chalcedon, in 451, condemned Eutyches and his opinions; and Eusebius lived to see his exertions for the true faith crowned with success.

EUSTACHI, (Bartolomeo,) a distinguished anatomist of the sixteenth century, was born at San-Severino, in the district of Ancona. He studied at Rome, and was afterwards physician to the cardinals Charles Borromeo and Julio Rovero. He died in 1574. His works are, An improved edition of Erotian's Lexicon to Hippocrates, Venice, 1556. De Renibus Libellus, Ven. 1563. De Dentibus Libellus, Ven. 1563. Opuscula Anatomica, Ven. 1564; which was edited by Boerhaave at Leyden, in 1707; and again published at Delft, in 1736. Tabulæ Anatomicæ, Rome, 1714. His anatomical labours, in almost every part of the human frame, entitle him to the highest praise; and his name is preserved in that of the Eustachian tube, which was for the first time pointed out by him. His delineation of the bones and muscles is most exact, and also contains many new discoveries; nor were the nervous and sanguineous systems less indebted to his accurate descriptions of them. His description of the liver and other viscera

left little to be added by succeeding anatomists; and the discovery of the venal capsules is entirely due to him. EUSTATHIUS, (St.) born at Sida, in Pamphylia, was bishop of Berea, and afterwards of Antioch. He was strongly opposed to Arius, and distinguished himself by his zealous eloquence at the council of Nicæa; and about 331 was deposed from his see by the influence of the Arian Eusebius of Nicomedia, upon the accusations of a woman, who afterwards confessed herself perjured. Nevertheless, Eustathius was exiled, and died about 337, in Macedonia or Thrace, or according to others about 360. All his works are lost; but a treatise on the Pythoness, which bears his name, was published by Leo Allatius in 1689, as does a commentary on the Six Days' Work, which, together with the former, is contained in vol. xxvii. of the Bibliotheca Patrum (edition of Lyons).

EUSTATHIUS, the Homeric commentator, was a native of Constantinople, and lived in the twelfth century. He was at first master of the Rhetors, and deacon of the great church; and was advanced to the archbishopric of Thessalonica by the emperor Emmanuel Comnenus, in which station he exhibited great prudence and ability. The time of his death is uncertain, but it probably occurred later than 1194. He is best known by his commentaries on Homer and Dionysius Periegetes; the first of which is a work of immense labour, and is a compilation from the works of the older commentators and scholiasts, to which Eustathius added little of his own. It was printed for the first time at Rome in 1542-1550, 4 vols, fol., but this edition is seldom met with; and again at Basle, by Froben, in 1559, 1560, in 3 vols, fol. An abridgment of Eustathius, in one volume, also appeared at the same place in 1558. The first five books of the Iliad were published by Politi at Florence, in 1730-35, with a Latin translation. His commentaries on the Periegesis were printed very imperfectly at Paris, in 1577; and at Oxford, by Hudson, in 1697, with the additions of Fabricius. Other works of this learned man have

been lost.

EUSTOCHIUM, (St.) a Roman lady of great piety, and descended from some of the most illustrious families of Rome, was a disciple of St. Jerome, who dedicated to her his treatise on Virginity. When he left Rome in 385, Eustochium, with her mother, Paula, undertook a

journey through Palestine and Egypt, to visit various sacred localities and the most famous monasteries, and was accompanied by a large assemblage of virgins. Finally, they established themselves at Bethlehem, where they founded a convent, under the rule of St. Jerome, of which Paula was the first, and Eustochium the second superior. She died in 419.

EUSTRATIUS, bishop of Nice in the twelfth century, was a polemic and philosophical writer. His Greek commentaries on Aristotle were printed at Venice in 1534.

EUTHYMIUS, (St.) the archimandrite, was born in Melitene, a province of Armenia, in 377, and at the age of twenty-nine retired to Palestine, where he occupied himself in building monasteries, and other works of piety, and became the superior, or archimandrite, of a large district of religious houses. He also preached to the Arabs and Saracens, and was zealous in his defence of the orthodox faith against the Nestorians and Eutychians, and rescued the empress Eudocia from the errors of the latter. He died in 473, and received saintly honours in the East, which were also recognised in the Romish calendar.

EUTHYMIUS, (Zigabenus, or Zigadenus,) a Greek monk of Constantinople. By desire of the emperor Alexis Comnenus, he wrote his work, Panoplia Dogmatica Orthodoxa Fidei, which has been printed at Lyons, 1536; Venice, 1575; Leyden, in 1556; and again at Tergovist, in Wallachia, 1710; and is contained in the Bibliotheca Patrum. He was also the author of other works.

