intended for him, but he died of apoplexy before the appointment was conferred in form, 21st of November, 1616, aged fiftyfive. He was a man highly respected for his learning, and anxiously devoted to the healing of dissensions in the Church, so that at one time king James wished to employ his great abilities to effect a reconciliation between the Lutherans and Calvinists of Germany. The first time the king heard him preach, he quaintly observed, "This is a Field for God to dwell in;" and almost in similar words he was styled by Fuller, "That learned divine, whose memory smelleth like a Field which the Lord hath blessed." Dr. Field published a sermon on St. Jude, ver. 3, 1604, 4to, preached before the king at Windsor; and, a little before his death, he had composed great part of a work entitled, A View of the Controversies on Religion, which in these last Times have caused the lamentable Divisions in the Christian World.

FIELDING, (Henry,) the celebrated novelist, was born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire, in 1707. His father was a lieutenant-general in the army, and grandson to the earl of Denbigh; and his mother was daughter to the first judge Gould. He received his earlier education at home, under the care of the Rev. Mr. Oliver, whom he afterwards ridiculed in the humorous but coarse character of parson Trulliber, in Joseph Andrews. He then went to Eton, where he formed an early intimacy with Lyttelton, Fox, Pitt, Hanbury Williams, and others. At the age of eighteen he went to Leyden, where he devoted himself to the study of civil law for two years. Being ill supplied with money by his father, who had taken a second wife, and had another rising family to provide for, he returned to London, and there plunged into a career of dissipation which incurably undermined his constitution. He now found that something must be done for bread; he therefore commenced author, and produced his first dramatic piece, Love in several Masques, 1727, which, together with The Temple Beau, the next year, drew forth the applauses of crowded audiences. He was not, however, always successful, and he ventured to publish one of his pieces, bearing in the title, "as it was damned at the Theatre Royal, Drurylane." In his twenty-sixth or twentyseventh year he married Miss Craddock, of Salisbury, a young lady of great beauty, with a fortune of about 1,500l., but this, together with the estate of Stower, in

Dorsetshire, which, about the same time, fell to him by his father's death, and which might, with economy, have rendered him independent, was quickly squandered in expensive hospitality, and an improper show of equipage and magnificence, and at thirty years of age Fielding found himself destitute. He now applied to the law, and in due time was called from the Temple to the bar, and began to make a respectable figure in Westminster hall; but frequent attacks of the gout prevented the success which his abilities promised. To maintain himself and a wife and children, whom he tenderly loved, he again had recourse to his pen; and, besides several dramatic pieces, he wrote on a variety of occasional subjects. He contributed to a periodical paper entitled The Champion; and composed, An Essay on Conversation; An Essay on the Knowledge and Characters of Men; A Journey from this World to the next; and his History of Jonathan Wild. In 1742 he published his admirable novel, The History and Adventures of Joseph Andrews. It was in the midst of anxious cares and broken health that he had the affliction of seeing his beloved wife sink under a lingering illness. The stroke almost overpowered him, and the poignancy of his grief occasioned great alarm to his friends. As soon as he had recovered his spirits, he renewed his exertions. Being warmly attached to the cause of liberty and Protestantism, he endeavoured to serve it, during the rebellion of 1745, by a periodical paper entitled, The true Patriot, which was followed by the Jacobite Journal. His services were not overlooked, and he obtained the appointment to the office of a Middlesex justice, and he employed his talents to render it truly respectable, by devising measures for the prevention of crimes, and for the improvement of the police. He published, in 1749, a Charge to the Grand Jury, containing an accurate account of the institution and particular duties of grand juries. His Enquiry into the Causes of the late Increase of Robbers, &c. dedicated to lord chancellor Hardwicke, was esteemed a very judicious and useful performance; and his Proposal for the Maintenance of the Poor evinced much diligence of research. In the intervals of these serious occupations he found leisure to write his most popular work, the novel of Tom Jones. His third novel, Amelia, written like the preceding, in the midst of his official avocations,

