tants was so different from his own, led also to the publication of his treatise, Du Ministère des Pasteurs, written to prove that the first Reformers had no duly authorized call to the ministry. Both these works were published in 1688. The year after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he was nominated by the king chief of a mission into Poitou, for the conversion of the Protestants. This post he would only accept upon the condition that no other arms should be employed in the work than those of argument. He met, however, with but slender success, and on his return to Paris he resumed his functions there. He had before this time formed a connexion with the celebrated mystic, Madame de Guyon, and had accustomed himself to that sublime and seraphical, but obscure and indefinite language, in which she treated divine topics. From her also he imbibed that principle of making devotion an affair of the heart rather than of the understanding, to which he ever after adhered. In 1689 he was appointed, through the influence of the duke de Beauvilliers, preceptor to the young duke of Burgundy, the dauphin, (grandson of Louis XIV.) and to his younger brothers, the dukes of Anjou and Berri. Fenelon appears to have owed this advancement in some measure to Madame de Maintenon. Louis himself seems never to have liked him. His services, however, were rewarded in 1695 with the archbishopric of Cambray. He accepted it only upon the condition of being allowed to devote nine months in the year to his see, and three alone to the princes; and at the same time he resigned the valuable abbacy of St. Valery. But a storm now arose against him, which obliged him to leave the court for ever. This was occasioned by his book, entitled Explication des Maximes des Saints, which was published in 1697, and was regarded as an indirect apology for the quietism of Madame de Guyon, against whom Bossuet thundered his denunciations. Nor did he spare Fenelon, whom he more than suspected of favouring the obnoxious doctrines, and whom, upon his refusal to condemn them, he denounced to the king as a heretic. He at length so completely succeeded in alarming the consciences of Louis and Madame de Maintenon, that he obtained the banishment of the archbishop to his diocese. About this time his palace at Cambray, with all its furniture and books, was consumed by fire. In the meantime the condemnation of his book was urged with great warmth at the

court of Rome; and at length, in 1699, Innocent VIII. issued a brief of censure against the work, and twenty-three propositions extracted from it. Fenelon testified the most profound submission to the sentence, read his own condemnation from the pulpit, and composed a mandement against his book. But an offence more unpardonable in the eyes of Louis than want of orthodoxy now precipitated Fenelon from his elevation; this was the authorship of Telemachus, a work which the monarch considered as an indirect satire upon his own reign. His courtiers pretended to see the character of Madame de Montespan in Calypso; of Mademoiselle de Fontanges in Eucharis; of the duchess of Burgundy in Antiope; of Louvois in Protesilaus; of James II. in Idomeneus; and of Louis himself in Sesostris. The king stopped the impression of the work, which was going on from a copy surreptitiously obtained; and after the death of the duke of Burgundy, he burnt every manuscript of the preceptor which he found among that prince's papers. Telemachus, thus suppressed in France, was industriously circulated in Holland, and soon obtained the admiration of Europe. Hearing of the unfortunate impression which his book had made, Fenelon resolved to remain quietly in his diocese. To increase his uneasiness, Madame de Maintenon, incensed at his advice to the king not to marry her, withdrew from him her protection. During the war of the Spanish succession, when the situation of Cambray, on the frontiers of France, exposed his diocese to the incursions of the enemy, such was the respect which the character of Fenelon inspired, that the duke of Marlborough, and the other generals of the allies, expressly exempted the archiepiscopal lands of Cambray from all pillage or exaction. He wrote in support of the Jesuits in their successful attack against the Jansenists, and procured the disgrace of Noailles their patron, and the condemnation of their writings. The accident of being overturned in his carriage, succeeded by a fever, proved fatal to him in January, 1715. He expired in perfect tranquillity, deeply lamented by all the inhabitants of the Low Countries, and especially by the people of his diocese. So well had he balanced his worldly affairs, that he died without money and without a debt. duke de St. Simon in his Memoirs gives the following portrait of Fenelon: "He was a tall, lean, well-made man, with a large nose, eyes whence fire and sense

