815 66 Human Knowledge.-Observations on Liverpool. 816 at the conduct of the mind in its attempts to apprehend them, will confirm the general truth contained in the sacred volume. Between language and thought there is a close connexion, and as all our ideas are originally derived through the medium of the senses, so all primitive terms have a physical origin. We have not a double set of terms, one to express natural, and the other intellectual objects; and as all mental combinations, made in con shall know, as men that see each others' face, by intuition. Now we know but little parts, and outsides, and accidents of things, and nothing adequately; but then we shall know, in the world of spirits, as those spirits now know us, which is better than we know ourselves." On this passage, Parkhurst is more precise and expressive. Now," says he, "in this life, we see by means of a mirror, reflecting the images of heavenly and spiritual things; invisible being re-ceiving of invisible or intangible things, presented by visible; spiritual, by natural; eternal, by temporal: but then, in the eternal world, face to face; every thing being seen in itself, and not by means of a representative or similitude." have some reference to our original sensations, so the terms primarily used as signs of natural objects, and subsequently adapted to spiritual, have, in every change they undergo, some allusion to their original appropriation. And as there is no way to teach that of which men are ignorant, but by means of something already known; so, in revealing to them the sublime realities of the spiritual world, it was necessary to employ terms with which they were already acquainted; and thus by comparing things unseen with things seen, by likening spiritual to corporeal things, as may express them best," to bring them, in some measure, within the view of dim-sighted man. This method runs through the whole of the sacred pages. (To be continued.) OBSERVATIONS, HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE, RESPECTING LIVERPOOL." (Continued from col. 658.) From the preceding quotations, it appears, that the scriptures inculcate this doctrine, that our knowledge of the heavenly world is not direct, but analogical; and our notions of its objects may be very properly denominated analogical notions. It is the universality of your correspondent's proposition that is denied. That some of our notions of spiritual things are negative, must be admitted: but the greater part of them are not so; they belong to the class of notions termed by the metaphysicians, general notions. In conceiving of spiritual things, the mind generally proceeds upon a consciousness or persuasion that they bear a remote analogy to natural things; it supposes a resemblance between them in certain points; and hence things directly known are employed as representatives or similitudes of objects which lie beyond the narrow sphere THE MARKETS of Liverpool are seof tact and vision. And whatever veral; and all are well supplied with degree of imperfection may be sup- every thing necessary for the accomposed to attach to this kind of know-modation of man, and with all the ledge, it is certainly superior to merely luxuries of life. Among the marketknowing things negatively. It is in-places the principal ones are Castledeed the highest kind of knowledge street, Islington, Cleveland-square, that the human mind, in its present St. James's-place, and Pownal-square. state, is capable of acquiring of spi- Not far from Clayton-square, ritual things, as it is sufficient for the market-house is now erecting on an purposes of our present existence. extensive scale. It is upwards of 500 When this mortal shall have put on feet in length, and of a proportionable immortality, then, indeed, instead of breadth. It is all under cover, is well beholding these things through a dark-lighted, and is sufficiently airy. The ened mirror, with faculties adapted to their sublime nature, we shall discern them without a medium. A partial examination of the language employed in the sacred writings, to bring spiritual things to the level of our capacities; and a slight glance a new roof, which extends over this vast Of this 817 Historical Observations respecting Liverpool. land can produce a rival. It is in a great state of forwardness, the walls and roof being already completed, so that very shortly it will be opened for the accommodation of the public. To the market of Castle-street, it will, no doubt, do a serious injury, but "private respects to public weal must yield." Islington-market may also suffer from this new erection, but its peculiar neatness, and the shelter which on all sides it affords to those who frequent it, will always ensure a due proportion of business. The exposure of the people in Castle-street, rendered the new market absolutely necessary; and to the public spirit which prevails in this large and populous town, this was a sufficient recommendation. The supplies of these markets are drawn from various parts of Lancashire, and also from the Cheshire shores. The articles brought from the latter consist chiefly in poultry, butter, fruit, and vegetables, which are brought over in large quantities in the ferry-boats. Ireland and Scotland farnish grain, horned cattle, sheep, hogs, bacon, and butter; and from the Isle-of-Man, Anglesea, and many parts of North Wales, eggs, fresh butter, and live poultry, are sent in great abundance. Potatoes are almost always plentiful, cheap, and