appeared in 1751. It is justly placed below Tom Jones in point of variety and invention; but its true character is that of a series of domestic paintings, drawn, it is supposed, in part from his own family history. It has more of the pathetic, and less of the humorous, than his other pieces. After this period his constitution, undermined by repeated attacks of the gout, rapidly gave way. His mind, however, retained its activity; and he engaged in a new periodical paper, entitled The Covent-garden Journal, of which two numbers a-week were published for a twelvemonth, to the general entertainment of its readers. Its farther progress was stopped by the declining health of the author, who was now fallen into a dropsy. After obtaining some temporary relief from tapping, he was advised, as a last resource, to try the climate of Portugal. The last effort of his pen was to write an account of his voyage, marked with the peculiar character of his genius. About two months after his arrival at Lisbon he sunk under his complaints, October 8, 1754, in the forty-eighth year of his age. He was attended by his second wife, by whom he left four children. His works have been published in 12 vols, 8vo.

FIELDING, (Sarah,) third sister of the preceding, was born in 1714, and died unmarried at Bath, where she had long resided, in 1768. Soon after the appearance of her brother's Joseph Andrews, she published a novel in 2 vols, 12mo, entitled The Adventures of David Simple, in Search of a Faithful Friend. In 1752 she produced a third volume. In 1753 she published, The Cry, a new Dramatic Fable, 3 vols. Her last performance was Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates, with the Defence of Socrates before his Judges, translated from the original Greek, 1762, 8vo. She also wrote, Familiar Letters between the Characters in David Simple, 2 vols; The Governess, or Little Female Academy; The Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia; The History of the Countess of Delwyn, 2 vols; and The History of Ophelia,

2 vols.

Police, set on foot by his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, in the year 1753, upon a Plan presented to his Grace by the late Henry Fielding, Esq. To which is added, A Plan for preserving those deserted Girls in this Town who become Prostitutes from Necessity, 1760, 8vo; Extracts from such of the Penal Laws as particularly relate to the Peace and good Order of the Metropolis, 1761, 8vo; The Universal Mentor, containing Essays on the most important Subjects in Life; composed of Observations, Sentiments, Examples of Virtue, selected from the approved Ethic Writers, Biographers, and Historians, both ancient and modern, 1762, 12mo; A Charge to the Grand Jury of Westminster, 1763, 4to; Another Charge to the Grand Jury on a similar occasion, 1766, 4to. He was a distinguished promoter of the Magdalen hospital, the Asylum, and the Marine Society. He died in 1780.

FIENNES, (William,) lord Say and Sele, known for the part he took in the great rebellion, was born at Broughton, in Oxfordshire, in 1582, and was educated at Winchester, and at New college, Oxford, of which he became fellow. He was raised from the dignity of baron to that of viscount, by James I., but in the reign of his successor he showed himself violent, inconstant, and vindictive. In the long parliament of 1640 he was very active with Hampden and Pym; and though made master of the court of wards, he slighted all reconciliation with the king, so that he was attainted of treason for not attending his majesty at Oxford. After the death of Charles I. he left the Presbyterians, whom he had hitherto supported, and joined the Independents, and during the usurpation he was created one of Cromwell's peers. At the Restoration he was greatly noticed by Charles II., made lord-privy-seal, and lord-chamberlain, though, as Wood observes, "he had been a grand rebel for twenty years, and while others, who had been reduced to a bit of bread for his majesty's cause, were left to pine and languish under insult and disappointment, and though a promoter of the rebellion, and in some respects accessary to the murder of Charles, he died quietly in his bed," 14th of April, 1662, and was buried with his ancestors at Broughton. He is called by Whitlock, "a man of great parts, wisdom, and integrity;" and Clarendon, allowing him the same merit, describes him as "ambitious, the enemy of the Church, and a violent and dangerous

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leader of the discontented party." He wrote some political tracts, besides an attack against the Quakers, who it seems were numerous and troublesome in his neighbourhood.