EUTOCIUS, a Greek mathematician in the sixth century, was of Ascalon, in Palestine. He commented on the Conics of Apollonius, and some of the works of Archimedes; and his works are contained in the Oxford editions of these authors, prepared by Halley and Torelli. His commentary on the second book of the Sphere and Cylinders gives an account of the ancient attempts to solve the famous problem of duplicating the cube; and his comments are always lucid, full, and judiciously bestowed. The exact time in which he lived is uncertain; but it was probably in the middle of the sixth century.

EUTROPIUS, (Flavius,) a Roman historian, lived in the fourth century. His work consists of an abridged account of Roman History, from the foundation of that city to the reign of the emperor

Valens, and is contained in ten books. Eutropius appears to have been of senatorial rank, and was secretary to Constantine the Great; he also bore arms in the Persian expedition of Julian, and filled the offices of proconsul and prætorian præfect. The earliest edition of the Breviarium Rerum Romanorum was printed at Rome, 1471; and the best is that of Havercamp, Leyden, 1729; corrected by H. Verseik, Leyden, 1762. There are two ancient Greek translations of this summary, by Capito Lycias, and Pæanias; and it was at one time in great repute as a school book in England.

EUTYCHES, an heresiarch in the fifth century, was the abbot of a monastery near Constantinople, and at a late period of his life became distinguished for his opposition to the doctrinal errors of Nestorius. He was led himself into opinions equally unscriptural in the other extreme, and maintained that one nature only existed in Christ-namely, that of the Incarnate Word. He was condemned by a council held by Flavianus at Constantinople in 448, and deposed from his abbacy; but in the following year the false council of Ephesus reversed the decision of that of Constantinople, and deposed Flavian and the rest who had taken part against Eutyches. The authority of this Conventus Latronum, or Assembly of Robbers, as it was called, from its violent and irregular proceedings, has never been acknowleged; and Eutyches was finally condemned at the general council of Chalcedon, summoned by Marcian in 451, on the entreaty of Leo the Great. Six hundred and thirty bishops united in establishing the orthodox doctrine of Christ in one person and

two natures.

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EUTYCHES, or EUTYCHUS, grammarian and scholar of Priscian, lived about the middle of the sixth century, and wrote De Discernendis Conjugationibus, published by Joachim Camerarius, at Tubingen, 1537.

EUTYCHIUS, or SAID BEN BATRIC, was born in Egypt in the year 876. He was a Christian of the sect of the Melchites, and practised physic with great success; but afterwards turned to the study of theology, and was chosen patriarch of Alexandria in 933. On this occasion he assumed the Greek name of Eutychius, corresponding to his former one of Said, which signifies in Arabic "the Fortunate." He died in 950, or, according to Saxius, in 940. In addition to his medical and theological acquire273

VOL. VII.

ments, Eutychius was an historian, and composed annals of universal history from the earliest times to the year 900; part of which, relating to the Church of Alexandria, the Ecclesiæ suæ Origines, was published by Selden, in Arabic and Latin, London, 1642; and the whole was published by Pocock, at Oxford, in 1659.

EVAGORAS, king of Salamis, in Cyprus, recovered his throne from a Phoenician who wrongfully occupied it. He received Conon, after the battle of Egos Potamos, and procured for him the command of the Persian navy. On the peace of Antalcidas, Evagoras declared himself independent of the Persian power, in which he was supported by Amasis, king of Egypt; and being defeated at sea, sustained a siege by the Persian forces in Salamis, which city he was allowed to retain on paying an annual tribute. He was assassinated B.c. 374.

emperor

EVAGRIUS, surnamed Scholasticus, was a native of Epiphania, in Syria, and was distinguished as a legal advocate at Antioch. He was employed as his secretary by Gregory, bishop of that place, in his correspondence with the Tiberius Constantinus, by whom he was appointed quæstor, and was afterwards made præfect by his successor, Mauricius, and appears to have enjoyed great authority at Antioch. He composed an Ecclesiastical History, in six books, from the year 431 to 593, which was printed in Greek, by Robert Stephens, at Paris, in 1544; at Geneva, Greek and Latin, 1612; at Paris, 1673, with notes by Valerius; and at Cambridge, 1720, by W. Reading. The date of his birth is fixed about 536, but the time of his death is not known.

