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double row, waltzing, and tumbling, and performing a number of gymnastic feats, as though they were practicing for the profession of the acrobat. All this goes on under a clinking of chains, such as a score of Macheaths would make dancing in fetters. On a stricter examination, you perceive that steam machinery is here brought into play to supersede human labor. The casks are placed in iron frames, which rotate in every conceivable manner; and whilst these gyrations are going on, you hear a rumbling in the interior of each barrel which testifies to an internal agony of no ordinary kind. On inquiring what caused these dismal moans, the gentleman who kindly showed us round the establishment mildly drew forth from a bung hole about a couple of yards of chain, studded with sharp cones, and explained how religiously these cones went into the corners, and worked about every inch of the interior of the devoted cask. We think it a pity that the ingenious engineer who devised this apparatus had not lived in the dark ages, to have exerted his skill in constructing refined torturing instruments for the benefit of the poor enduring mortals of that period. He is throwing himself away upon barrels, that is clear. To convey these barrels, when filled, to the publicans, we have the splendid stud of horses fitted to draw such noble liquor, and the army of draymen worthy to drive them:

He who drives fat oxen Should himself be fat.

The stables of these horses are the most interesting show-places of the establishment, especially to the ladies. There are two of these, contaning stallage for 130 horses, the number employed by the firm. Over the rack of each stall, the name of the horse is painted, and here you see Heroes, Dukes, Wellingtons, Milkmaids, Alexanders, Smilers, &c., eating away in profound ignorance of the honorable and pleasant names they bear. These are, however, only show names; each horse, it is true, always goes, when at home, under his label, but the drayman has generally a pet name of his own, to which they affectionately answer. These fine animals come principally from Lincolnshire, and are, we imagine, of Flemish origin; they cost, on an average, 707. each, and last seven years. People imagine that they get so fat on the grains of the brewery, but this is an error; they are fed on the best oats, and work accordingly. The intelligence of these animals must have often been remarked by the reader as he has passed along and ob

served them pulling the empty barrels out of the publicans' cellars,-which is, by-theby, tougher work than it looks, and there have been many instances of horses having been dragged into vaults by the weight of some of the heavier casks. These beasts are by nature good-tempered, but many of them become completely soured, by little boys, who steal horse hairs from their long tails, while the draymen are down in the publicans' cellars.

The draymen of this establishment are eighty in number. Perhaps these brewers' laborers are the most powerful body of men in existence. They are taller than the guardsmen, and heavier by a couple of stone. The dress of the drayman is peculiar: he wears a large loose smock frock extending to the knees, and over this a thick leathern kind of tippet, which covers the shoulders, and comes down in front like an apron. The simple line of the costume makes the man appear still taller than he is. The size of these men is not owing to the unlimited beer which it is popularly supposed they have at command. They are all picked on account of their inches, and are limited to a certain amount of free stout every day. The extensive stock of horses kept here necessitates a number of stable attendants; of these and farriers there are twenty-one, so that the Messrs. Hanbury & Co. could, if they pleased, furnish a troop of the very heavist cavalry at a moment's notice.

Let us, by way of contrast, pass from the dray-horses and the draymen-which "are of the earth, earthy"-into the painter's shop of the establishment, or rather into the artist's studio, for here is it not only a mere matter of letter-painting we have to contemplate, but the fine arts! The mere painter's shop, it is true, is full of nothing but "Truman, Hanbury, and Buxton's Entire," "Truman, Hanbury, and Buxton's Ale," &c., painted on the brightest of backgrounds; but there is a little sanctum, wherein the fancy work is done. When we entered this, we beheld the artist pleasantly contemplating the picture of a camel-leopard cropping the branches of an overhanging tree, and very well it was done too; and so we told our friend, who, with palette in hand, informed us it was for the sign of the tavern in the immediate vicinity of the Surrey Zoological Gardens. The artist no doubt dwelt over the work with the more care, in order that no disparaging remarks might be made by persons who might have had an opportunity of seeing the spotted and tawny original so close at hand. The line taken by Messrs. Hanbu

ry's painter does not appear to be very clearly defined. We were afraid to ask him how many Red Lions he had painted in his time, or how finished he had become in portraits of the Marquis of Granby. We can answer, however, for his proficiency in the subject of White Harts, and he was putting the last touch of gilt upon a gigantic carved bunch of grapes, with all the artistic sensitiveness of a Lance.