FIENNES, (Nathanael,) second son of the preceding, was born at Broughton in 1608, and, like his father, was educated at Winchester, and at New college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow, in right of kinship to the founder. He travelled on the continent, and at Geneva confirmed that aversion which he derived from his father against the church of England. At his return he was made member for Banbury, and displayed the same violence against the royal party as his father. During the civil wars he was colonel of horse, under Essex, and governor of Bristol, which he too easily yielded to the assault of prince Rupert, for which he was condemned to lose his head. His father's influence, however, saved him, and he left the army disgraced, but still burning with resentment against the king. He joined the Independents, like his father, and, when Cromwell became protector, he was made one of his privycouncil, and sent among his lords. At the Restoration he retired into the country, and died at his seat of Newton Tony, near Salisbury, in 1669. He wrote some papers in support of Cromwell's usurpation, and in another tract defended his conduct at Bristol. Clarendon represents him as an able man, and in council inferior only to Hampden.

FIENUS, or FYENS, (Thomas,) an eminent physician, born at Antwerp, in 1567. He studied medicine at Leyden, and afterwards at Bologna. In 1593 he became professor of medicine at Louvain, where he died in 1631, at the college of Breughel, of which he had been for a long time president. He wrote, De Cauteriis libri quinque, Louvain, 1598; Libri Chirurgici XII., de præcipuis Artis Chirurgica Controversiis, Frankfort, 1602; De Viribus Imaginationis Tractatus, Louvain, 1608; De Cometa anni 1618, Antwerp, 1619; De Vi Formatrice Fotûs Liber, in quo ostenditur Animam rationalem infundi tertiâ die, ib. 1620. This work was attacked by Louis du Gardin, a professor of Douay, and Fienus replied in, De Formatrice Foetus, adversus Ludovicum du Gardin, &c. Louvain, 1624; Semiotice, sive de Signis medicis Tractatus, Leyden, 1664.

FIESCHI, (Joseph Marie,) the principal agent in a murderous attempt upon the life of Louis Philippe, king of the

French, on the 28th of July, 1835, was born at Murano, in Corsica, in 1790. He served in the army at Naples, under Murat, and was condemned in 1816 to sixteen years' imprisonment for a robbery. He devised an implement, called “the infernal machine," composed of twentyfour musket barrels, loaded with balls, which he caused to be discharged just as the king was passing, in a military procession, in the Boulevard du Temple, proceeding towards the place of the Bastile. The king escaped unhurt; but Maréchal Mortier, duc de Treviso, and ten other persons, fell dead; seven survived their wounds only a few days; and twenty-two others were more or less injured. Fieschi, and two of his accomplices, were beheaded on the 19th of February, 1836.

FIESCHI, (Giovanni Luigi,) count of Lavagna, born in 1525, was the head of one of the noblest houses in Genoa. Being of an aspiring disposition, he was readily tempted to aim at that distinction in the state from which he was precluded by the superior influence of the Doria family. This was now headed by the famous Andrew Doria, who had justly risen to the rank of first citizen, but who was too much bent upon the elevation of his nephew, Giovannino Doria, a youth of a brutal and insolent character. Fieschi secretly attached to his cause a number of discontented nobility, and by his courteous manners rendered himself a favourite with the people, who longed for the overthrow of the house of Doria. The court of France encouraged an enterprise that might recover Genoa from its subserviency to the emperor. Fieschi also obtained the concurrence of the pope, Paul III., who sent him some galleys, and the aid of Pier Luigi Farnese, who nourished against Doria a mortal enmity. After several meetings among his friends, the plan of the conspiracy was at length fixed, and the destruction of the Doria family formed an essential part of it. On the preceding day, January 1, 1547, Fieschi prepared a galley, under the pretext of a cruise against the corsairs, and then paying a visit to Andrew Doria, he requested permission to depart early from the harbour, and took his leave with unusual demonstrations of affection. In the evening he assembled a large body of nobility at an entertainment in his palace, to whom he made an animated address, exhorting them to join him in an attempt to free their country from its oppressors. While the city was buried in sleep he

sallied forth, surrounded by his fellowconspirators. He despatched parties to different quarters, and himself proceeded to secure the darsena, or dock in which the galleys lay. He went on board one of the vessels, whence attempting to pass to the captain-galley, in which a tumult was heard, the plank gave way, and he fell into the water. Under the load of his armour he sunk, and rose no more. Thus perished, at the age of twenty-two, the leader of an enterprise, the success of which all measures of human prudence had been taken to secure. His confederates miscarried in their attempt to seize Andrew Doria, but Giovannino fell beneath their swords.

