ancient columns to form the gravestone of a Turk. How changed is the scene now! Hundreds of peasants, and thousands of cattle, sheep, goats, oxen, and camels, cover the ancient city, and continue to arrive in long trains: the people are actively employed in pitching their tents, while the cattle are grazing over their new pastures. These pastoral people migrate from the valley; when the herbage becomes scanty there, the whole village moves into the hills, keeping together, the better to protect their flocks from the wolves and other animals.

Crossing the valley of the Lycus, I again visited Hierapolis, and rambled far among its varied and splendid tombs; the ruins are more extensive than I had fancied on my previous visit, but my opinion of them remains the same.

May 28th, Smyrna.—I have neglected my Journal during the last five days, for my route has been precisely that of my former journey, passing down the valley of the Cogamus to Philadelphia, Sardis, and on to Cassabar. The season, although somewhat later, afforded the same display of fruit and flowers; the corn was falling to the sickle, and the flowers fading to seed. The caravans were again travelling by night to avoid the heat of the day, a mode which we are in some degree compelled to adopt, by starting at two o'clock each morning. Passing over a country by night deprives the traveller of the pleasure of observation, and substitutes fatigue; on this account alone I was rejoiced at the termination of a journey so pleasurable in itself, and promising to afford me subjects of high interest for research and reflection to the end of my life.

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SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER.

DISCOVERIES DERIVED FROM THE ELUCIDATION OF THE LYCIAN INSCRIPTIONS.-INSTRUCTIONS FOR FUTURE TRAVELLERS.-LISTS AND EXAMINATION OF COINS.

DURING the progress of my former work on Lycia through the press, my friend Mr. Daniel Sharpe furnished me with some interesting results arising from his examination of my Lycian inscriptions. The short time these were in his hands would not allow of a more perfect elucidation; but the discoveries are of so interesting a nature, as connected with the subject of this work, that I shall enumerate some of the leading features bearing upon history and geography, although I well know that still more will ere long be revealed. I must refer the reader to the interesting communication from Mr. Sharpe forming Appendix B. in my larger work.

The Lycian characters appear at present to be peculiar to the province*: they include nearly all those letters which are

* In the Supplement to Walpole's Travels are published some inscriptions copied by Mr. Cockerell on the coast of Lycia, in the characters of that country, and one said to have been copied by Captain Beaufort in Caria. This has been used by some continental philologists as an evidence of the language having extended over that district also. I have received a letter from Captain Beaufort since my return to England, in which he says, "I have at length discovered in my old journals the place of the inscription printed in Mr. Walpole's book, and I am happy to tell you that it was at Telmessus, and therefore really in Lycia."

considered to have formed the original Greek alphabet; these may have been borrowed from the early Greeks, or both nations. may have derived them from a common source. The later additions to the Greek alphabet are not found in the Lycian, but that alphabet has several peculiar characters, completing the series of long and short vowels which are found in most of the Eastern languages.

The language of the inscriptions resembles the Zend, or ancient Persian, more nearly than any other with which we have the means of comparing it; but it also contains words of Semitic origin; these have not affected the structure of the language, which is thoroughly Indo-Germanic: the vicinity of the country of Syria readily accounts for some mixture of the language of that people in the Lycian.

It may be remembered, that in my Journal I have frequently noticed peculiarities in the arts of the early inhabitants, and pointed out parallels in the Persepolitan sculptures: this connection is further borne out by history. Herodotus says, in speaking of the time of the Trojan War (book i. c. 4), "It is to be observed that the Persians esteem Asia, with all its various and barbarous inhabitants, as their own peculiar possession, considering Europe and Greece as totally distinct and unconnected." Again, in book iv. c. 12, we find about the same period (during the reign of Ardyis), that "the Greeks had no settlement in Asia Minor."

The Greek writers called the country in question by the general name of Lycia, which, although found several times in the Greek part of the inscription on the obelisk at Xanthus, does not occur in the Lycian part of the same inscription, where the people are called Tramileæ: for this we might be in some degree prepared by Herodotus, who says that they were formerly called Termelæ. Stephanus Byzantinus calls them Termile and Tremile.

Being enabled to read the characters, we find that the country consisted of two states or people, the Tramelæ and

१

the Trooes, and many coins bear the name of the city of the latter people. I feel quite certain, from the geographical position and importance of the city called by the Greeks Tlos, that this was the ancient city of the Trooes*: the frequent change of the P to a A is known to all conversant with the Greek language. We thus have the capital of the northern portion of Lycia named after the Trooes, while the city called by the Greeks Xanthus was the metropolis of the Tramelæ in the south.

Reviewing the country with these new ideas, I might almost separate the cities of these former people from those built by the colonists from Greece at an after period, probably not earlier than a century before the time of Herodotus. To do this I should select only those places in which I have observed features in art peculiar to the earliest inhabitants, for in many the whole design of the city is purely Greek, although the surrounding rocks afforded natural facilities for excavations, of which the Lycians always availed themselves. I find either coins, or mention in the inscriptions, of almost the whole of this diminished number of the ancient cities, as well as of several others, whose total destruction or great change of name by the after inhabitants prevents their recognition. We find the names of Troouneme (Tlos), Pinara, Méré (Myra), Gaéaga (Gagæ), and Trabala: also the names of Ereclé, Pedassis, perhaps of Xenagora and Kopalle. To the latter city belong two-thirds of the coins collected, and many of them were obtained in the neighbourhood of the city called by the Greeks Xanthus. I should conjecture that Kopalle may have been the ancient name of this city, but I know no grounds for the supposition beyond this circumstantial evidence. Stephanus Byzantinus states in his Geography that the former name of Xanthus was Arna. I see also traces of these early people in the cities called by * Inscriptions have since been found which prove this opinion to be

the Greeks Calynda, Telmessus, Araxa, Antiphellus, and Limyra, and in the tombs near Cadyanda.

In the funereal inscriptions copied from the monuments in these cities, all the pedigrees of the deceased, with one exception, are derived from the mothers: the exception is on the tomb of the Greek copied at Limyra, and he was evidently a foreigner, from having his monument inscribed in both languages. This beautifully confirms the relation of the custom in the following passage by Herodotus (book i. c. 73): "They have one distinction from which they never deviate, which is peculiar to themselves: they take their names from their mothers, and not from their fathers. If any one is asked concerning his family, he proceeds immediately to give an account of his descent, mentioning the female branches only."

From the inscription upon the obelisk-monument at Xanthus we obtain the date of a period at which the language was still used; it records a decree of the king of Persia, therein styled by his title the Great King of Kings; and it also alludes to Harpagus, the general of Cyrus the Great. It will be remembered, that Harpagus was a person entrusted with the confidence of Astyages, the grandfather of Cyrus, which is recorded in the interesting account of his being employed by Astyages to destroy the infant Cyrus, and the horrible cruelty of his being made to feast upon his own butchered son, ten years after the birth of Cyrus. Stifling his revenge for a long period, he at last betrayed Astyages and his country into the hands of Cyrus, who was then king of Persia. We afterwards read in Herodotus (book i. c. 177), that "whilst Harpagus was engaged in the conquest of the Lower Asia, Cyrus himself conducted an army against the upper regions, of every part of which he became master." I have in a former part of this Work quoted the account given by Herodotus of the conquest of Xanthus by Harpagus. At the time of writing his history (about 450