I Varnishes No. 1 and 2 are dissolved by heat. No. 3 varnish :-first dissolve the shellac; then add the amber, and dissolve by heat. No. 4 varnish --boil the copal and drying oil until stiff; thin with turpentine, and strain.-No. 5 varnish dissolve. the oil of Table 150.--COMPOSITION OF SPIRIT VARNISHES. No. 13 Varnish. Varnish. Varnish. Varnish. Varnish. Varnish. Varnish. Varnish. Varnishes can be "paled" by adding 2 drachms of oxalic acid per pint of varnish. They can be coloured red with dragons' blood; brown, with logwood or madder; yellow, with aloes or gamboge; each digested in spirits and strained. Colourless Spirit Varnish.-Dissolve 5 oz. best shellac in a quart of rectified spirits of wine; boil for a few minutes with 10 oz. of good wellburnt animal charcoal; filter first through silk and then through blottingpaper. Colourless Spirit Varnish.-Dissolve bleached shellac in alcohol; when clear, pour off and add spirits of wine until the required thickness is obtained. Bleached shellac should be kept in the dark, and used immediately after bleaching. Black Varnish.-Melt 1 lb. amber and add pint hot linseed oil, and then add 3 oz. each of black resin and asphaltum; when nearly cold, add I pint oil of turpentine. Ebonising Wood.-Mix logwood, 2 lbs. ; tannic acid, 1 lb. ; sulphate of iron, 1 lb.; apply hot. Ebonising Wood.-Water, 2 gallons; logwood chips, 2 lbs.; black copperas, 1 lb.; logwood extract, 1 lb. ; indigo blue, 1 lb. ; lampblack, lb. ; boil, cool, and strain, and add oz. nut-galls. Brunswick Black.-Melt 4 lbs. asphaltum; add 1 quart boiled linseed oil, and 1 gallon oil of turpentine. To Remove Old Paint.-Use a strong solution of caustic soda. Another way is to use a mixture of 1 lb. pearlash and 3 lbs. quicklime and water; let it soak into the paint for 12 hours. Renovating Polish for Wood Work.-Olive oil, 1 lb. ; rectified oil of amber, 1 lb.; spirits of turpentine, 1 lb.; oil of lavender, 1 oz.; alkanet Y root,oz. Another renovating polish is-pale linseed oil, 2 pints; strong distilled vinegar, pint; spirit of turpentine, pint; muriatic acid, 1 oz. Stains for Wood.-Red.-Brazil wood, 11 parts; alum, 4 parts. Boil. Blue.-Logwood, 7 parts; blue vitriol, I part; water, 22 parts. Boil. Black.-Logwood, 9 parts; sulphate of iron, I part; water, 25 parts. Boil. Green.-Verdigris, I part; vinegar, 3 parts. Dissolve. Yellow.-French berries, 7 parts; water, 10 parts; alum, 1 part. Boil. Purple.-Logwood, II parts; alum, 3 parts; water, 29 parts. Boil. Walnut Stain.-Boil 2 quarts of water, add 3 oz. washing soda, and then, by a little at a time, add 5 oz. vandyke brown; when the foaming ceases, add oz. bichromate of potash. Brown Stain.-Dissolve permanganate of potash in water. Rosewood Stain.-Alcohol, 2 gallons; camwood, 3 lb. ; red sanders, 1 lb.; aquafortis, lb. Apply 3 coats: rub with sandpaper; grain with iron rust; shade with asphaltum, thinned with turpentine. In staining wood, depth of colour may be obtained by giving several coats of stain; rub down with fine sandpaper, and give two coats of size before varnishing. For dark wood-varnish with French polish, 1 part; brown hard varnish, 2 parts. For light wood-varnish with 2 parts white French polish, and 3 parts white hard varnish. Staining Floors.-Oak Stain. American potash, 2 oz. ; pearlash, 2 oz. ; water, I quart. Mahogany Stain.-Madder, 8 oz.; logwood chips, 2 oz.; boil in 1 gallon water, and apply hot. When dry, paint it over with a solution of-water, I quart; pearlash, 2 drachms; next, size and polish. Polishing Stained Floors.-After sizing, apply the following polish, viz.: white wax, 4 parts; yellow wax, 8 parts; castile soap, I part; soft water, 20 parts; turpentine, 20 parts; the soap to be melted in the water, the wax to be dissolved in the turpentine. Mix the whole, brush it on the floor, and well rub with a cloth pad. To Darken Mahogany.-Apply a solution of bichromate of potash. Green Varnish for Metals.-Bronze green-strong vinegar, 2 quarts; mineral green, 1 oz.; raw umber, 1 oz.; salammoniac, 1 oz.; gum arabic, 4 oz.; French berries, 1 oz.; copperas, 1 oz.; dissolve with gentle heat, cool, and filter. Green Transparent Varnish.-Chinese blue, 1 oz.; powdered chromate of potassa, 2 oz.; well ground and mixed; add a sufficient quantity of copal varnish and thin with turpentine. Waterproof Varnish.-Dissolve guttapercha, 4 oz., resin, 2 oz., in bisulphide of carbon, and add 2 lb. hot linseed oil varnish. Pattern Makers' Varnish.—Methylated spirit, I gallon; shellac, lb.; plumbago, lb.; dissolve and frequently stir. Varnish for Drawings.-Dissolve by gentle heat, 8 oz. sandarac in 32 oz. alcohol. Another is-Dissolve 2 lb. mastic and 2 lb. dammar in I gallon turpentine, without heat. The drawing to be first sized, with a strong solution of isinglass and hot water. WORKSHOP RECEIPTS. Composition for Taking Impressions and Casts.-4 parts black resin; 1 part yellow wax. Flexible Composition for Taking Impressions and Casts.—Glue, 12 parts; melt and add treacle, 3 parts. Modelling Clay.-Knead dry clay with glycerine. Modelling Wax.-Equal parts of beeswax, lead plaster, olive oil, and yellow resin; add whiting enough to make a paste. Flux for Brass.