FIESOLE. See GIOVANNI. FIGINE, (Ambrogio,) a painter, a native of Milan, and pupil of Lomazzo. He attained such celebrity as a portrait painter, that the poet Marino has sung his praises. He also painted some historical works, which possess considerable merit. He flourished about the year

1590.

FIGRELIUS, (Edmund,) a learned Swedish antiquarian and professor of his tory at Upsal. He published in 1656, De Statuis illustrium Romanorum, 8vo. He had passed some months at Rome in his youth, and this work was partly the result of his studies and observations there. He died in 1676.

FIGUEROA, (Garcia de Silva y,) an eminent Spanish diplomatist, born at Badajoz in 1574. He was employed in important missions by Philip II. and Philip III., and published a valuable account of his travels in Persia and India, which is much commended by Chardin.

FILANG ERI, (Gaetano,) an eminent political writer, styled the Montesquieu of Italy, descended from a noble family, was born at Naples in 1752. Being a younger son, he was destined for the army; but his inclination seemed to be entirely directed to the sciences, and he was placed under the care of Monsignor de Luca, bishop of Trivento, and made rapid progress in the classics and the mathematics. He was soon enabled to discover the defects of the laws by which most of the European nations were governed, and so early as 1771 he drew up the plan of a book on private and public education; but neither this work, nor another, called Morality for Princes, deduced from the principles of natural and civil society, was ever completed. Having afterwards applied to the law, in consequence of the desire of his relations,

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he published in 1774 a small work in which he ably defended a new law against the arbitrary decision of a judge. In 1777, by the advice of his uncle, the archbishop of Naples, he entered into the service of the court, and was appointed a gentleman of the bed-chamber, and an officer in the royal corps of volunteers in the marine service. Amidst the splendour of a court, however, he devoted all his spare moments, and often whole nights, to the continuation of his philosophical works. In 1780 he published the first two volumes of his great work, Scienza della Legislazione, the whole of which was to consist of seven books. The third and fourth volumes appeared in 1783; the fifth, sixth, and seventh in 1785; and the eighth was published after his death, in 1789. In 1783, with the permission of his sovereign, he retired, for the advantage of uninterrupted study, to his country residence, not far from the town of La Cava, near Naples, where he resided till 1787, when he was appointed to a place in the royal college of finance. He died on the 22d of July, in the same year, of a violent fit of the intestinal gout, and a malignant putrid fever, when he had scarcely attained to the thirty-seventh year of his age. His death was regretted by all Naples, and the king settled an annual pension to be employed in the education of his three children. Few works of modern times have been so generally sought after as the Scienza della Legislazione. Since the time of its first publication, in 1780, it has gone through ten editions, three at Naples, three at Venice, two at Florence, two at Milan, and one at Catania, in Sicily. One of the best editions of the Italian text is that of the Classici Italiani, 6 vols, 8vo, Milan, 1822. There are also two German translations of it, one by Link, an advocate of Nuremberg, and the other by Gusterman of Vienna; and two French translations, one of which is by Gallois. It has even been translated into Spanish by Don I. Rubio. Benjamin Constant published Commentaire l'Ouvrage de Filangieri, 2 vols, 8vo, Paris, 1822-1824. Several copies of this work were sent to America by the author, at the request of Dr. Franklin. In 1806 Sir Richard Clayton published an English translation of Filangieri, in 2 vols, 8vo, as far as relates to political and economical laws.

