balmed and sent in a splendid coffin to Sisigambis, to be interred with the other monarchs of Persia. With Darius ended the empire of Persia, which had lasted for upwards of two hundred years, under thirteen kings.

DARQUIER, (Augustine,) an eminent astronomer, born at Toulouse in 1718. He early paid attention to mathematical and astronomical pursuits; and as he possessed a comfortable independence, he provided himself with the best instruments, and built an observatory in his own house. More generally to diffuse his extensive knowledge, he took pupils, whom he ably instructed in astronomy. He paid the expense of calculations to give greater accuracy to his observations, and received no pecuniary assistance whatever from the government. He died in his native town, in 1802, after escaping the storms of the revolution. He was a member of the Institute.

DARU, (Peter Antony Noel Bruno, count,) a peer of France, distinguished as a statesman, a poet, and an historian, was born at Montpellier, in 1767. After having received a good education, at the age of sixteen he entered the army. At the breaking out of the revolution he caught the popular frenzy; but was imprisoned during the reign of terror. He devoted much of his time to literary pursuits, and in 1800 he published a translation of Horace, and his Cléopédie, or Theory of Literary Fame, a clever poem. His talents procured him the patronage of Buonaparte, and in 1805, 1806, and 1809, he was employed as intendantgeneral in Austria and Prussia, and had a seat in the council of state. He attended Napoleon at Moscow; and after filling several offices in the higher departments of administration, he held the portfolio of the war department at the restoration of the Bourbons. Blucher sequestrated his estate at Meulan, but it was soon restored, and in 1818 he was called to the chamber of peers by Louis XVIII. He wrote the Life of Sully, and the History of Venice, 1819, 1821, and 1825. This is a very valuable work. Daru in 1805 was chosen a member of the National Institute. He died in

1829.

DARWIN, (Erasmus,) an English poet, physician, and physiologist, born at Elton, near Newark, in Nottinghamshire, in 1731. He studied at St. John's college, Cambridge, whence he went to Edinburgh, where he devoted himself to the study of physic, and took his medical

degrees. He afterwards settled at Lichfield, where he acquired great celebrity. He first married Miss Howard, of Lichfield, who bore him three sons; and after her death, in 1770, he married the widow of Col. Pole, by whom he had a handsome fortune, and by whose persuasion, in 1781, he retired to Derby, where he died suddenly in 1802. In private life Dr. Darwin was amiable and benevolent, in his conversation easy and entertaining, and in his manners affable. The best known of his works are his Botanic Garden, with philosophical notes, in two parts; the Economy of Vegetation; The Loves of the Plants, 2 vols, 8vo; Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life, 4 vols, 8vo; Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening, 4to. He wrote besides, A Treatise on Female Education, 4to; some papers in the Philosophical Transactions, &c. As a poet and botanist the name of Darwin is respectable; his verses display elegance, grace, and beauty, but they seldom rise to sublimity, and they please more by the easy flow of numbers, than by the fire of description. His graces are the tinsel of ornament, not the animated, unaffected, language of the muse. In his system he branches out too much into the fields of fancy, and he seems delighted in informing his readers that his notions of religion were vague and unprincipled. Darwin was unquestionably a man of a highly-original turn of mind; he was well read in the physics of the day; he had a singular aptitude for seizing and illustrating natural analogies; and, above all, he was fully impressed with a sense of the important truths of a universal simplicity and harmony of design throughout the whole creation. But his analogies are often imaginary, his theories are untenable, and his illustrations are overstrained. His Botanic Garden is divided into two books, very unequal in size and in merit. The first, which explains the principal phenomena of vegetation, is superior in every respect to the second; which is devoted to what he calls the Loves of the Plants, forming a poetical commentary upon some of the more curious phenomena of vegetable fertilization. Darwin was of an athletic frame, much pitted with the small-pox, and he stammered greatly in his speech. He had enjoyed an almost uninterrupted good state of health until towards the conclusion of his life, which he attributed to his temperate mode of living, particularly to his

moderation in the use of fermented liquors. This practice he recommended strenuously to all who consulted him; and he is said to have introduced habits of sobriety among the trading part of Lichfield, where it had been the custom to live more freely before he went to reside there.