good. In addition to the public markets, beef, mutton, lamb, veal, and pork, may be obtained at the butcher's stalls in almost every public street; and in these, articles of the best quality may generally be procured. The beef, in general, with which the markets of Liverpool are supplied, is not equal to that which fills the markets of London, and many other towns, but the mutton, veal, and lamb are truly excellent. With vegetables, in a high state of perfection, few markets are better supplied than those of Liverpool, and in general they are as cheap as can be reasonably expected. During the fruit season, Liverpool abounds with almost every article within the compass of variety; and through the incessant arrival of ships from distant countries, vast quantities of foreign fruit are imported from the various nations with which they trade. The FISH MARKET of Liverpool is well deserving the attention of strangers. It is an oblong building, 90 818 feet by 30, covered by a good roof, supported by pillars, and commodiously formed, and situated at the head of St. James's-street. Under this covering, proper bulks, stalls lined with lead, pumps, and other conveniencies, are erected. The principal species of fish brought to this place are salmon, cod, herring, flat fish, oysters, crabs, shrimps, prawns, and muscles, Lobsters are rather scarce; turbot is not plentiful; and mackarėl, unless brought from a considerable distance, are rather small and dear. Smelts and fresh-water fish are only occasionally to be obtained; but turtle may be frequently procured on the arrival of ships from the West Indies. Very lately an additional fish-market was established at the northern extremity of the Prince's Dock, which was opened on the day of his majesty's coronation. This is placed under some salutary regulations, which will alike tend to prevent monopoly and imposition. The INNS in Liverpool are both numerous and respectable; and modes of conveyance, both for goods and passengers, to all parts of the kingdom, may be easily obtained. The public coaches which pass and repass through the turnpike-gate between Liverpool and Prescot every day, are said to amount to eighty-seven, besides those which pass over Scotland road, and travel to and from the different ferries on the opposite side of the harbour. The inhabitants of Liverpool are amply supplied with excellent COALS, which are rendered remarkably cheap. These are chiefly brought down from the mines in the canal boats; but vast quantities are conveyed by carts from the neighbourhood of Prescot and St. Helen. With carts and waggons laden with various articles, the road between Prescot and Liverpool is almost constantly thronged, and in the depth of winter, when the canals are frozen, it has been said that not less than one thousand have been seen daily entering Liverpool over the London road. The means of TRAVELLING BY WATER are not less accommodating than those which are established by land. From Liverpool to various parts of Ireland, there are several steampackets. These accomplish their voyages in general in about twelve or fourteen hours, and return in a still shorter time. Between Liverpool 819 Historical Observations respecting Liverpool. and the Isle-of-Man there are packets which regularly sail; and one, which sails for Greenwich every Friday, touches at the Island both when it proceeds and when it returns. 820 George the Second, that the preceding mayor should act as justice of the peace for four years after the expiration of his office; and also that the four aldermen next to the senior alderman, while members of the common council, should be justices within the town; and that the recorder should have power to nominate a deputy. The three junior aldermen for the time being are coroners. By the latest charters, it is ordained that the body corporate shall consist of forty-one persons, composing the common council; and that from among these a mayor, recorder, and two bailiffs, shall be annually chosen. The CANALS are several. One preserves a communication between Liverpool and Leeds; another connects Liverpool and Manchester; another opens into the heart of Cheshire; another connects the trade of Liverpool with the Severn and North Wales; the Duke of Bridgewater's canal communicates with Birmingham and Staffordshire, and stretches even to the metropolis of the kingdom. From these canals various branches spread in almost every direction, connecting, by means of inland navigation, most of the principal towns that stand in the adjacent counties. On several of these canals, packets have been elegantly fitted up for the accommoda- | tion of passengers, who enjoy convenient apartments, and, at an easy expense, are wafted to the places of their destination with considerable expedition. These packets are drawn by horses which have a path on the margin of the canal, and generally pro-justices of the peace for the borough, ceed at a tolerably brisk trot. The BOROUGH GAOL, though a public building, sustains, from its name and appropriation, a character very different from that of those edifices which have been described, being immediately connected with crime. It stands at the northern extremity of the town, in Great Howard-street, and is a large and extensive building. It was erected on the plan recommended by the benevolent Howard. During the war, it was, for some time, a receptacle for French prisoners; the Old Tower, in Water-street, then containing the culprits who had violated