Laybach, to Wittemberg, with recommendations to the elector of Saxony, under whose protection the work was completed in 1584. Dalmatin now returned to his native country, where he was presented by Christopher, baron of Aursperg, to the benefice of St. Khaziam, in the diocese of the patriarch of Aquileia. But the Romanists procured a sentence of banishment to be pronounced against him in 1598. The date of his death is not known.

DALRYMPLE, (James,) the first viscount Stair, was born in 1619, at Dummurchie, in the county of Ayr. He received his earlier education at the school of Mauchlin, whence he was removed to Glasgow. He left college in 1638, and at the breaking out of the civil war obtained a captain's commission in the earl of Glencairn's regiment. In 1641 he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in the university of Glasgow. In this place he sedulously pursued the study of the civil law, with a view to the profession of the law. In 1647 he resigned his chair, came to Edinburgh, and, after the usual trials, was admitted an advocate on the 17th of February, 1648. The following year he was appointed secretary to the commissioners sent by the Scottish parliament to treat with Charles II., then an exile in Holland, for his return to his native dominions. He held the same office in 1650. During the Protectorate he was recommended to Cromwell by general Monk, as a fit person to be one of the judges of the court of session, and on the 1st of July, 1657, he took his seat on the bench. At the Restoration he was knighted, and was also nominated one of the lords of session. He was created a baronet in 1664, and was appointed president of the court of session in 1671, and held the office till 1681, when, on account of his conduct on occasion of the Test Act, he was superseded, and found it necessary to retire into Holland. In 1681 he published his Institutions of the Law of Scotland. From his retirement at Leyden he transmitted to the Edinburgh press his Decisions of the Court of Session from 1661 to 1681; the first volume appearing in 1684, and the second in 1687; and in 1686 he published at Leyden his Philosophia Nova Experimentalis. On coming over to this country with the Prince of Orange, with whom he had been much in favour while in Holland, he was reinstated in the presidency; and on the 21st of April, 1690, he was raised to the peerage by the style and title of viscount

Stair. The same year he was re-appointed lord-advocate; and the next year advanced to be one of the principal secretaries of state, in which latter place he continued till the year 1695, when he was driven from office upon the parliamentary inquiry into the massacre of Glenco. He died in the end of the same year, shortly after the publication of his work entitled, A Vindication of the Divine Perfections.

DALRYMPLE, (Sir David,) better known by his titular designation of Lord Hailes, was born at Edinburgh in 1726, and, after acquiring the rudiments of his education in his native place, was sent to Eton. He afterwards returned to Edinburgh, whence, after passing through the usual course at the university there, he was sent to Utrecht to study the civil law. In 1748 he was called to the bar. After eighteen years of professional life, he was raised to the bench of the court of session; and ten years afterwards he was appointed a lord of justiciary. His works are numerous and multifarious, and evince great ability. In 1773 he published Remarks on the History of Scotland; and in 1776 and 1779, Annals of Scotland, 2 vols, 4to, containing the history of fourteen Scottish kings. He published besides, Memorials and Letters relating to the History of Britain, in the reign of James I. and Charles I. 2 vols, 1762 and 1766; Biographia Scotica; Remains of Christian Antiquity, 3 vols, and other tracts on antiquities, history, divinity, &c. He died in 1792.

DALRYMPLE, (Alexander,) an eminent hydrographer, born at New Hailes, the seat of his father, Sir James Dalrymple, Bart., in 1737. When scarce sixteen years of age he went out as a writer in the East India Company's service. Soon after his arrival in India he was placed in the secretary's office, in the records of which he found certain papers on the subject of a commerce with the Eastern Archipelago; and so interested in the subject did he become, that he refused the secretaryship, and determined on a voyage of observation among the eastern islands. In 1763 he returned to England. In 1769, when the Royal Society proposed to send persons to observe the transit of Venus, he made an unsuccessful tender of his services, and his place was supplied by Cook. On lord Pigot's appointment to be governor of Fort St. George, in 1775, Dalrymple was reinstated in the service of the East India Company, and went out to Madras

as a member of council and one of the committee of circuit; but in 1777 he was recalled. Two years afterwards he was appointed hydrographer to the East India Company; and in 1795, when the Admiralty at last established the like office, it was given to Dalrymple. This place he retained till 1808. In May of that year the Admiralty insisted on his resignation on the ground of superannuation, and upon his refusal he was dismissed. He died of chagrin, in the following month. A list of his works is appended to a memoir of the author, furnished by himself, in the European Magazine for November and December, 1802.