The

flowed in a torrent, a physiognomy resembling none which I have elsewhere seen, and which could not be forgotten after it had once been beheld. It combined opposites; it had both gravity and amenity, seriousness and gaiety, and equally spoke the theologian, the bishop, and the nobleman. Its prevailing expression, as well as that of his whole person, was sense, sagacity, grace, decorum, and especially elevation. It required an effort to cease to look at him. His manners were corresponding: they were marked with that ease which makes others easy, with that taste and air of good company which is only acquired by frequenting the great world." The principal works of Fenelon, besides those already mentioned, are Dialogues of the Dead, 2 vols, 12mo. These have more solid sense and a more elevated morality than those of Fontenelle, to which La Harpe has preferred them. Dialogues on Eloquence in general, and on that of the Pulpit in particular, with a Letter on Rhetoric and Poetry, 12mo; the Letter is addressed to the French Academy, of which he became a member in 1693; Philosophical Works, or Demonstration of the Existence of a God by Natural Proofs, 12mo; Letters on different Religious and Metaphysical Subjects, 12mo; Spiritual Works, 4 vols, 12mo; Sermons, 12mo; several pieces in favour of the bull Unigenitus and the Formulary. An edition of his works was published at Paris by Didot, in 1787-92, in 9 vols, 4to; another was published at Toulouse, in 1809-11, in 19 vols, 12mo.

FENESTELLA, (Lucius,) a Roman historian, mentioned by Pliny, Aulus Gellius, and other ancient authors. He wrote annals in many books, the twentysecond book being cited by Nonius; also Archaics, and other works. A book on the magistrates of Rome, falsely attributed to him, is now known to be the production of Dominic Floccus, a Florentine, in the fifteenth century. It was published about 1480, 4to. Fenestella's Fragmenta, with notes, were published with Wasse's Sallust, Cambridge, 1710.

FENN, (John,) an eminent Roman Catholic divine, and civilian, born at Montacute, in Somersetshire. He received his earlier education at Winchester school, whence he was removed to New college, Oxford, of which he was chosen fellow in 1552. In Mary's reign he was made chief master of the free-school at St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, where he acquired great reputation as a teacher.

This station he retained for some part of queen Elizabeth's reign; but an information having been laid against him, as unqualified by the laws of the Reformation, he went to Flanders, and afterwards to Rome, where he was admitted into the English college, studied theology for four years, and took orders. Returning afterwards to Flanders, he became confessor to the English nuns at Louvain. He died in 1615. He wrote, Vitæ quorundam Martyrum in Anglia; which is inserted in Bridgwater's Concertatio Ecclesiæ Catholicæ in Anglia; several of bishop Fisher's English works, translated into Latin; Catechismus Tridentinus, translated into English; Osorius's treatise against Walter Haddon, translated into English, Louvain, 1568, 8vo; The Life of St. Catharine of Sienna, from the Italian, 1609, 8vo; A Treatise on Tribulation, from the Italian of Caccia Guerra; Mysteries of the Rosary, from Gaspar Loartes.

FENN, (Sir John,) an English antiquary, born at Norwich in 1739, and educated partly at Scarning, in Norfolk, and partly at Boresdale, in Suffolk: he was then admitted of Gonville and Caius college, Cambridge, of which he was an honorary fellow till his marriage in 1766. He was afterwards in the commission of the peace, and a deputy-lieutenant, and served the office of sheriff for the county of Norfolk in 1791. Sir John Fenn distinguished himself early by his application to the study of our national history and antiquities, and made a large collection of original letters, written during the reigns of Henry VI. Edward IV. Richard III. and Henry VII. by such of the Paston family and others as were personally present in court and camp. Two volumes of these letters were published in 1787, in 4to, and dedicated to George III. who rewarded the editor with the honour of knighthood. Two more volumes appeared in 1789, with notes and illustrations. Though he contributed nothing to the Archeologia of the Society of Antiquaries, of which he was a fellow, he was a benefactor to them, by drawing up three Chronological Tables of their members, which were printed in a 4to pamphlet, 1784, for the use of the Society. He died in 1794.

FENNER, (William,) a puritan divine, born in 1660, and educated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge. He afterwards became a preacher at Sedgeley, in Staffordshire, where he continued for four years, and afterwards officiated from place to place,

without any promotion, until the earl of Warwick, who was his friend and patron, presented him to the rectory of Rochford, in Essex, in 1629. His sermons and tracts were collected in 1658, in 1 vol, fol. He died in 1640.