the laws of their country. But of late years it has been appropriated to its intended purpose, and the Old Tower has been demolished. It is an airy and well-constructed building, and its situation is highly favourable to the health of its unfortunate inhabitants. The GOVERNMENT and POLICE of Liverpool ought not, in this sketch, to be passed over in silence. By the charter of William III. the mayor, recorder, senior alderman, and the preceding mayor, were empowered to act as magistrates in the town; but, on the increase of population, it was ordained, by the charter of The right of electing the corporate officers resides in the free burgesses. The mayor and bailiffs are chosen on the 18th of October, a few days previous to which, the ancient custom of riding round the town, and surveying its boundaries, is regularly observed. The mayor, or one of the aldermen, attends daily at the town-hall to hear cases, and to transact public business. But the general session of the peace is held four times in the year by the and by adjournment every Monday. A Court of Requests for the recovery of debts under forty shillings is held every Wednesday over the Bridewell near the Town-Hall. The number of its commissioners is seventeen, who are appointed every month by the common-council. A regular Dock Police has also been established under the authority of an act of parliament; the magistrates of this department attend daily at the Dock office. By virtue of their charter, the corporation of Liverpool are empowered to enact laws for the better and more effectual regulation of the police of the town. Of this power they have made an application that has been highly advantageous to the inhabitants. The number of useful regula tions which have been introduced, and the impartial manner in which they have been carried into execution, entitle the magistrates to the highest praise, and reflect upon them a distinguished honour. Among these regulations may be enumerated, enactments respecting the government of the port, including the management of the docks, and the laws respecting pilots and pilotage. These regulations also extend to the charges of 821 Historical Observations respecting Liverpool. backney-coachmen, chairmen, porters, boatmen, cartmen, and to the lighting and watching of the town. The borough of Liverpool sends two members to parliament, who are chosen by the votes of all the free burgesses of the place, not receiving alms. The number of these amounts to above two thousand. The freemen of Liverpool are also free of Bristol, and of Waterford and Wexford in Ireland. The corporation of Liverpool, though at present much in debt, is one of the richest in the kingdom, and there is scarcely one that can boast of a more exalted or respectable credit. But vast as its resources are, they have been most liberally employed in the improvement of the town, and this is done to an extent of which a stranger can scarcely form an adequate conception. The widening of Dale-street, the erection of the new Infirmary, the enlargement of the Haymarket, the new road leading through this area, the enclosure and pleasing decorations of Abercrombie-square, the building of the new market house, and the flagging of the streets with stones brought from a considerable distance, will furnish an eulogium more convincing than the language of letters can express. The township and manor of Liverpool formerly belonged to the family of Molyneux, and the corporation were only lessees of the manor; but about forty years since, they purchased the reversion of the estate, and, by this act, consolidated the fee in themselves. Possessed thus of the entire dominion over the property, they grant leases for three lives, and a term of twenty-one years certain, after the death of all. On this security the inhabitants expend large sums of money in buildings, full of confidence that the corporation will renew the lease on the death of the lives, by the nomination of others. It is on this tenure that a considerable portion of the corporation lands are held, and few instances have occurred in which the builders have had reason to complain that their confidence has been betrayed. Nor is the interest of the corporation, in this particular, detached from their honour, since a considerable portion of their large the fines which are paid on these rerevenues arises from 822 newals. In 1798, the gross income of the corporation was 27,048/., the net income 1,1107.; in 1814, the gross income was 48,4007., the net, 24,445l. ; in 1818, the gross was 73,3431. the net, 53,4647., since which period these sums have considerably increased. In 1798, the gross expenditure was 13,8417.; in 1814, 23,3437.; and in 1818, 39,0127. Among the various instance of public accommodation which the corporation of Liverpool have been anxious to promote, the names of the streets clearly and conspicuously painted, deserve particular notice. At stated periods these names are regularly renewed. They have undergone their periodical renovation during the present summer, and they exhibit to the travelling stranger a mark which he always beholds with peculiar gratification. These names of the streets are not merely placed at their extremities; wherever they are intersected by others, or, in short, wherever a turning is to be perceived, the names are again repeated. There is scarcely an angle in any of the streets in Liverpool, on which the name of every street that reaches the point is not conspicuously