DALRYMPLE, (Sir Hugh Whiteford,) an English officer, born in 1750. He entered young into the army, and obtained a colonel's commission in 1790. He served on the continent, under the duke of York, in 1793, and was present at the battle of Famars, and the siege of Valenciennes. He was afterwards advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general, and for some time commanded in Guernsey. He was removed to the staff at Gibraltar in 1806; and in August 1808 he was sent to take the command of the British army in Portugal. He arrived just after the battle of Vimiera; and the convention of Cintra, which he entered into with the French general Junot, subjected the English commander to great obloquy, though he was justified by the sentence of a court of inquiry. He was subsequently appointed colonel of the 57th regiment, and governor of Blackness castle, and in 1812 he obtained the rank of general. He was created a baronet in 1814. He died in 1830.

DALTON, (Michael,) an English lawyer, born in the county of Cambridge, in 1554, and bred to his profession in Lincoln's-inn, or Gray's-inn, and was formerly as well known for his book On the Office of Justice of the Peace, as Burn is at present; his Duty of Sheriffs was also a book in high repute. In 1592 he supported the episcopal power in the House of Commons when attacked by the Puritan party. There is a MS. of his in the British Museum, entitled A Breviary or Chronology of the State of the Roman or Western Church or Empire; the Decay of true Religion, and the Rising of Papacy, from the Time of our Saviour till Martin Luther. In this he is styled Michael Dalton, of Gray's-inn, Esq. It is supposed that he died before the commencement of the civil war.

DALTON, (John,) a divine and

poet, born in 1709, at Deane, in Cumberland, where his father was rector. He received his earlier education at Lowther, in Westmoreland, and was thence removed to Queen's college, Oxford. He afterwards became tutor to the only son of the duke of Somerset. During his attendance on his noble pupil he employed some of his leisure hours in adapting Milton's Masque at Ludlow Castle to the stage, by a judicious insertion of several songs and passages, selected from other of Milton's works, as well as of several songs and other elegant additions of his own, suited to the characters and to the manner of the original author. This became a favourite dramatic entertainment, under the title of Comus, a masque, being set to music by Dr. Arne. During the celebrity of this performance, he sought out Milton's grand-daughter, who was overwhelmed with old age and poverty, and honourably exerted his influence to procure her a benefit, which produced her 120. His ill health afterwards prevented him from attending his noble pupil, who unfortunately died of the small-pox at Bologna. After being elected to a fellowship in his college, he took orders, and was presented, some time after, by the duke of Somerset, to the living of St. Mary-at-Hill, and by his influence to a prebend at Worcester, where he died in 1763. He published, a volume of Sermons, 1757; Two Epistles, 4to; A descriptive Poem_on the Coal Mines near Whitehaven; Remarks on twelve historical Designs of Raphael.

DALTON, (Richard,) brother of the preceding, was originally apprenticed to a coach-painter in Clerkenwell. He next went to Rome to pursue the study of painting. He afterwards visited Naples, Sicily, Malta, Constantinople, Greece, and Egypt. This voyage led to the publication, in 1781, of his Explanation of the set of Prints relative to the Manners, Customs, &c. of the present Inhabitants of Egypt, from discoveries made on the spot, 1749, etched and engraved by Richard Dalton, Esq. On his return to England he was, by the interest of lord Charlemont, introduced to the notice of George III., who appointed him his librarian, and afterwards keeper of the royal drawings, medals, &c.; and in 1778, upon the death of Mr. Knapton, the king appointed him surveyor of the pictures in the palaces. Upon his first appointment at court, he had apartments at St. James's palace, where he

resided until his death, February 7, 1791. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1767; and when the Society of Artists was incorporated by charter, he was appointed treasurer.