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FILELFO. See PHILELPHUS. FILESAC, (John,) a native of Paris, who taught ethics, and afterwards philo

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sophy, at the college de la Marche, and was rector of the university in 1586. He afterwards became curate of St. John en Grève. He was also doctor of the Sorbonne, and dean of the faculty of theology. He wrote, A Treatise on the Sacred Authority of Bishops, Latin, Paris, 1606, 8vo; another, On Lent; a treatise on the Origin of Parishes; treatises on Auricular Confession; on Idolatry, and on the Origin of the Ancient Statutes of the Faculty of Paris. They are united under the title of Opera Varia, Paris, 1614, 3 vols, 8vo; and Opera Selecta, ib. 1621, 3 vols, 4to. He died in 1638. FILICAIA, (Vincenzo da,) an elegant Italian poet, born in 1642, at Florence. He studied for five years at Pisa, and then returned to Florence, where, after several years spent in the study of the belles-lettres, the grand duke appointed him senator. He was member of the academies della Crusca, and degli Arcadi, and was munificently patronized by Christina, queen of Sweden. His first ode was inspired by the heroism of Sobieski, the liberator of Vienna. His poems, which are much admired for their delicacy and noble sentiments, have been published by Scipio Filicaia, his son, under the title of Poesie Toscane di Vincenzo da Filicaia, &c. 1707, 4to; another edition was printed at Venice, 1762, 2 vols, 8vo.

FILIPPI, (Sebastiano,) a painter, born at Ferrara in 1532. He was at first instructed by his father Camillo Filippi, an artist of some repute, and then became a pupil of Michael Angelo Buonarotti. He has approached (nearer perhaps than any other artist of his time) the elevated style of his master, in a picture which he painted for the cathedral of his native city. The subject, like that of the celebrated work of his instructor, is The Last Judgment. It occupied three years of the painter's time, and though it has since been sadly mutilated, there is sufficient to attest his rare abilities. Filippi is sometimes called Gratella, from his being the first of the Ferrarese school who squared large works to reduce them to a smaller size. He died in 1602.

FILMER, (Sir Robert,) a writer on government, born at East Sutton, in Kent, at the end of the sixteenth century, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. His works are, The Anarchy of a Limited and Mixed Monarchy, 1646, an answer to Hunton's Treatise on Monarchy, printed in 1643; Patriarcha, in which he endeavours to prove that all government

was monarchical at first, and that all legal titles to govern are originally de-, rived from the heads of families, or from such upon whom their right was transferred, either by cession or failure of the line. He also wrote, The Freeholders' Grand Inquest, &c. On the trial of Sidney, it was made a charge against him, that there was found in his possession a MS. answer to Filmer's Patriarcha; but this was afterwards more completely answered by Locke, in his Two Treatises on Government, published in 1689. Filmer died in 1688.

FINÆUS, (Orontius,) in French Finé, professor of mathematics in the Royal College, founded by Francis I., at Paris, was born at Briançon, in Dauphiné, in 1494. He went young to Paris, and studied at the College of Navarre. He acquired much skill in mechanics, and gained high reputation by the specimens he gave of his ingenuity. He first made himself known by correcting and publishing Siliceus's Arithmetic, and the Margareta Philosophica. He afterwards read private lectures in mathematics, and then taught that science publicly in the college of Gervais. A remarkable proof of his skill in mechanics is exhibited in the clock which he invented in 1553, and of which there is a description in the Journal of Amsterdam for March 29, 1694. Yet he was obliged to struggle all his life with poverty. He died in 1555. He was one of those who vainly boasted of having found out the quadrature of the circle. His works were collected in 3 vols, fol., in 1532, 1542, and 1556, and there is an Italian edition in 4to, Venice, 1587.

FINCH, (Anne, countess of Winchilsea,) was the daughter of Sir William Kingsmill, of Sidmonton, in the county of Southampton. She was maid of honour to the duchess of York, second wife of James II.; and afterwards married to Heneage, second son of Heneage, earl of Winchilsea, who, upon the death of his nephew Charles, succeeded to the title of earl of Winchilsea. entitled, The Spleen, printed in A New Miscellany of Original Poems on several Occasions, published by Mr. Charles Gildon, in 1701, 8vo. A collection of her poems was printed in 1713, 8vo; containing likewise a tragedy called Aristomenes. She died in 1720.

She wrote a poem,

FINCH, (Henry,) of the family of the lord-keeper, was born in the county of Kent, and educated at Oriel college, Oxford, whence he went to Gray's-inn,