FENOUILLOT DE FALBAIRE, (Charles George,) a French dramatist, born in 1727, at Salins, in FrancheComté. He was designed for the Church, but the bent of his mind was towards general literature, and, after filling an office in the finance department, which he lost on the breaking out of the Revolution, he began to write for the stage. His dramas, L'honnête Criminel, and Piété filiale, and an opera, called Les Deux Avares, were very successful. He was also a contributor to the Encyclopédie. He died in 1800.

FENTON, (Edward,) an English navigator in the reign of Elizabeth, descended from an ancient family in Nottinghamshire. His inclination led him at first to a military life, and he served for some time in Ireland; but, upon Sir Martin Frobisher's report of the probability of discovering a north-west passage into the South Seas, he resolved to embark with him in his second voyage, and was appointed captain of the Gabriel, a bark of twenty-five tons, in which he accompanied Sir Martin in 1577, to the straits that now bear his name. In another expedition with the same commander, he had the title of rear-admiral. The miscarriage of this voyage had not convinced Fenton of the impracticability of the project; he solicited another trial, and it was, after much application, granted him. His instructions from the privycouncil were, that he should endeavour the discovery of a north-west passage. He sailed in the spring of 1582, with four vessels, and having met with a Spanish squadron, he gave them battle, and, after a severe engagement, sunk their viceadmiral, and returned home in May 1583. He was next appointed to the command of a ship sent out against the Armada in 1588. In some accounts of this action he is said to have commanded the Antelope, in others, the Mary Rose; but his talents and bravery in the action are universally acknowledged. He died at or near Deptford in 1603. A monument was erected to his memory in the parish church of Deptford, at the expense of Richard, earl of Cork, who had married his niece.

FENTON, (Sir Geoffrey,) brother of the preceding, an eminent writer

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and statesman, who flourished in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. He translated from the Italian, The History of the Wars of Italy, by Guicciardini. This is dedicated to queen Elizabeth, 1579. He had published before, Certaine Tragical Discourses written oute of French and Latin, 1567, 4to, reprinted in 1579; An Account of a Dispute at Paris, between two Doctors of the Sorbonne, and two Ministers of God's Word, 1571, a translation; An Epistle, or Godly Admonition, sent to the Pastors of the Flemish Church in Antwerp, exhorting them to concord with other Ministers; written by Antony de Carro, 1578, a translation; Golden Epistles, containing variety of discourses, both moral, philosophical, and divine, gathered as well out of the remainder of Guevara's works, as other authors, Latin, French, and Italian. Newly corrected and amended. Mon heur viendra, 1577. It is dedicated to Ann, countess of Oxenford, daughter of William Cecil, lord Burleigh, who was Fenton's best patron. He served the queen in Ireland, and being in particular favour with Arthur lord Grey, then lord deputy in that kingdom, he was sworn of the privy-council about 1581. He married Alice, daughter of Dr. Robert Weston, lord chancellor of Ireland, and dean of the arches in England, who had no small credit with the earl of Leicester, and other statesmen in the court of Elizabeth. The queen placed great confidence in him, and his credit with her was not to be shaken by the artifices of any faction. He took every opportunity of persuading the queen that the Irish were to be governed only by the rules of strict justice, and that the safety and glory of her govern. ment in that island depended on her subjects enjoying equal laws and protection of their property. He was the means of extinguishing more than one rebellion, and of totally reducing the kingdom to submission to the English government. In 1603 he married his only daughter, Katherine, to the celebrated Mr. Boyle, afterwards earl of Corke, and died at his house in Dublin, Oct. 19, 1608, and was interred in the cathedral of St. Patrick. His translation of Guicciardini, and his Guevara's Epistles, have risen in price, since the language of the Elizabethan period has been more studied; and the style of Fenton, like that of most of his contemporaries, is far superior to that of the authors of the succeeding reign, if we except Raleigh and Knolles.