DALY, (Daniel,) an Irish monk, of the Dominican order, born in the county of Kerry in 1595. He assisted in founding a college of his order at Lisbon, and became its first superior. He also contributed to the establishing of another at the same place for the natives of Ireland. He was employed in diplomatic concerns, and obtained the credit of being a good statesman. He died in 1662. He published, Initium, incrementum et exitus Familiæ Giraldinorum Desmoniæ, &c. 8vo, Lisbon, 1655.

DALZELL, (Andrew,) an eminent Greek scholar, born at Ratho, near Edinburgh, about 1750. From his village school he went to Edinburgh, and was made professor of the Greek language in the university, keeper of the university library, and one of the secretaries of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, &c. His literary acquirements were such, that he was selected to superintend the education of lord Lauderdale, whom he accompanied on the continent. He compiled and printed, at a great expense, a series of collections out of the Greek authors. These were printed in 8vo, under the titles of Collectanea Minora, and Collectanea Majora. He added to each volume short notes in Latin, explanatory of the difficult passages. He at the same time composed and read to the students a series of lectures on the language and antiquities, the philosophy and history, the literature, eloquence, poetry, and fine arts of the Greeks. By these means he became eminently successful in disseminating a taste for classical literature in the university. On the death of Dr. James Robertson, professor of Oriental languages, Dalzell was chosen to succeed him as keeper of the university library. He likewise succeeded Dr. John Drysdale as principal clerk to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, being the first layman who had ever been elected to that office. Besides an intimacy with his learned contemporaries at home, he corresponded with Heyne and other eminent scholars abroad, and enriched the Edinburgh Royal Society Transactions with a variety of interesting communications in biography, or on literary subjects. He also translated and illustrated Chevalier's description of the plain of Troy; and was editor of the

sermons of his father-in-law, Dr. Drysdale. He died at Edinburgh in 1806.

DAMASCENUS, (Nicolaus,) a philosopher and historian of the age of Augustus, mentioned by Josephus, Athenæus, Eusebius, and others. He wrote, among other works, one on universal history, in 144 books, of which we have some fragments, N. Damasceni Historiarum Excerpta et Fragmenta quæ supersunt, 8vo, Leipsic, 1804; and Paris, 1805.

DAMASCENUS, (John,) a learned priest and monk, born at Damascus towards the end of the seventh, or beginning of the eighth, century. His father, Sergius, a wealthy Christian of Syria, was counsellor to the khalif, and, at his death, John succeeded him in the same office. His father had given him for preceptor a monk named Cosmas, whom he had redeemed from slavery. About A. D. 728 he wrote several tracts in defence of image worship against the Iconoclasts, who were then favoured by the emperor Leo the Isaurian. He afterwards withdrew from the khalif's court to the monastery of St. Sabas, near Jerusalem; where he passed the remainder of his life in ascetic practices and study. He died, according to some, in 754; according to others, in 780. His numerous philosophical and theological works place him among the most distinguished writers of the Eastern church in the eighth century. His principal work is an Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, or Christian Doctrines, in four books. This work attained great reputation in the Greek church, and the author was styled Chrysorrhoas, or Golden-flowing, on account of his eloquence. He wrote also treatises against the Manichæans and Nestorians. His principal works have been published by Lequien, Opera J. Damasceni, Paris and Venice, 1748, 2 vols, fol.

DAMASUS I., a Spaniard, raised to the papal throne in 366, on the death of Liberius. Though warmly opposed by Ursinus, the antipope, he was acknowledged by the Italian bishops, and by the council of Aquileia, who condemned his opponent. He was a zealous enemy to the tenets of the Arians. He died in 384. Some of his letters have been published.

DAMASUS II., Poppo, bishop of Brixen, was elected pope on the day of the resignation of Benedict IX. He died at Palestrina, twenty-three days after his election, 1048, and was succeeded by Leo IX.

