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mankind, and impressed the deepest sentiment of fear on the hearts of her enemies?

me?

4. What scourge for perjury

Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence?

5. What constitutes a State?

6. What have I done, that thou darest wag thy tongue in noise against

7..Whence is that knocking?

8. How is 't with me, when every noise appalls me?

EXCEPTION TO RULE 3.

Exception. An Indefinite repeated for the sake of emphasis, or to obtain a more distinct answer, is delivered with the Upward Slide.

Examples.

1. When will you go to Boston? Next week. When will you go to Boston? Next week.

2. Falstaff. A plague on all cowards, say I.

Prince Henry. What's the matter?

Fal. What's the matter? Here be four of us have taken a thousand

pounds this morning.

Prince H. Where is it, Jack? Where is it?

Fal. Where is it? taken from us, it is.

INDIRECT.

The Indirect are interrogatives in a declarative form.

Rule 4. Indirect interrogative sentences are delivered with the Waving Slide: that is, the Upper Sweep to the emphatic word, and the Lower Sweep from it.

Examples.

1. You assisted at the Capitol this morning?

2. They visited Egypt before returning?

3. Surely you will return to-morrow?

4. I certainly must have seen you at Chicago?

5. Thou art not wont to join in the prattle of the common people at Rome?

6. Surely he will leave it in the care of his country?

EXCEPTION TO RULE 4.

Exception. In a series of Indirect interrogatives the last member should be delivered like a Declarative.

• Examples.

1. You have an elegant show case at your window? Yes, sir. And you seem highly pleased with it? Yes, sir.

2. You visited the Exposition at Paris? Yes, sir. You saw the Emperor of France? Yes, sir. And the Turkish train? Yes, sir. On the whole, you must have seen very many wonders? Yes, sir, many.

EXCLAMATORY.

Exclamatory sentences are Declarative, Interrogative, and Spontaneous.

All Exclamatory sentences are, in reality, either Declarative or Interrogative sentences, and are delivered with precisely the same movement of voice, but (for the sake of Exclamation) with a greater degree of emotion or passion expressed. Hence,

Rule 5. Exclamatory sentences are delivered like the Declarative and Interrogative sentences from which they are derived; except that they require in addition the peculiar effects of the emotions and passions.

Examples of Declarative.

1. I will paint the death-dew on his brow!

2. Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit,
And look on death itself!

3. She murmured as she died!

4. Think on thy chains!

5. Look on this wedge of gold!

6. The starless grave shall shine
The portal of eternal day!

Examples of Interrogative.

DEFINITE.

1. Is that vile thing the cause of this!

2. Can it be possible!

3. Was it not a terrible night when we met on the beach! 4. Do you think they did the deed!

INDEFINITE.

1. Whence comes that noise !

2. Who ever thought

In such a homely piece of stuff, to see
The mighty Senate's tool!

3. How his eyes glare!

4. Who did the murder!

INDIRECT.

1. You do not believe he joined in the riot !

2. Let them not die in that terrible manner!

3. He saved his family from the burning walls!

4. Thou wouldst not have me make a trial of my skill upon my child!

See there!

Examples of Spontaneous.

Behold! Avaunt! Hurra! Hold! Away! Look! Shame! Lo! Lush! Hush!

They are called Spontaneous because they are generally uttered without deliberation.

While the preceding rules apply to simple sentences, there are very few compound sentences that are really exceptions to these rules; or, of which a thorough knowledge of them will not determine the delivery. Therefore, the student, next in value to a knowledge of the voice, should thoroughly acquaint himself with these rules.

VIII. PHONETIC LAUGHTER.

Laughter as an art, may be easily learned by the aid of Phonetics. It is one of the most interesting and healthy of all vocal exercises. There are in the English language thirty-two well defined varieties of laughter.

Eighteen are produced in connection with the Tonics a, e, i, o, u; nine with the Subtonics of l, m, n, ng, r, th, v, and z; and five with the Atonics of f, h, s, th, and sh. In practicing the student should first utter a tonic, and

then prefixing the oral element of h, should produce in continued repetition the syllable; as, ā, hā, hā, hã, &c.; ă, hă, hă, &c.

IX. GESTURE.

Gesture should be used only when it will aid in expressing language more forcibly; and, to be appropriate and impressive, it must always be natural; for, when Gesture appears studied and artificial, it obviously destroys the effect.

No speaker should be so prolific or eccentric in gesture, that his audience will notice any peculiarities of gesture, but will remember only, that all were graceful and appropriate. The learner will find the following rules of value.

1. The Gesture employed most frequently, is the movement used in handing a book or other article to a friend.

And what is the delivery of an oration, but simply the presentation of ideas to the audience?

POSITION OF THE HAND: The hand open: the first finger straight, the others slightly curved; and generally the palms of the hands open toward the audience, so that they may be seen by the audience.

2. The Argumentative, commonly called the "Henry Clay" gesture may, and should be used most frequently in debate, and argumentative declamation.

POSITION OF THE HAND: First finger straight, the others closed, or nearly so.

This gesture is very useful in earnest debate; as it was often remarked of Clay that the arguments seemed to drop from the end of his finger. These gestures, indeed, as they serve to bring the thoughts and arguments to a point, are of great value in any discourse.

3. The Fist, sometimes called the "Sledge-Hammer " gesture, should be used in the expression of the most earnest, powerful, moving sentiments where strong argu

ments are to be brought out with telling effect. This gesture was a favorite one with Daniel Webster; and in those memorable debates with Hayne in the United States Senate, he is said to have riveted his arguments with the force of a giant, when at every appropriate place, he brought down his "Sledge-Hammer" gesture; as, in the expression, “Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable."

GESTURE, WHEN USED.

Save in debate and argumentative orations, gesture should seldom be used, except when referring to some object in nature.

1. When referring to the earth covered with snow, to withering famine, to desolation in whatever respect; or, when referring to death, or hell, always have the palm of the hand downward; and the arm raised but slightly from the body.

Examples.

The time

Of blossoms and green leaves is yet afar;

And ere it comes, the encountering winds shall oft
Muster their wrath again, and rapid clouds
Shade heaven, and bounding on the frozen earth
Shall fall their volleyed stores, rounded like hail
And white like snow, and the loud North again
Shall buffet the vexed forest in his rage.-BRYANT.

2. When referring to the earth robed in green, to the trees and flowers in bloom; to life, or to abundance, always have the palm of the hand upward, and often raised as high as the head.

Examples.

Now the bright morning star, day's harbinger,
Comes dancing from the east, and leads with her
The flowery May, who from her green lap throws
The yellow cowslip and the pale primrose.
Hail beauteous May, that dost inspire

Mirth and youth and warm desire!-MILTON.

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