rudiments of education, he displayed such skill as to render his name distinguished in the arts. He excelled in architectural views, and many of his works are in the palace at Turin. He died in 1758.

DALLANS, (Ralph,) a clever English organ-builder, who was much employed at the period of the Restoration in restoring or repairing the church organs that had been destroyed or injured during the civil wars. He built new instruments for St. George's chapel, Windsor; New College Chapel, Oxford; and many others. He died in 1672.

DALLAS, (Alexander James,) an American lawyer and statesman, born in Jamaica, in 1759, where his father was an eminent physician. He received his education partly at Edinburgh and partly at Westminster. In 1783 he settled in Philadelphia. In 1785 he was admitted to practise as an advocate in the supreme court of Pennsylvania; and in the course of four or five years he became a practitioner in the courts of the United States. He was editor of the Colombian Magazine, and his contributions are said to have displayed considerable ability. In 1791 he was appointed secretary of Pennsylvania; and in December 1793 his commission was renewed. In December 1796 he again obtained the post of secretary of state; and while in office he published an edition of the laws of the commonwealth, with notes. In 1801, on the election of Jefferson to the presidency of the United States, Dallas was appointed attorney of the United States for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. In 1814 he was made secretary of the treasury of the United States; and in March 1815 he was secretary at war. He died in 1817.

DALLAS, (Sir Robert,) an eminent lawyer, the eldest son of Robert Dallas, Esq., of Kensington. He was educated, along with his brother George, at Geneva, under the care of M. Chauvet. He then entered at the Temple, and was called to the bar; where he displayed singular ability. It was his good fortune to be employed on the side of Mr. Hastings; and here his talents obtained for him a silk gown, as king's counsel. In 1802 he was returned to Parliament for St. Michael's, in Cornwall; but, on succeeding Sir Vicary Gibbs, as chief-justice of Chester, his seat became vacant, and he was returned for Kirkaldy. In 1813 he was appointed one of the puisne judges of the Court of Common Pleas; and in 1818 he succeeded his friend,

Gibbs, in the presidency of the same court. He resigned his situation in the court of Common Pleas in November 1823, and died on the 25th of December in the following year.

DALLAS, (Sir George, Bart.,) an eminent political writer, brother of the preceding, born in London, in 1758. He was educated principally at Geneva, under the care of M. Chauvet, a distinguished minister of the Swiss church. At the age of eighteen he sailed for Bengal, as a writer in the service of the East India Company. He shortly afterwards published, at Calcutta, a clever and popular poem, entitled The India Guide. He was soon promoted, at the desire of Mr. Hastings, to the post of superintendent of the collections at Raageshay-an office for which he was eminently qualified by his integrity, sagacity, and knowledge of the native languages. After six years he was obliged, by the failure of his health, to solicit leave to return to England, when he was deputed by the inhabitants of Calcutta to present at the bar of the House of Commons a petition against Mr. Pitt's India Bill. In 1789 he published an able pamphlet in vindication of Mr. Hastings; and in 1793 he published Thoughts upon our present Situation, with Remarks upon the Policy of a War with France, in which he vehemently denounced the principles of the French Revolution. This work speedily went through several editions, and excited the admiration of Mr. Pitt, at whose suggestion it was reprinted for general distribution. The critical condition of Ireland at this time led to the publication of his Observations upon the Oath of Allegiance, as prescribed by the Enrolling Act, which were followed by A Letter from a Father to a Son, a United Irishman. In the same year appeared the first of his celebrated Letters to Lord Moira, on the Political and Commercial State of Ireland, published in the Anti-Jacobin, and were afterwards, at the particular request of Mr. Pitt, embodied in a separate work. These papers were republished in a volume entitled, Beauties of the Anti-Jacobin. In 1798 he published another Address to the People of Ireland, on the present Situation of Public Affairs. In the same year he was raised to the dignity of a baronet. In 1799 appeared his Considerations on the Impolicy of treating for Peace with the present Regicide Government of France; and soon after he was returned to Parliament for the

borough of Newport, in the Isle of Wight. He next published A Letter to Sir William Pulteney, Bart., Member for Shrewsbury, on the Subject of the Trade between India and Europe; and in 1808 he published A Defence of the Wars undertaken by the Marquis Wellesley in the Deccan and Hindostan. In 1813 he published, anonymously, a tract on the religious conversion of the Hindûs, under the title of A Letter from a Field-Officer at Madras. He died in 1833.