DAMER, (Honourable Anne Seymour.) This lady, who has rendered her name famous by her abilities as a sculptor, was born in 1748. She was the daughter of field-marshal Conway, and was married, in 1767, to the honourable John Damer, but the union proved an unhappy one, for he died by his own hand in 1776. Thus early left a widow, she devoted her time to the cultivation of a taste she had, even in youth, evinced for the fine arts. She took lessons from Cerracchi, the sculptor, and the chaste and classical productions of her chisel became numerous and widely scattered. Among her works may be noticed, a statue of George III., in the Register Office, Edinburgh; a bust of her mother, the countess of Aylesbury, erected as a monument in Tunbridge church, Kent; and a bust of lord Nelson, heroic size, placed in the Council Chamber, Guildhall. Mrs. Damer died in London, the 28th of May, 1828.

DAMIANO, (Peter,) an eminent cardinal, born at Ravenna, about the year 988. After studying at Parma, he taught for some time in the public schools with applause. He then entered a convent of Benedictines at Avellana, near Engulio; in which he was successively appointed to the offices of prior and abbot. In 1057 he was created cardinal, and appointed bishop of Ostia, by pope Stephen IX. He also held in commendam the bishopric of Engulio. In the year 1059, under the pontificate of Nicholas II. he was sent papal legate to Milan, to reform the clerical abuses in that diocese, and for other objects of state policy. One of these was the more complete subjugation of the Ambrosian church to the see of St. Peter, of which, until that time, it had been in a considerable degree independent. After his return to Rome, he expostulated with great freedom against the ambitious interference of the pontiffs in the temporal concerns of princes, the universal relaxation of order and discipline, and the enormous vices practised by the monks and clergy. In 1062 he was sent papal legate into France; in the following year to Florence; in 1068, to Germany; and in 1072, to Ravenna. He died in the same year. His works are voluminous, and entitle him to be ranked among the most learned and polished writers of his age. They were published at Paris in 1663, in fol.

DAMIENS, (Robert Francis,) a French political enthusiast, born in Artois in 1715, where his father held a small

farm. When young he enlisted in the army, and afterwards became a domestic in the Jesuits' college at Paris. From this situation he was dismissed for ill conduct. After having served several masters in the metropolis, one of whom he was accused of having poisoned, he stole a sum of money, and fled to Flanders. At that period the French court was divided into two parties, one headed by the dauphin, and the other by mad. de Pompadour. Religious disputes agitated the nation, differences existed between the king and the parliaments respecting the bull Unigenitus, and the people in general were discontented. This distracted state of the kingdom seems to have made a strong impression on the excitable mind of Damiens. In the evening of the 5th of January, 1757, he went to the palace of Versailles, and as Louis XV. was about to step into his carriage to go to Trianon, Damiens, pushing aside the attendants, made his way up to the king, and stabbed him in the right side with a knife. The assassin was taken immediately, and after having been interrogated at Versailles, he was transferred to Paris. On his trial he denied having had any accomplices. The wound was slight, and the king, after a few days, recovered. It is worthy of remark, that the knife had two blades, of which Damiens used the shorter; which seems to confirm what he stated on his interrogatory-that he did not intend to kill the king, but only to frighten him and give him a warning. Damiens was condemned as a regicide to be torn to pieces by four horses. The sentence was executed on the 28th of March, 1757, on the Place de Grève. Before being put to death, he was tortured for one hour and a half on the place of execution with red-hot pincers, molten lead, and other cruel contrivances. All the windows and roofs of the houses around were filled with spectators, men and women, among whom were many ladies of rank. It was altogether one of the most disgraceful exhibitions that ever took place in a civilized country.

DAMINI, (Pietro,) a painter, born at Castelfranco, in 1592, and by some said to have equalled Titian. Though undeserving of this extravagant praise, he certainly possessed rare abilities, and, had he lived to improve himself by study, would have proved a distinguished artist; but he died of the plague in 1630.