DARWIN, (Charles,) son of the preceding, born at Lichfield in 1758, and educated at Christ's Church, Oxford, and at Edinburgh, where he obtained the first prize medal from the Esculapian Society, for a treatise on the means of distinguishing pus from mucus. He wrote in Latin an account of the retrograde motions of the absorbent vessels of animal bodies in some diseases, which his father published in English. He died 1778.

DASCHKOWA, or DASCHKOFF, (Katharina Romanowna, princess,) a Russian heroine, daughter of count Woronzoff, born at Petersburg, in 1744. She was the intimate friend of the empress Catharine II., to whose assistance she marched in 1762, with a body of troops, when Catharine had resolved to depose her husband, Peter III. In 1762 she received the appointment of lady of state, and was presented with the order of St. Catharine. The study of the sciences and belles-lettres was her favourite occupation. In 1782 she was made directress of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in the following year, at the institution of the Russian Academy, she was named its president. Numerous learned societies, both Russian and foreign, enrolled her as a member. She took part in the preparation of the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, and contributed greatly to the completion of that useful work. Besides this, she wrote the comedy Foissiokoff; and the drama, The Marriage of Fabian, or Avarice punished. In 1796 she gave up the offices which she had held, and died at Moscow in 1810. She appears to have been one of the most extraordinary women of her age, both for strength of character, force of talents, and extent of acquirements. She had travelled through the principal states of Europe, visited their courts, and held intercourse with their most celebrated men in all departments of arts and letters. DASSIER, (John,) medalist to the republic of Geneva, where he was born in 1678. He struck a series of the English kings, with the hope of procuring an establishment in the English Mint, which, however, did not succeed. He died in

1763.-His nephew, JAMES ANTHONY, was appointed in 1740 second engraver to the Mint in London, but returned to Geneva five years after. The family were ingenious. They executed a set of the Reformers in brass, small, and also large medals of the great men then living. Their bronze medals of Roman history are well executed.

DATHE, (John Augustus,) an eminent Oriental scholar and Biblical critic, born, in 1731, at Weissenfels, in Saxony. After studying at Naumburg, he repaired to the universities of Wittemberg, Leipsic, and Göttingen, where, under the direction of Ernesti, he amassed a vast amount of theological learning, which led to his appointment, in 1762, to the professorship of Oriental literature at Leipsic. Here he devoted all his leisure to an improved edition of a Latin version of the Old Testament, with notes, which obtained considerable repute. The work appeared in parts; the first of which, containing the Pentateuch, was published at Halle, in 1781, and the sixth and last, containing Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon, in 1789. Dathe also edited the first part of Glassii Philologia Sacra, with notes, Leipsic, 1776, and prepared an improved edition of the Prolegomena to Walton's Polyglott, which was published at Leipsic in 1797. He was universally celebrated for the inflexible honesty of his judgment as a critic, no less than for his profound erudition. He died in 1791. E. F. K. Rosenmüller published in 1796 a collection of Dathe's academical dissertations, under the title of Opuscula ad Crisin et Interpretationem Veteris Testamenti Spectantia, 8vo.

DATI, (Augustine,) a learned Italian, born at Sienna, in 1420. He was educated under Francis Philelphus, who considered him as his most promising scholar. In 1442 he was invited by Odo-Antony, duke of Urbino, to teach the belles-lettres in that city. After the assassination of the duke, he returned to Sienna, where he opened a school for rhetoric and the classics, and obtained so much reputation, that he had permission from the cardinal of Sienna to explain the Scriptures publicly, and even to preach, though he was a married man. In 1458 he was made judge of Massa, and he also passed through various civil offices in Sienna, to that of first magistrate. He was employed in several public negotiations, and resided a year at Rome, as agent for his state to pope