DALLAS, (Robert Charles,) a miscellaneous writer, born, in 1754, at Jamaica, and educated, first at Musselburgh, in Scotland, and next under Mr. Elphinston, at Kensington; after which he studied the law in the Inner Temple. On coming of age he returned to Jamaica; but, after a residence of three years, he returned to England, and gave himself up to literary pursuits. He wrote several novels, A History of the Maroons, and Recollections of Lord Byron. He died in Normandy, in 1824.

DALLAWAY, (James,) an English divine, poet, and miscellaneous writer, born at Bristol, in 1763. He was educated at the grammar-school of Cirencester, and at Trinity college, Oxford. In 1789 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries; and in 1792 he published, in 4to, Enquiries into the Origin and Progress of Heraldry in England, with Observations on Armorial Ensigns, dedicated to the duke of Norfolk, through whose influence he was appointed chaplain and physician to the British embassy at the Porte. After his return he published, Constantinople, Ancient and Modern, with Excursions to the Shores and Islands of the Archipelago, and to the Troad, 1797, 4to. In 1802 he communicated to the Society of Antiquaries an Account of the Walls of Constantinople; which is printed, with four plates, in the Archæologia, vol. xiv. In 1797 he was appointed secretary to the earl marshal; and in 1799 the duke of Norfolk presented him to the rectory of South Stoke, in Sussex; and in 1801 he obtained the vicarage of Letherhead, in Surrey. In 1800 he published, in 8vo, Anecdotes of the Arts in England, or comparative Remarks on Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting, chiefly illustrated by Specimens at Oxford. In 1803 he edited, in five volumes, 8vo, The Letters and other Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, from her original MSS., with Memoirs of her Life. In 1816 he published a work entitled, Of

Statuary and Sculpture among the Ancients, with some Account of Specimens preserved in England, 8vo. In 1806 he superintended an embellished edition of Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, which includes Vertue's Memoirs of the English Painters and Engravers. He died in 1834.

DALLINGTON, (Sir Robert,) according to Fuller, was born at Gedington, in the county of Northampton, and bred a Bible-clerk in Corpus Christi college, Cambridge; but Wood says he was a Greek scholar in Pembroke hall. He published A Book of Epitaphs, made upon the Death of the right worshipful Sir William Buttes, knt. in 1583. After travelling in Italy, he published Survey of the Great Duke's State of Tuscany in the year 1596; and in the same year appeared his Method of Travel, showed by taking a view of France as it stood in 1598, 4to. He next became secretary to Francis, earl of Rutland, then one of the privy chamber to prince Charles, and master of the Charter-house, where he introduced into the school the custom of versifying on passages of Scripture. About this time he was knighted. He was incorporated A.M. at Oxford in 1601, and published Aphorismes, Civil and Military, amplified with authorities, and exemplified with history out of the first quaterne of Fr. Guiccardini, Lond. 1615, fol. in which he is said to have "shown both wit and judgment." He died in 1637, and was buried in the Charter-house chapel.

DALMASIO, (Lippo Scannabecchi,) a painter, born at Bologna about 1370. He painted heads of the Virgin with such remarkable grace and beauty, that he was called Lippo dalle Madonne. Some assert that he painted in oil; but this is not the fact, as it is admitted that to John van Eyck we are indebted for the discovery of that mode of painting.

DALMATIN, (George,) a learned Lutheran divine, who flourished in the sixteenth century. In 1658 he translated Luther's German Bible into the Sclavonian or Carniolan language; which work the states of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola determined should be printed for the benefit of the people in their respective countries. Their design, however, alarmed the bigotry of Charles, archduke of Austria, who issued an order to prohibit its impression in any of the Austrian dominions. In these circumstances they sent Dalmatin, accompanied by Adam Bohoritsch, evangelic rector at

Laybach, to Wittemberg, with recommendations to the elector of Saxony, under whose protection the work was completed in 1584. Dalmatin now returned to his native country, where he was presented by Christopher, baron of Aursperg, to the benefice of St. Khaziam, in the diocese of the patriarch of Aquileia. But the Romanists procured a sentence of banishment to be pronounced against him in 1598. The date of his death is not known.