The large brewers of the metropolis always furnish the signs to the publicans who sell their beer and porter. We were informed at the Messrs. Hanbury's that they had sent out last year 400 new ones, and repaired 350 at a cost of 13007.; these sign-boards remain the property of the brewers supplying them. Many people have an idea that the great brewers take and entirely furnish taverns for those that will become agents for the sale of their beer; this is another popular error. The brewers, however, are in the habit of advancing a sum of money upon the publican's lease, but no bargain is entered into, we have been given to understand, by which the publican is compelled, in return, to sell their goods; if, however, the brewer holds the lease, that follows as a matter of course. It is obviously to the advantage of the brewers to obtain trustworthy venders for their ale and porter, as their names stand as guarantees of the goodness of the article sold within, and a dishonest man has it in his power to damage a brewer in the public estimation by adulterating his beer. This may be done in many ways; firstly, by simply sugaring and watering it, the commonest method of all; secondly, by dosing it with salt and tobacco, in order that the toper's "appetite may grow with that it feeds on ;" and thirdly, by imbittering it with quassia, in order to give it a hoppy flavor. The idea that ale is sometimes adulterated with strychnine, a little time ago very prevalent, was quite a mistaken one, as that drug is by far too expensive to be used for such a purpose.

To return, however, to our subject. From what we have said, it will be seen that the Messrs. Hanbury are, in fact, to a very great extent, their own tradesmen. Thus there is a cooperage, a farrier's shop, a millwright's shop, a carpenter's shop, a wheelwright's shop, and a painter's shop, and a little artist's studio. The different buildings in which all these trades are carried on surround the central yard or beer-barrel depôt, and they make up, in short, a very respectable village. Here is a list of this little industrial army.

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This number is exclusive of the higher class of skilled labor employed in the direction of the establishment and in the counter. The heads of the different departments are filled by the partners in the house, of which we have been given to understand there are eight, and that six of these take an active part in the business. A general council decides all matters of importance, but each partner is responsible for some particular department. Thus one manages the publican department. The different houses under his management might be looked upon as his colonies; from them flows in the main part of the revenue of the firm, and in return he assists them in their need. In this office he is assisted by one of the younger partners. The head of this department has also the important duty of purchasing the supplies of hops required by the house-a duty which requires for its proper fulfilment great judg ment and experience. Another of the partners presides over the malt department; he looks over all the samples of barley and malt, and to him the different maltsters employed by the firm always appeal. The storehouse also is under his eye, and his is the important duty of seeing that the ale and porter manufactured is sent in good condition to the customers. One of the younger partners acts as his lieutenant in this arduous and responsible post. To the principal partner is entrusted the financial department. Through his hands pass the enormous sums of moneys paid and received, the total amount of which may be guessed from the sum already mentioned as having been expended last year in the purchase of malt and hops alone. other partner presides over the export trade

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a very large and growing department, now that so many English mouths accustomed to wholesome English ale and porter are to be found in America and Australia. Another manages the cooperage, and has control over the eighty thousand barrels subject to the firm, which, if placed together end to end,

would extend forty-five miles in length; in addition to which he manages the country trade, which is very large in the manufacturing towns, where the signs of the firm are almost as well known as in London. After the ministers, or council of six, come the clerks; of these there are forty employed. Their stations are various. The most important is a gentleman who looks after the publicans; one is engineer, architect, and surveyor; others are spread among the storehouses, the brewery, and the cooperage; and some collect the moneys of the firm, whilst the remainder act as clerks in the counting-house.

Steam power, as we have shown, is extensively used throughout the brewery. There is one feature, however, connected with the product of the steam to which we wish to call special attention, as it is a matter of the utmost importance to the public in whatever light we look at it.