EVAGRIUS, (Ponticus, or Hyperborita,) a monk in the fourth century, was born near the shores of the Euxine, and was a teacher in the church of Constantinople under Gregory Nazianzen. He afterwards spent many years in religious solitude in the monastery of Nitria, and became celebrated for his piety throughout the East; but entertained the errors of Origen, and the opinions afterwards known as Pelagian. Several propositions contained in his writings were condemned in 553, and again by the council of Lateran in 649. Evagrius wrote, 1. Monachus, sive de Vitâ Practica. 2. Gnosticus. 3. Anthirrheticus. 4. Prognostica Problemata. 5. Sententiarum Libri II.; all of which are contained in the Bibliotheca Patrum, and in

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the Monum. Eccl. Græc. of Cotelerius. He died in 399.

EVANGELI, (Antonio,) a modern Italian writer, born in 1742, and died in 1805, was an ecclesiastic, and for many years professor of literature at Padua. He was well acquainted with several languages, and was the literary pupil of Jacob Stellini, whose Ethica and Opere varie were edited by Evangeli after his death. His works are, 1. Amor Musico, poëmetto in ottava rima, Pad. 1776. 2. Poesie Liriche, 1793. 3. Scelta d'Orazioni Italiane de' Miglioni Scrittori, Ven. 1796. He also wrote a Latin version of Gray's Elegy in a Country Churchyard. EVANS, (Abel,) was a member of St. John's college, Oxford, where he took his M.A. degree in 1699, and was one of the Oxford wits, celebrated in the couplet,

"Alma novem genuit celebres Rhedycina poetas ; Bubb, Stubb, Cobb, Crabb, Trapp, Young, Carey, Tickell, Evans."

He appears to have enjoyed the first literary society of his day; and is mentioned in the Dunciad, vol. ii. p. 116. Some poems and epigrams by him are contained in Nicholl's Select Collection.

EVANS, (Arise, Rice, or John,) was a famous astrologer in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and William Lilly's tutor in the occult sciences. He was by birth a Welshman, and became a member of the university of Oxford, from which he took orders, and obtained a cure in Staffordshire, which he was forced, after some years, to leave, on account of his disorderly life. Upon this he came to reside in London (where Lilly met with him in 1632), and exercised astrology and other magical sciences. By such practices, and by the sale of almanacs and prognostications (which afterwards attracted the favourable attention of bishop Warburton, and exposed him to some ridicule), Evans supported himself; but is said not to have reverenced the truth of his methods so absolutely as to refuse to contradict his own conclusions for money.

EVANS, (Caleb,) a dissenting Baptist minister, and D.D. of Aberdeen, was born at Bristol in 1737, and afterwards preached for many years to a congregation in that city. He died in 1791, leaving several published sermons and religious discourses.

EVANS, (Evan,) a Welsh divine, born about 1730, and died in 1790, was a diligent student of the literature of his native country. He published, in 1764, a quarto Dissertatio de Bardis, or Speci

mens of Ancient Welsh Poetry, with notes and dissertations; and an English poem, called The Love of Country, with historical notes, 1772; besides sermons translated into the Welsh language.

EVANS, (John,) a dissenting divine, born at Wrexham in 1680, where his father (ejected for nonconformity in 1662) preached to an Independent congregation. He was very carefully educated, and became distinguished for his piety, integrity, and moderation, which were displayed in his ministry at Wrexham and in London. He died in 1730, leaving, Practical Discourses concerning the Christian Temper, and various sermons.

EVANS, (Thomas,) born in 1742, and died in 1784, was a London bookseller, and distinguished for his literary taste, and the judicious publication of many valuable works.

EVANS, (Oliver,) a distinguished American mechanist, was born near Philadelphia in 1755. He constructed engines for the cotton manufacture, and introduced many improvements in the common corn mill; but he chiefly merits notice as the inventor of the high pressure steamengine. The application of steam as a locomotive power to carriages was also proposed by him; and in spite of universal incredulity, he actually produced a locomotive engine. He died in 1811.

EVANSON, (Edward,) was born in 1731, and graduated at the university of Cambridge, from which he took orders, and in 1768 became vicar of South Mimms, a preferment which he afterwards exchanged for the vicarage of Longdon, in Worcestershire. He was also rector of Tewkesbury; and it was after his removal to this place that he began to entertain doubts on the subject of the Trinity, which he is said to have submitted to the archbishop of Canterbury, with a request for explanation and assistance. It is certain, however, that he chose to make changes in reading the Liturgy, to accommodate it to his own views; for which, and for some opinions delivered in a sermon preached in 1771, he was subjected to a prosecution, from which he escaped in consequence of some irregularity in the proceedings against him. The obnoxious sermon was published with different versions on both sides; and Mr. Evanson appears to have found many supporters, by some of whom he was even encouraged in tampering with the Church Service. But in 1778 he resigned both his livings, and returned to Mitcham, where he supported himself