in 1764, took the degree of B.C.L. in 1773, and retired from the university in 1775. He was appointed prebendary of Minor pars Altaris in the cathedral of Salisbury in 1784, by bishop Barrington; and archdeacon of Sarum in 1804, by bishop Douglas. He published, among other works, A Guide to the Church, in several discourses, with an appendix, 1798-9, 2 vols, 8vo, 1804. Eight Discourses on the Connexion between the Old and New Testaments, and demonstrative of the Great Doctrine of Atonement, 1802, 8vo. Vindicia Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, in which some of the false reasonings, incorrect statements, and palpable misrepresentations in a publication entitled The True Churchman ascertained, by John Overton, A.B. are pointed out, 1803, 8vo. Reasons for supporting the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in preference to the new Bible Society, partly given in a Charge, 1812, 8vo. Remarks on the Unitarian Method of Interpreting the Scriptures, 1815, 8vo. Dr. Daubeny is believed to have been one of the chief theological contributors to the Anti-Jacobin Review. He died in 1827.

DAUBUZ, (Charles,) a learned French Protestant divine, born about 1670. He came to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He wrote, Pro Testimonio Josephi de Jesu Christo, contra Tan. Fabrum et alios, Lond. 1700, Svo; and a Commentary on the Revelation of St. John, 1712, fol. This was, in 1730, published by Peter Lancaster, vicar of Bowden, in Cheshire, under the title of A Perpetual Commentary, &c. newly modelled, abridged, and rendered plain to the meanest capacities. Daubuz is supposed to have died in 1740.

DAUDIN, (François Marie,) an eminent naturalist, born at Paris towards the close of the eighteenth century. Nearly deprived of the use of his limbs by natural infirmity, he early devoted himself to the study of the sciences, and more particularly to natural history. His Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles is highly commended by Cuvier, who speaks of it as the most complete work on that class of animals which had hitherto appeared. He died in 1804, in his twenty-ninth year.

DAUMIUS, (Christian,) an eminent classical, oriental, and philological scholar, born in 1612, at Zwickau, in Saxony, where he became regent of the college in 1642, and rector in 1662. Besides editions of several works, he left Letters,

Jena, 1670, 4to; Dresden, 1796, 8vo; Chemnits, 1709, 8vo. Tractatus de Causis Amissarum Linguæ Latinæ Radicum, 1642, 8vo; reprinted in the Systema Dissert. rar. of Grævius, Utrecht, 1701, 4to. Homiliæ et Meditationes in Festum Nativ. J. C. ex Patrum Operibus collectæ, 1670, 8vo. He died in 1687.

DAUN, (Leopold, count,) a celebrated general in the Austrian service, born in 1705. He studied for some time at Rome for the Church. Preferring, however, a military life, he obtained admission among the knights of Malta, and entered into the imperial service. He rose to the rank of colonel of a regiment of infantry in 1740, and distinguished himself in the war which Maria Theresa sustained in defence of her hereditary succession. In the subsequent war of 1756 he raised a high reputation throughout Europe, as the most formidable antagonist of the king of Prussia. His cool and cautious vigilance was matched against the enterprise and celerity of the royal commander, and he is considered as the Fabius of that Hannibal. When the king of Prussia was besieging prince Charles of Lorraine in Prague, Daun assembled an army for his relief, with which, at Kolin, on the 18th of June, 1757, he completely routed Frederic. On this occasion the empress instituted the military order bearing her name, of which marshal Daun was created grandcross. In 1758 he saved Olmutz by a series of judicious movements, and afterwards defeated the king of Prussia at Hochkirchen. He surrounded and took prisoners the whole army of general Finck at Pirna, in 1759. When Dresden was unexpectedly attacked by the king in 1760, Daun compelled him to relinquish his attempt; but he was afterwards defeated at Siplitz, near Torgau, though not till a dangerous wound in the thigh had obliged him to quit the field. He continued to command during the remainder of the war, always preserving his reputation for perfect skill and indefatigable vigilance. He died at Vienna in 1766, much esteemed for his private virtues, as well as for his professional abilities.