entered. The doing of this, during the present summer, is said to have cost the corporation 5007. On this point Liverpool holds out an example worthy the imitation of every town and city throughout the kingdom. Even the metropolis itself is not placed beyond the necessity of emendation. In passing through many streets, the names are so nearly obliterated by the smoke and filth which obscure the letters, that it is not always they strike the stranger's eye; and even when the discovery is made, the name is sometimes scarcely legible. In addition to this, many long streets have their names no where inserted but at the extremities, on which account the stranger travels on without a regular guide, and when in the same line of continuation, the streets change their names, should he be so unfortunate as not to catch the new appellation, he passes on without knowing the alteration that has taken place, and frequently wanders from the object which he has in view. Those who are about to exhibit the names of streets for public accommodation, might, with no small advantage, visit Liverpool. (To be concluded in our next.) 823 On Fear, Rashness, Anger, &c. Of Fear: the Vanity of it, and how to Master it. Rashness to be avoided; and something more on Anger. (Communicated by Almagro.) 1. I HAVE known many people, without any visible, or so much as probable danger, run raving up and down, as if they were stark mad, upon the bare apprehension of some imaginary mischief to befal them. The torment they endure is unspeakable; what betwixt the impression of a present, and apprehension of a mischief to come. There are many misfortunes which we create, and which have a being only in the imagination. There are others which threaten us, indeed, but afar off, and they will come soon enough of themselves, without being drawn on before their time. There are some persons so weak as to govern themselves by dreams and idle fancies, without any reasonable ground of conjecture at all; and to be startled at every foolish rumour. A word mistaken is enough to break their sleep; and the apprehension of a great man's displeasure puts them directly out of their wits; not so much for the displeasure itself as for the consequences of it. But these are vain thoughts, and the vainer the more troublesome. Truth has its measure and limits, but the imagination is boundless: and the main difference I find betwixt the suffering of a misfortune, and the expectation of it, is this: the grief for what hath befallen us, will be over; but the fear of what may befal us hath no end. 2. He that would deliver himself from the tyranny of fear, let him take for granted that what he fears will come to pass, and then enter into a computation upon the whole matter. Upon this deliberation he will certainly find, that the things he fears are nothing so terrible in themselves as in his false opinion of them. 'Tis a hard case for a man to be banished, or laid in irons, "Tis a terrible pain to be burnt alive. And yet we have many instances, not only of Christians, but infidels also, that have despised, and triumphed over all this; and more indeed than this amounts to. Stephen suffered death with a quiet constancy of mind, and prayed for his persecutors. Lawrence rejoiced 824 upon the gridiron, and braved the tyrant. The virgin Appollonia leaped into the fire. Anaxarchus was cheerful in the mortar, under the stroke of the hammer. Socrates took off his cup of poison, as if it had been a frolic, and drank a health to Critias. What is there now so terrible in the faggot, or the gibbet, or in the train of executioners, and officers of justice that attend it? Under this pomp and formality, which serves only to frighten fools, there lies Death; that which so many thousands of men, women, and children, have not only welcomed but courted. Set aside the noise, the hurry, and the disguise in these cases, and let every thing appear in its own shape, we shall find that there is nothing terrible in the matter, but the mere apprehension of it; and that it fares with us great boys as it does with little ones, our very nurses and our play-fellows, if they be but dressed up with a white sheet, or a vizard, are enough to put us out of our senses. Nay, we are the sillier children of the two kinds, for we are struck with a panic terror, not only at the counterfeit of a reality, but the very counterfeit of a counterfeit torments us." 3. Bring every particular to a common cause; and let every man say to himself, I have a frail and mortal body, liable to distempers, sickness, and, in the conclusion, to death itself. All this I have known from a child, and the many ill accidents that threaten me. What have I now to fear? bodily sickness? My soul will be the better for it. Poverty? My life will be the safer for it, and the sweeter for it. Loss of fortune? Why then farewell all the cares and dangers that accompany it. Loss of credit! If I suffer deservedly, I shall detest the cause, but approve the justice if wrongfully, my conscience will be my comforter. Shall I fear a repulse, or a disappointment? There never was a man but wanted something or other that he desired. Banishment? I'll travel, and banish myself. Loss of my eyes? It will deliver me from many temptations. What if men speak evil of me? It is but what they are used to do, and what I deserve. Shall I fear death? It is the very condition I came into the world upon. Well! but to die in a strange country? All countries are alike to him that hath |