There are sixteen large furnace-chimneys in connection with the brewery, which of old used to pour forth a cloud of smoke from morning to night. The blacks arising therefrom would have been nuisance enough in any neighborhood, but in the centre of Spitalfields, the seat of the hand-loom weaver, it was destructive in the highest degree; the fine satins and expensive silks manufactured here were always more or less damaged whilst issuing from the loom itself. It became a matter of importance, therefore, to put a stop as far as possible to so serious an evil; and as early as the year 1848, long before the Smoke Consuming Act was passed, the Messrs. Hanbury & Co. made an experiment upon one of the furnaces with Jucke's smoke consuming apparatus, which entirely succeeded, and they have since successively applied it to all the furnaces. The apparatus is exceedingly simple, and never gets out of order. The principle of action is to supply the fuel to the bottom of the furnace; by so doing all the smoke has to pass through the fire instead of over and away from it, as in the ordinary manner. The way this is accomplished is very simple. An endless-jointed and rather open blanket-chain, the width of the furnace, is made to revolve over two rollers placed at either end of the fire. This chain consequently forms the base or platform upon which the coal rests. One end of this revolving platform extends a couple of feet or so beyond the furnace door, and on this portion a quantity of screened or dust coal is always kept. When a fresh supply of fuel is required, the engineer has only to turn a handle, the chain works on a couple

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of feet, and whilst the coal is insinuated under the clinkers at one end, the refuse is worked out of the furnace at the other. In order to test the power of this invention to consume the smoke, we were taken up to the roof of the brewery, which commands a view of the fourteen tall chimneys belonging to it. Not a particle of opaque vapor could be seen emerging from any one of them; in fact, they looked as idle as the " silly buckets on the deck," in the Ancient Mariner. These smokeless shafts, however, were a fine prospect, and as we gazed upon them, the atmosphere in the future, like a dissolving process in the views at the Polytechnic, became exquisitely clear, the newly-built columns came out sharp against the sky, the clouds of soot from St. Paul's dropped down like a black veil, and all the city, in our mind's seye, stood before us at mid-day, as clear, bright, and crisp as Paris appears from the Arc de Triomphe. Sooner or later this vision must be a reality; the great factories within the limits of the city must consume their own smoke according to law; and now that Dr. Arnott has applied the same apparatus to the domestic hearth, we may reasonably hope to see every grate consume its own smoke. The best incentive to manufacturers to apply the new apparatus is the fact that the saving in the consumption and prime cost of the fuel used is thereby considerable. The following is an account of the saving effected at Messrs. Hanbury & Co.'s brewery. It will be seen that as furnace after furnace was fitted with the apparatus, its economical operation became more apparent :—

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very satisfactory state of things. We are given to understand that a similar apparatus has been erected in Price & Co.'s Patent Candle factory at Lambeth with the same satisfactory result; and we have not the slightest doubt that the time is very near at hand when the thousands of chaldrons of floating coal in the air which now descend upon our linen and our furniture, to the deterioration in the capital alone of millions a year, will speedily be remembered as an "institution of the dark ages."

A still more interesting question to us, however, is that of the " moral smoke" in connection with the people employed in this brewery, and of the measures taken by the firm to consume it. Some time since, the pages of this Magazine contained an interesting account of the schools and other arrangements established by the managers of the Belmont Patent Candle Factory for the mental and physical benefit of their work-people. We are glad to find that in this great brewery the partners have been also mindful of the moral and intellectual condition of their workpeople. A Library containing nearly 2000 volumes has been provided. These books are lent out to read, and however little of the look of the student the burly drayman might have about him, we can assure the reader that very extensive use has been made of this lending library. A short time since a reading-room was added, but this has not turned out so successful. The only time

that the persons employed in the brewery could attend would of course be after the hours of labor, and it is found that, either from the men being too tired to return to the brewery, or from a disinclination to do so, the place is but little used.

The proprietors have had more success with what appears to us the most important institution of the brewery-the Savings Bank. We are informed that the laboring men have already deposited 12,000l. in it; and this sum is exclusive of the subscriptions to the benefit club, and of the sum laid by in the same institution by the clerks, which reaches a much larger amount.