FENTON, (Elijah,) an English poet,

born at Shelton, near Newcastle-underLine, in Staffordshire, in 1683. He was the youngest of twelve children, and was designed for the Church. After going through a course of grammatical education, he was, in 1700, admitted a pensioner of Jesus college, Cambridge, where he prosecuted his studies with remarkable diligence; but after taking his bachelor's degree, in 1704, he inclined to the sentiments of the nonjurors, and consequently refusing to take the oaths to government, was obliged to quit the university. His first employment was that of secretary to Charles, earl of Orrery, whom he accompanied to Flanders. He returned to England in 1705, and soon after became assistant in the school of Mr. Bonwicke, at Headley, near Leatherhead, in Surrey; after which he was invited to the mastership of the free grammar-school, at Sevenoaks, in Kent. In 1710 he was persuaded by Mr. St. John (afterwards ford Bolingbroke) to give up this school, and to look up to him as his patron. But from him, after all, Fenton derived no advantage. Not long after, however, his former patron, the earl of Orrery, appointed him tutor to his son, lord Broghill. About the time this engagement was about to expire, Craggs, secretary of state, feeling his own want of literature, desired Pope to procure him an instructor, by whose help he might supply the deficiencies of his education. Pope recommended Fenton, whose expectations were soon blighted by Craggs's sudden death. His next engagement was with Pope himself, who, after the great success of his translation of the Iliad, undertook that of the Odyssey, and determined to engage auxiliaries. Twelve books he took to himself, and twelve he distributed between Broome and Fenton. According to Johnson and Warton, Fenton translated the first, fourth, nineteenth, and twentieth, which he had before rendered into blank verse. For this he received three hundred pounds. In 1723, his tragedy of Mariamne was brought on the stage in Lincoln's-inn-fields, and was performed with such success, that the profits of the author are said to have amounted to nearly a thousand pounds. In 1727, Fenton revised a new edition of Milton's Poems, and prefixed to it a short but elegant life of the author. In 1729 he published a noble edition of Waller, with notes. By the recommendation of Pope to the widow of Sir William Trumbull, that lady invited him to be tutor to her son, first at home, and afterwards at

Cambridge; and she afterwards retained him in her family as auditor of her accounts. He died in 1730, at East Hampstead, in Berkshire, lady Trumbull's seat, and was interred in the parish church, and his tomb was honoured with an epitaph by Pope. Dr. Johnson observes, that "Of his morals and his conversation, the account is uniform. He was never named but with praise and fondness, as a man in the highest degree amiable and excellent. Such was the character given him by the earl of Orrery, his pupil; such is the testimony of Pope; and such were the suffrages of all who could boast of his acquaintance." Fenton's principal reputation as a poet rests on his Mariamne, and his share in the Odyssey; but his Miscellaneous Poems, printed in 1717, have procured him a place among the English poets in Dr. Johnson's collection. His Ode to Lord Gower is highly commended by Pope.

FENTON, (Richard,) a Welsh barrister, of the eighteenth century, who wrote an Historical Tour through Pembrokeshire, 1811, 4to; A Tour in Search of a Genealogy; and Memoirs of an Old Wig. He left in MS. a translation of Athenæus. He was the friend of Goldsmith, Glover, and Garrick; and died in 1821, at an advanced age.

FEO, (Francesco,) a musical composer, who founded a school of singing at Naples, born about the year 1699. He was a pupil of Gizzi, and the last instructor of Jomelli. His church music, especially his masses and a beautiful Kyrie, are distinguished for their grandeur, strength, and energy. He also composed several operas, among which his Ariana and Arsace are pre-eminent. From the latter Gluck has borrowed his overture to Iphigenia. The date of his death is not known.

In

FEOPHAN, (Prokopowitsch,) called the Russian Chrysostom, was archbishop of Novogorod, and one of the fellowlabourers of Peter the Great, and was born at Kieff, in 1681. He studied at his native place, and afterwards at the Lithuanian schools, and at Rome. 1704 he was appointed lecturer of poetry at the Academy of Kieff. In 1711 he accompanied Peter in the Turkish campaign, and on his return was made rector and teacher of theology in the academy of his native place; and in 1716 he was consecrated bishop of Pschow and Narwa, when he assisted Peter in his reform of the Russian hierarchy. In 1721 he was made archbishop of Novogorod, and

second vice-president of the Holy Synod. He died at Petersburg in 1736. His works in Latin and Russian are very

numerous.

