altered and renewed, and a raised platform, covering the church vaults, and a brick chamber, annexed to the tower, have been built against it.

Devereux Tower caps the north-west angle of the ward. In plan it is about three-quarters of an irregular circle, 35 ft. across at the gorge, and of about

30 ft. projection. It is of two stages; the lower 10 ft. or 12 ft. being solid. A well-stair at its junction with the north curtain leads downwards from the church platform to the basement, and to a vaulted garderobe, 7 ft. 10 in. by 6 ft. 7 in. with two exterior loops, and one towards the inner ward. This is in the curtain.

The basement is of an irregular figure, a sort of polygon of four very unequal sides, with a curved outer end. It is vaulted, and its outward portion has

three, and its inward four hip-ribs, plain, chamfered, and 13 in. broad, springing from the wall without pier or corbel, and meeting irregularly in mitred joints at the crown. The wall is about 12 ft. thick, and in two of the sides and the curved end are three roundheaded recesses of 7 ft. 6 in. opening, intended for loops, but now fitted with windows. The ring-stones of these recesses appear original, and much resemble those in Wakefield tower.

The entrance-door from the stairs has a slightly drop arch, and near it another similar but larger door, set in a deep recess, opens into a vault about 22 ft. by 16 ft., looped outwards. This vault is a Tudor casemate of brick, but half of it is in the old curtain, and probably old, though lined. As the door is certainly old, this may have been an original mural chamber, or it may have opened on the "terre-plein" before the church vaults were built. The vaulting of the tower is chalk, the ribs and coigns of harder material. Possibly the walls and recesses of this tower are Late Norman, of the age of the Wakefield, and the ribs and vaulting Early English, or later additions, or, which is more probable, the whole is of one date, Richard I., or John. It is a very curious structure. Bayley says that courses of tiles were seen in the masonry like those found in the adjacent city wall, of the fragments of which it may certainly have been constructed. If the whitewash were removed, and the exposed masonry examined, we should probably learn whether the base of the tower be a part of the ancient enceinte of the fortress, the work of Henry II. or his son.

The survey of 1597 shows two circular turrets at its junction with its curtains, and calls it "Robyn the Devyll's Tower," or, later, "Develin Tower." Its present appellation is derived from Robert, Earl of Essex, confined here in 1601. The superstructure is modern.

Flint Tower was taken down in the last century, and rebuilt of brick, and was again rebuilt in stone, a few years ago. In its present form it is a rectangle, 40 ft. square, having a slight interior and bold exterior projection, and its outer face is rounded. The sur

vey of 1597 shows the interior projection and the usual flanking turrets, but the whole of the present tower appears new, and even the exterior base is either new or has been cased. In the curtain, close west, is a modern staircase in the wall.

The Curtain from Devereux to Flint tower, 90 ft., though capped with a modern parapet, and casemated within, seems in substance to be old; as does the Curtain, also 90 ft., from Flint to Bowyer tower.

Bowyer Tower caps the salient of 160 degrees which breaks the north front of this ward. It is in plan a half-round, flat-sided, of 45 ft. diameter, 28 ft. projection from the exterior of the curtain, and ranging with its interior face, here thickened by the addition of modern casemates. It had in 1597 one circular turret at its junction with its east curtain. The basement is original, and only altered by the substitution of windows for loops. . In plan it is rectangular, with a bow of three faces, in each a recess for a loop, the walls being 10 ft. thick.

There is also a

blank recess in the west wall. The entrance door is in the south side, and close east of it, is a smaller door, communicating with a chamber in the east wall. Above the entrance-door is a trace of a large closedup arch in the wall. The arches are all drop-pointed. The chamber is vaulted, and from its angles, without piers or corbels, spring four plain, heavy, chamfered hip-ribs, which meet, without boss or ornament, in the crown. They are of the pattern of those in Devereux tower, and no doubt of rather Early Decorated date, and probably of the reign of Edward III.

The upper floor is wholly new, as is the whole casing of the exterior.

Bowyer tower was, from an early date, the residence and probably workshop of the royal maker of bows. In 1223 Grillot was making "balistas corneas;" and, for his encouragement, he had, in 1224, a robe for his wife. Soon afterwards the Archbishop of York had orders to send up Roger Balistarius, with all his implements, to the Tower, paying his expenses. Bayley gives a good perspective drawing of the interior.

From Bowyer to Brick tower, 62 ft., the Curtain is lined with modern casemates, but seems in substance original, though capped with a new parapet, and cased at its exterior base.

Brick Tower, in 1532 Burbidge tower, was, in 1597, shown as a half-round, with a circular turret upon its eastern flank, in the base of which was a mural chamber, and no doubt a staircase. It appears to have been recently rebuilt from the foundation, and is now a horse-shoe tower, of 44 ft. diameter, and 42 ft. at the

F

gorge, applied to very ignoble purposes. Its projection from the curtain is 36 ft.

The Curtain from hence to Martin's tower, 65 ft., seems to have been rebuilt. It is casemated, and, close to the latter tower, is pierced for a staircase of twenty-seven steps, which ascends from the outer to the inner ward, and shows the point of greatest difference of level between them.

[St.] Martin, or Jewel, formerly Brick tower, is the residence of the keeper of the jewels. It caps the north-east angle of the ward, and is in plan an irregular circle 40 ft. diameter. Its base for 12 ft. or

14 ft., seen in the outer ward, is solid; but, unlike the other towers, is mere rough foundation work, evidently intended to be covered up. Possibly Brass mount, a bastion of the outer ward, just in front of this tower, was a small mound or cavalier, and extended backwards to the tower. But, however this may have been, the outer ward, at the base of this tower, was certainly 10 ft. to 12 ft. higher than it now is.

Above the foundation, the wall of the tower, some way up the basement floor, is of fine close-jointed ashlar, like that of Bell tower. Still higher, the wall is rubble, with vertical lines of ashlar, as described in Beauchamp tower.

The interior of this tower is so disfigured with lath and plaster partitions, and linings of wood, and so cut up into small domestic apartments, that little or nothing can be made of its original details, which probably remain but slightly altered. The basement floor, until recently the Jewel-house, and now a