DAMM, (Christian Tobias,) a learned and laborious Greek scholar, of the re

formed faith, born, in 1699, at Geithayn, near Leipsic. He was rector of the Academy at Berlin, but was dismissed from his office in 1764, in consequence of a leaning towards Socinianism, which he discovered in his translation of the New Testament. His best known publication is his Lexicon to Homer and Pindar, 1765, 4to, a work of prodigious labour. He died in 1778.

DAMPIER, (William,) an eminent English navigator, born about 1652, at East Coker, in Somersetshire. Becoming an orphan early, he was placed with a master of a ship at Weymouth, with whom he made a voyage to Newfoundland.

He soon after sailed as a foremast-man to the East Indies. In 1673 he served in the Dutch war, under Sir Edward Sprague, and was in two engagements. In the next year he accepted the post of under-manager of a plantation in Jamaica; but, disliking that business, he soon after engaged with a coasting trader. Leaving that employment, he entered on board a ship bound to the Bay of Campeachy; and, upon a second trip to the same coast, his love of variety led him to engage with the logwood-cutters as a common workman. He returned to England in August, 1678. In the beginning of the next year he sailed as a passenger to Jamaica, meaning to revisit Campeachy; but he was persuaded to join a body of privateers, with whom he crossed the Isthmus of Darien, in 1680, and spent that year in roving about the Peruvian coast. The next year he recrossed the Isthmus, and joined another fleet of privateers, which was cruising upon the Spanish main. After spending a year among the coasts and islands of the West Indies, Dampier, with a few more, proceeded in a single vessel to Virginia, where he joined a captain Cook, in making an expedition against the Spanish settlements in the South Seas. After touching at the Cape de Verd Islands and the coast of Guinea, he proceeded round Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean. They touched at the Isle of Juan Fernandez, thence made the coast of South America, and cruised along Chili and Peru, proceeded to the Gallapago isles, and thence to the Mexican coast. Here Cook died, and was succeeded in his command by captain Davis. They now sailed back to Peru, where they joined captain Swan. One of their projects was to capture the rich plate fleet which this year (1685) was to convey the treasure of the Peruvian mines to Panama. Foiled in this,

they next proceeded on a cruise along the coast of Mexico. Dampier now left Davis, and went on board captain Swan's ship, for the sake of seeing more of the northern part of the country. They coasted as far as the southern point of California, often landing to obtain plunder and provisions. Swan now proposed to run across the Pacific Ocean, and return by the East Indies, and persuaded his men to venture on the voyage by the temptation of a privateering cruise off the Manillas. Dampier and several of the men were taken ill with dropsy. On March 31, 1686, they took their departure from Cape Corrientes; they reached Guam on the fifty-second day, when the men had begun to talk of killing and eating captain Swan and the officers as soon as their provisions should have been exhausted. It is worth mentioning, that the spare diet, which weakened many of the crew, proved salutary to Dampier, who got rid of the remains of his dropsical swellings during the voyage. From Guam they sailed to Mindanao, where a mutiny arose among the crew for want of active employment; and, in the end, the majority carried off the ship, leaving Swan and some of his people on the island. Dampier happened at this time to be on board; but it does not appear that he was at all concerned in the defection. They proceeded to Luzonia, and roved some time off Manilla, whence they bore away for Pulo Condore, in order to careen. In 1687 they were driven to the coast of China. Thence they made a circuit round Luzonia and Mindanao, and through the group of spice islands, till they arrived on the coast of New Holland in the beginning of 1688. Leaving this in March, they passed all along the west coast of Sumatra to the Nicobar islands, where Dampier, tired of this mad crew, persuaded the commander to leave him, with two other Englishmen, a Portuguese, and four Malays of Achin, in Sumatra. Their number gave them hopes of being able to navigate a canoe to Achin, which they attempted; and, after undergoing extreme danger from a storm in the passage, which Dampier has described with admirable force and nature, they arrived safely on the coast of Sumatra. He made several voyages to Tonquin, Malacca, and various parts of the East Indies; and acted some time as gunner to the English fort of Bencoolen. Desirous, at length, of returning home, he embarked, in January, 1691, on board of an East India ship, and arrived in the