FERAND, (John Francis,) a French grammarian, born at Marseilles in 1725. He was educated among the Jesuits, and was sent by them to Besançon, where he became professor of rhetoric and philosophy. He wrote Dictionnaire Grammatical de la Langue Française, Avignon, 1761, 8vo, and Paris, 1786, 2 vols, 8vo; and Dictionnaire Critique de la Langue Française, Marseilles, 1787, 1788, 3 vols, 4to. He died in 1807.

FERBER, (John James,) an eminent Swedish mineralogist, born at Carlscrona in 1743. In 1760 he repaired to Upsal, where he studied under Wallerius, Cronstadt, Linnæus, and others. He resided also at the observatory with Mallet the astronomer, and under his directions studied the mathematics and astronomy. He entered about the same time into a friendship with the celebrated Bergman, whose Sciagraphia Regni Mineralis he afterwards published. He next got an appointment in the College of Mines, made a tour through those provinces of Sweden where the principal mines are situated, and afterwards wrote at Carlscrona his Diarium Flora Carolicoronensis. In 1765 he set out on his travels, and visited Germany, and resided for some time at Berlin, where he studied chemistry under Pott and Markgraf; he made a considerable stay also at Leipsic; after which he visited the German mines in the Hartz forest, in the Palatinate, Bavaria, Nassau, Austria, &c.; then the mines in Bohemia, and particularly those in Hungary, where he formed an acquaintance with Born. He next proceeded to France and Holland, and thence to England, where he examined the mines of Cornwall and Derbyshire. His letters on Italy, published by his friend Born, are particularly interesting. The Italians themselves acknowledge that, though a foreigner, he was the first who made them acquainted with the natural riches of their country; as Winkelman first called their attention to many works of art contained in it, which had before escaped their notice. After his return to Sweden, he was invited, in 1774, by the duke of Courland to be professor of experimental philosophy and natural history in the high school of Mittau. In 1783 he was invited by Catharine II. to become professor of the natural sciences at Petersburg. In 1786 339

he entered into the service of Prussia, and in 1788 made a tour through Anspach and Deux-Ponts to Switzerland, and thence to France. He died of an attack of apoplexy at Berne, in 1790, in the forty-seventh year of his age, and was buried in one of the church-yards there, by the side of the celebrated Haller.

FERDINAND, of Cordova, a learned Spaniard, considered as a prodigy in the fifteenth century, may be termed the Crichton of Spain, for the extent and variety of his attainments and accomplishments. It is said that he foretold the death of Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy, and in 1445 was the admiration of all the learned at Paris. Commentaries on Ptolemy's Almagest, and on the Apocalypse, are ascribed to him, and a treatise De Artificio omnis scibilis.

FERDINAND I., emperor of Germany, second son of the archduke Philip, by Jeanna of Castile, was born at Alcala in 1503. He was crowned king of Hungary and Bohemia in 1527, on the death of his brother-in-law, Louis the younger, the last king; in 1531 he was elected king of the Romans; and in 1558 succeeded to the imperial dignity of emperor, on the abdication of his elder brother, Charles V. He governed with moderation and prudence; and, after making peace with the Turks, and producing a reconciliation between the kings of Sweden and Denmark, he died at Vienna in 1564. In his reign it was resolved by the electors, Protestant as well as Catholic, that in future no emperor should receive the crown from the hands of the pope, and that, instead of the customary form in which the emperor elect professed his obedience to the head of the Church, a mere complimentary epistle should be substituted. Thus ended the last remains of the temporal dependence of the German empire on the see of Rome. He was succeeded by his son Maximilian.

FERDINAND II., archduke of Austria, grandson of the preceding, and son of Charles, duke of Styria, was born in 1578, was made king of Bohemia in 1617, and of Hungary in 1618, and was raised to the imperial throne in 1619. His subjects of Bohemia revolted, and placed on the throne Frederic V. elector palatine, and son-in-law of James I. of England; but Ferdinand defeated them at the battle of Prague in 1620, and the dukedom of the usurper was given to Maximilian, duke of Bavaria. The pretensions of the unfortunate Palatine were supported by Christian IV., king of Denmark; but the

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