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SHINGLE MANUFACTURE.

The manufacture of shingles is practically the same in all sections of the country, and comprises the two classes of breasted, usually spoken of as shaved, and sawed shingles.

Breasted or shaved shingles are, in white pine, usually eighteen inches in length, the standard thickness being five shingles to two and one half inches in thickness at the butt, and one-sixteenth inch at the point. Sometimes, though of late but seldom, they are made a full half inch thick at the butt. In some markets, notably as we go South, we find some white pine shingles twenty-four inches long, with butts of five-eighths and points of one-eighth inch. The cypress and cedar shingles of Virginia and fur. ther South are largely of twenty, twenty-four and thirty inches length by one-half inch butt.

A breasted shingle should be of full length with square ends, even thickness of butt, and uniform points, with no clips at the point. The dressing or breasting should be perfectly smooth, as though planed, and free from ridges or grooves. Nothing less than a standard shingle four inches wide should be packed in the bunch, although an occasional three inch is not criticised. The edges should be perfectly square, unless, as practiced by some first-class makers, they are uniformly beveled so that one edge will fit the next with a partial overlay.

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Breasted shingles are usually packed in bunches of 500, or two bunches to the thousand, the bunches being packed twenty-four inches wide (six shingles) by forty-two courses at each end. Cypress and other extra length shingles are packed in round bunches of 100 shingles each. Clipped and imperfectly breasted shingles are classed as No. 2, or Common. Shaved shingles of less than seven-sixteenths butt must be uniform and nice to be admitted to the brand of No. 1, or Extra.

Sawed shingles are manufactured at different points, of different sizes. Michigan produces for the eastern and southern trade nothing but eighteen inch shingles, while the Chicago and western trade demands only sixteen inch shingles. Some markets use fourteen inch and even twelve inch lengths.

The best sawed shingles are made from split quartered white pine, al though the practice of quartering with a saw is an extended one. In the hands of an inexperienced sawyer a sawed block will often be made t turn out bastard shingles, which are objectionable. and, in fact, worthless

upon a roof. Shingles should always be sawed with, and not across the grain. The inspection of shingles of all lengths is the same. Eighteen inch are always sawed five to two and one-fourth inches at the butt, one-sixteenth points, except on special orders for cuts of five to two inches. Sixteen inch shingles are cut five to two inches at the butt, with one-sixteenth inch points.

There are so many designations given to shingles by various manufacturers, that it would be impolitic to give anything but standard classifications. Strictly first-class shingles are always entitled to a brand of XXX, and in bunches so marked should be found only shingles of full length, full thicknesses and uniform points; free from all rot, shake, sap, knots, worm-holes, bastards or defects of any nature; they should be packed in uniform bunches of 250 shingles, four inches wide always be'ng the standard shingle. All shingles the manufacturers of which have lopted fancy brands, such as "Star," " Extra," etc., should come up to he standard given for XXX.

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No shingle should be packed in a bunch of No. 2 shingles which is not ree from all defects, sap included, to such extent that the shingle is perfect for at least six inches from the butt, and the defects from that to the point must be of a character which will forbid the passage of water through the shingles. These are by some makers branded "six inch clears," while a brand of ten inch clear," or twelve inch clear," denotes a shingle free from defects for the length indicated, measuring from the butt. As a rule no shingles can be considered marketable which will not lay five inches to the weather in eighteen inches, and four inches to the weather in sixteen inches, without showing defects at the butt; eighteen inch XXX are usually laid six inches to the weather, and sixteen inch XXX are laid from four and a half to five inches to the weather.

It is not uncommon, however, to pack the coarse shingles in bunches marked No, 2, where the brands of XXX for the best, and X or XX for the clear butts is adopted. In connection with the brand "A" largely in vogue in the West, choice A" is the equivalent of XXX, and is better than "standard A" only in some minor respects more fictitious than real, for anything which deserves the name standard is supposed in shingles to mean the best, and custom of many years standing has decreed that XXX shall always be a standard or choice shingle.

"Shaded A" may represent a clear butt of six, ten or twelve inches, but if the grade is below XXX, be it so called, or be it known as choice or standard, it is a No. 2, and its value can be fixed only by knowing to what extent the manufacturer looked upon defects as admissable in packing.

The main defects in shingles of any length may be summed up as follows: Bad sawing, the butts not running of even thickness, and the points being clipped or feathered. Bastard sawing, by which the grain of

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