DAUNOIS (Countess.) See AUNOY. DAUNOU, (Peter Claude Francis,) peer of France, member of the Institute, and keeper-general of the archives of the kingdom, was born at Boulogne, in 1761. He was educated at his native place, and was admitted a member of the Society of the Oratoire at Paris. After studying

theology at Montmorency, he became a professor at the college of Troyes; the following year he taught logic at Soissons, and in 1785 philosophy at Boulogne. At the end of that year he was recalled to Montmorency, where he continued the same office, and subsequently held the chair of theology, until the breaking out of the revolution in 1789. In 1787, M. Daunou first distinguished himself in literature, by an essay, De l'Influence de Boileau sur la Littérature Française, which was crowned by the Academy of Nimes, and was praised by La Harpe in his Cours de Littérature. In the following year the Academy of Berlin adjudged a prize to his essay on the origin, extent, and limits of Paternal Authority. In September 1792 he was elected to the National Convention by the department of the Pas de Calais. He opposed the bringing of Louis XVI. to trial; but voted for his detention. Some time after, having protested against the violent proceedings of the Jacobins of the 1st of June, he was imprisoned for fourteen months, and would have been guillotined, but for the arrival of the 9th Thermidor. As soon as he resumed his seat in the Convention he was appointed one of the members of the commission to draw up a new plan of a constitution, and for three months he was reporter to the commission. At the close of 1794 he was chosen secretary of the Convention, and until the end of its sittings he continued an active member; he was then elected one of the Council of Five Hundred. He was charged by the Republic with the task of pronouncing the eulogium on general Hoche at the Champ de Mars; in 1799 he was sent to Italy to organize the Roman republic in conjunction with Monge and Florent; and on his return he was elected president of the Council of Five Hundred. He was hostile to the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, by which Napoleon overthrew the Directorial government; and refused to take any share in drawing up the new laws, nor would he accept the post of counsellor of state. He was, however, named a member of the Tribunate, in which capacity he delivered an harangue upon the victory of Marengo; and it was upon his motion that national honours were decreed to Desaix. In 1804 he succeeded Camus as archivist of the legislative body, and in 1807 he was made archivist of the empire, and a member of the Legion of Honour. In 1807 Napoleon appointed him imperial censor; but he declined the office. At

the Restoration he lost his places, but became editor of the Journal des Savants, which he continued to conduct until 1838. He was also enrolled in the Academy of Inscriptions, on its re-organization. In 1819 he was appointed to the professorship of history in the college of France. He afterwards became a member of the Chamber of Deputies. At the revolution of 1830 he was restored to the offices he had lost at the Restoration; and he was afterwards elevated to the dignity of a peer of France. He succeeded De Sacy as perpetual secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; and thereupon resigned the editorship of the Journal des Savants. Besides various other writings, he contributed more than sixty articles in the Biographie Universelle, about 150 in the Histoire Littéraire, and 128 in the Journal des Savants. M. Daunou, who was distinguished for simplicity of manners, unaffected modesty, disinterestedness and benevolence, died at Paris, on the 20th of June, 1840.

DAURAT, or DORAT, in Latin AURATUS, (John,) an eminent French poet, born near the head of the Vienne, in the Limousin, in 1507. He studied at the university of Paris, where he so distinguished himself by his skill in Greek, and his talent at poetry, that he became one of the professors. In 1560 he succeeded John Stracellus as king's reader and professor of Greek; and before this he had been principal of the college of Coqueret, and tutor to John Antony de Baif, and to the famous Ronsard.

In the reign of Henry II. he had been preceptor to the king's pages; and Charles IX. honoured him with the title of his poet, took great delight in conversing with him, and endeavoured to support him in his old age. Daurat had an uncommon partiality for anagrams, of which he was the first restorer; and it is pretended that he found the model of them in Lycophron. He undertook also to explain the centuries of Nostradamus, and with such ensnaring plausibility as to be considered in the light of his interpreter. The odes, epigrams, hymns, and other poems in Greek and Latin, composed by Daurat, have been said to amount to 50,000 verses. Scaliger had such an opinion of him as a critic, that he said he knew none but him and Cujacius who had abilities sufficient to restore ancient authors. The same great critic tells us, however, that Daurat spent the latter part of his life in endeavouring to find all the Bible in Homer! He