The School-a very large one-built for the use of the children of the workmen some years ago, is not in the immediate vicinity of the brewery, as the firm could not obtain a convenient site. It contains a thousand children. It is not exclusively nor even chiefly used by them, but by the children of the neighborhood in which it is situated. The firm is, however, about to establish a school for the elder boys of the men, which is to be of a first-rate character. This mental training-ground is to be made subsidiary to the interests of the firm as well as of the children themselves; that is, the lads who show most talent and industry are to have the first offer of employment in the concern. By this means merit will find its due reward, and the brewery will be fed with that invaluable commodity-intelligent and assiduous labor.

HABITS OF THE LATE CZAR.--The habits of the late Czar are said to have been ostentatiously simple, dramatically soldier-like. The luxuries on his table were not for him. His military form was but upon rare occasions to be seen enclosed within a covered carriage. His industry was as remarkable as his temperance; to inspect fortresses and review army corps he would travel days and nights. He was a devourer of newspapers, not of the few feeble reactionary journals published in free countries-those he despised-but of such newspapers as he well knew represented the independence and intelligence of the communities where they were produced. A list of the newspapers which the Emperor daily scanned might possibly astonish some persons. The Emperor's death was sudden

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From Colburn's New Monthly.

THE CZAR NICHOLAS AND THE FRENCH ACTRESS.

Ir is not a revival of one of those expedients which novelists used to employ to account for the autobiographical character of their fictions, but a simple fact which is stated, when the reader is assured that the following pages came into the translator's possession by accident. In the year 1842, he occupied apartments in a house in Jermynstreet, where a short time previously a French actress had resided. One morning the landlady entered his room with a roll of manuscript in her hand. She had found it, she said, under the seat of the sofa in the room which the French lady had occupied. She knew nothing of the language in which it was written, and wished to know if the papers were of any importance. Glancing at them in a cursory manner, they appeared to him to be merely a brouillon that had been cast aside in a very imperfect state, as if the writer had become tired of her task, and he satisfied his landlady by the assurance that the papers were not, as she supposed, the French lady's will. Had it even been so there was no clue to her address, nor was her name accurately remembered: the manuscript was consequently left in the translator's hands, nor was it until a few weeks since that they again turned up. Observing then that the name of the present Emperor of Russia appeared in several places, curiosity prompted him to see in what way that august personage had become associated with a French actress. He read the MS. through, and found it to contain matter which represented the Czar in a phase somewhat different from the one that now engages the attention of the world. He believes it will be read with interest: not diminished, perhaps, by the suppression of one import

ant name.

In the year 1837, I obtained a congé from the Gymnase to go to London, an engagement having been offered me by the manager of the new theatre established in the quarter of the Court for the representation of French comedy, at that time an entire novelty to

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the English public. I confess that, although my vanity was gratified in having been selected by the amiable entrepreneur as a person calculated to reflect no discredit on the French stage, I undertook the journey to | London with anything but pleasurable sensations, in respect to what more particularly concerned myself. I had never before approached the shores of England, the people and the language were alike unfamiliar to me, my reception might be influenced by I knew not what coldness or caprice: in fine, I was adventuring into a new world, with nothing for my guide but my own powers of observation, nothing to sustain me but my own courage.

But it was not long after my arrival that I discovered I had magnified the difficulties of my position. The journals of London gave to my début a very favorable accueil, the habitués of the theatre joined with them in applauding my efforts, and in an agreeable circle of acquaintance I learnt that the agréments of society were not confined to Paris only. Alas, yes! I soon acquired the conviction of something more! My visit to London had an immense influence over my after-life, and at the moment even while I write that influence is more powerful than ever. Ought I to deplore or rejoice at it? That is a question I cannot answer, an alternative in which I am constantly placed. At least it was my fate, during the short period of time of which I speak, to form that attachment which by me can never be forgotten! He, too, has said the same-still says so. Ah! could he but convince my heart! Once a single glance sufficed to do so; now I must depend on words alone! But enough of the present: let me speak of the past.

On my return to Paris I resumed my duties at the Gymnase, but I no longer found in them my former enjoyment. My thoughts too often reverted to what I had left behind, and it was only by a supreme effort that I could obtain the distraction which was necessary to my repose. In occupying my mind with study, my chief object was to render

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