DALRYMPLE, (James,) the first viscount Stair, was born in 1619, at Dummurchie, in the county of Ayr. He received his earlier education at the school of Mauchlin, whence he was removed to Glasgow. He left college in 1638, and at the breaking out of the civil war obtained a captain's commission in the earl of Glencairn's regiment. In 1641 he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in the university of Glasgow. In this place he sedulously pursued the study of the civil law, with a view to the profession of the law. In 1647 he resigned his chair, came to Edinburgh, and, after the usual trials, was admitted an advocate on the 17th of February, 1648. The following year he was appointed secretary to the commissioners sent by the Scottish parliament to treat with Charles II., then an exile in Holland, for his return to his native dominions. He held the same office in 1650. During the Protectorate he was recommended to Cromwell by general Monk, as a fit person to be one of the judges of the court of session, and on the 1st of July, 1657, he took his seat on the bench. At the Restoration he was knighted, and was also nominated one of the lords of session. He was created a baronet in 1664, and was appointed president of the court of session in 1671, and held the office till 1681, when, on account of his conduct on occasion of the Test Act, he was superseded, and found it necessary to retire into Holland. In 1681 he published his Institutions of the Law of Scotland. From his retirement at Leyden he transmitted to the Edinburgh press his Decisions of the Court of Session from 1661 to 1681; the first volume appearing in 1684, and the second in 1687; and in 1686 he published at Leyden his Philosophia Nova Experimentalis. On coming over to this country with the Prince of Orange, with whom he had been much in favour while in Holland, he was reinstated in the presidency; and on the 21st of April, 1690, he was raised to the peerage by the style and title of viscount

Stair. The same year he was re-appointed lord-advocate; and the next year advanced to be one of the principal secretaries of state, in which latter place he continued till the year 1695, when he was driven from office upon the parliamentary inquiry into the massacre of Glenco. He died in the end of the same year, shortly after the publication of his work entitled, A Vindication of the Divine Perfections.

DALRYMPLE, (Sir David,) better known by his titular designation of Lord Hailes, was born at Edinburgh in 1726, and, after acquiring the rudiments of his education in his native place, was sent to Eton. He afterwards returned to Edinburgh, whence, after passing through the usual course at the university there, he was sent to Utrecht to study the civil law. In 1748 he was called to the bar. After eighteen years of professional life, he was raised to the bench of the court of session; and ten years afterwards he was appointed a lord of justiciary. His works are numerous and multifarious, and evince great ability. In 1773 he published Remarks on the History of Scotland; and in 1776 and 1779, Annals of Scotland, 2 vols, 4to, containing the history of fourteen Scottish kings. He published besides, Memorials and Letters relating to the History of Britain, in the reign of James I. and Charles I. 2 vols, 1762 and 1766; Biographia Scotica; Remains of Christian Antiquity, 3 vols, and other tracts on antiquities, history, divinity, &c. He died in 1792.

DALRYMPLE, (Alexander,) an eminent hydrographer, born at New Hailes, the seat of his father, Sir James Dalrymple, Bart., in 1737. When scarce sixteen years of age he went out as a writer in the East India Company's service. Soon after his arrival in India he was placed in the secretary's office, in the records of which he found certain papers on the subject of a commerce with the Eastern Archipelago; and so interested in the subject did he become, that he refused the secretaryship, and determined on a voyage of observation among the eastern islands. In 1763 he returned to England. In 1769, when the Royal Society proposed to send persons to observe the transit of Venus, he made an unsuccessful tender of his services, and his place was supplied by Cook. On lord Pigot's appointment to be governor of Fort St. George, in 1775, Dalrymple was reinstated in the service of the East India Company, and went out to Madras

as a member of council and one of the committee of circuit; but in 1777 he was recalled. Two years afterwards he was appointed hydrographer to the East India Company; and in 1795, when the Admiralty at last established the like office, it was given to Dalrymple. This place he retained till 1808. In May of that year the Admiralty insisted on his resignation on the ground of superannuation, and upon his refusal he was dismissed. He died of chagrin, in the following month. A list of his works is appended to a memoir of the author, furnished by himself, in the European Magazine for November and December, 1802.

DALRYMPLE, (Sir Hugh Whiteford,) an English officer, born in 1750. He entered young into the army, and obtained a colonel's commission in 1790. He served on the continent, under the duke of York, in 1793, and was present at the battle of Famars, and the siege of Valenciennes. He was afterwards advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general, and for some time commanded in Guernsey. He was removed to the staff at Gibraltar in 1806; and in August 1808 he was sent to take the command of the British army in Portugal. He arrived just after the battle of Vimiera; and the convention of Cintra, which he entered into with the French general Junot, subjected the English commander to great obloquy, though he was justified by the sentence of a court of inquiry. He was subsequently appointed colonel of the 57th regiment, and governor of Blackness castle, and in 1812 he obtained the rank of general. He was created a baronet in 1814. He died in 1830.

DALTON, (Michael,) an English lawyer, born in the county of Cambridge, in 1554, and bred to his profession in Lincoln's-inn, or Gray's-inn, and was formerly as well known for his book On the Office of Justice of the Peace, as Burn is at present; his Duty of Sheriffs was also a book in high repute. In 1592 he supported the episcopal power in the House of Commons when attacked by the Puritan party. There is a MS. of his in the British Museum, entitled A Breviary or Chronology of the State of the Roman or Western Church or Empire; the Decay of true Religion, and the Rising of Papacy, from the Time of our Saviour till Martin Luther. In this he is styled Michael Dalton, of Gray's-inn, Esq. It is supposed that he died before the commencement of the civil war.

DALTON, (John,) a divine and

poet, born in 1709, at Deane, in Cumberland, where his father was rector. He received his earlier education at Lowther, in Westmoreland, and was thence removed to Queen's college, Oxford. He afterwards became tutor to the only son of the duke of Somerset. During his attendance on his noble pupil he employed some of his leisure hours in adapting Milton's Masque at Ludlow Castle to the stage, by a judicious insertion of several songs and passages, selected from other of Milton's works, as well as of several songs and other elegant additions of his own, suited to the characters and to the manner of the original author. This became a favourite dramatic entertainment, under the title of Comus, a masque, being set to music by Dr. Arne. During the celebrity of this performance, he sought out Milton's grand-daughter, who was overwhelmed with old age and poverty, and honourably exerted his influence to procure her a benefit, which produced her 120. His ill health afterwards prevented him from attending his noble pupil, who unfortunately died of the small-pox at Bologna. After being elected to a fellowship in his college, he took orders, and was presented, some time after, by the duke of Somerset, to the living of St. Mary-at-Hill, and by his influence to a prebend at Worcester, where he died in 1763. He published, a volume of Sermons, 1757; Two Epistles, 4to; A descriptive Poem on the Coal Mines near Whitehaven; Remarks on twelve historical Designs of Raphael.

DALTON, (Richard,) brother of the preceding, was originally apprenticed to à coach-painter in Clerkenwell. He next went to Rome to pursue the study of painting. He afterwards visited Naples, Sicily, Malta, Constantinople, Greece, and Egypt. This voyage led to the publication, in 1781, of his Explanation of the set of Prints relative to the Manners, Customs, &c. of the present Inhabitants of Egypt, from discoveries made on the spot, 1749, etched and engraved by Richard Dalton, Esq. On his return to England he was, by the interest of lord Charlemont, introduced to the notice of George III., who appointed him his librarian, and afterwards keeper of the royal drawings, medals, &c.; and in 1778, upon the death of Mr. Knapton, the king appointed him surveyor of the pictures in the palaces. Upon his first appointment at court, he had apartments at St. James's palace, where he