—1 oz. common soap; oz. quicklime; oz. saltpetre; mix into a ball, and place in the crucible when lifted out of the furnace. This is sufficient for about 50 lbs. of metal. Dusting for Moulds for Brass Work.-To produce castings with a clean face and fine skin: for light castings of brass and gun metal, after moulding, first dust the moulds with pea-meal, and on the top of same add a slight dust of plumbago. For heavy gun metal castings, dust only with plumbago. Plumbago Crucibles are made of 2 parts graphite and 1 part fire clay. Fire-clay Crucibles.-2 parts Stourbridge clay; 1 part finely powdered hard gas coke. Berlin Crucibles.-8 parts Stourbridge clay; 3 old crucibles ground finely; 5 coke; 4 graphite. To Prevent Castings Shaking after being Cast on to Wrought Iron--Split the end of the wrought iron bar, and well jag the same. To Remove Sand and Scale from Small Castings of Iron.Pickle for 14 hours in a solution of water, 4 parts; oil of vitriol, 1 part. To Clean the Surface of Copper.-Scour with muriatic acid and fine sand, and rinse with water. To Clean Tarnished Bronze and Brass Work.-Rub with a paste made of oxalic acid, 1 oz.; rottenstone, 6 oz. ; powdered gum arabic, oz.; sweet oil, 1 oz.; water sufficient to make a paste; rinse with water, and finish with whiting and leather. A golden colour may be given to clean brass by first pickling it, and dipping for a few seconds in a solution of water, muriatic acid, and alum. To Clean Silver.-Apply the following solution with a soft brush :cyanide of potassium, 4 drachms; nitrate of silver, 10 grains; water, 4 oz.; afterwards wash well with water, dry, and polish with soft wash leather. To Clean Silver.-Another method is to brush it, with a solution of water, and hyposulphate of soda. Polishing Brass Work in a Lathe.-Use old burnt crucibles, reduced to a fine powder. In Turning Very Hard Iron or Steel use a drip for the tool, of petroleum, 2 parts; turpentine, I part; and add a little camphor. Water Tests.—To ascertain if water is hard, put a few drops of soap dissolved in alcohol into a glass of water; if the water is hard, it will become milky. To ascertain if water contains iron, put a small piece of prussiate of potash into a glass of water; if the water contains iron, it will become a blue colour. To Remove Nuts which have Busted Fast on Bolts.—Make a funnel of clay round the nut, and fill it with petroleum, and let it remain for a few hours. To Prevent Lamp Glasses from Breaking.-Anneal, by placing the glass in cold water, with some common salt added; raise to a boiling heat, gently. Boil for 20 minutes, and allow to cool slowly; the glass not to be removed until the water is quite cold. Self-Lubricating Bearings.-In hard gun metal bushes,-bored and fitted to the shaft to bear properly all over,-drill 4 holes per superficial inch, each inch diameter x inch deep. The holes to be flat at the bottom, and to be spaced in zigzag rows, so that the holes in one row divide the spaces between the holes in the other row-and fill the holes with the following compound, viz. :-Melt 1 lb. solid paraffin, and add a small quantity each of litharge, dissolved isinglass, and sulphur; and then add 2 lb. fine plumbago, and mix thoroughly. Antifriction Lubricating Compound for the Bearings of Engines and Shafting, and for Cylinders.—Lubricating paraffin oil, 1 gallon; solid paraffin, 2 lb.; plumbago, finest, 2 lb.; melt and mix thoroughly. Axle Grease-Tallow, 8 lb.; palm oil, 1 gallon; mineral oil, 1 gallon; plumbago, 1 lb.; melt and mix. Axle Grease.-Water, 1 gallon; mineral oil, 1 gallon; tallow, 4 lbs. ; palm oil, 6 lb.; soda, lb.; melt and mix. Grease for Wood Toothed Wheels.—Make a thin mixture of soft soap, and plumbago. Machinery Oil.-A good oil for machinery consists of a mixture of good mineral oil, 15 gallons; rape oil, 6 gallons; lard oil, 4 gallons. To Preserve Steel Instruments from Rust.-Rub the steel with vaseline. Another receipt for the same purpose is :-Mix equal parts of olive oil and carbolic acid. Another receipt is:-Camphor, oz., dissolved inpint olive oil. Another receipt is: pint fat oil varnish, mixed with 2 pints rectified spirits of turpentine. To Preserve Metals from Rust use one of the following methods :— (1.) Cover with a mixture of white lead and tallow. (2.) Mixture of equal parts beeswax and ozokerit, melted together. (3.) Camphor, oz., dissolved in 1 lb. of melted lard; take off the scum and mix in as much black lead as will give it an iron colour. Coat with this mixture, and let it remain on for 24 hours; then wipe off with a linen cloth ;—or a better result will be got by leaving it on, if the articles are exposed to much. damp. (4.) Coat with a mixture of paraffin oil, solid paraffin, and black lead. To Refine Oil for Fine Mechanism.-Add equal parts of lead and zinc shavings to best olive oil, and leave it in a cool place until the oil becomes colourless. Waterproofing Canvas.-Water, 1 pint; hard yellow soap, 6 oz. ; when boiling, add 5 lb. boiled linseed oil and lb. patent dryers. Another method is to steep the canvas first in a solution of water, with 20 per cent. of soap, and afterwards into a solution containing 20 per cent. sulphate of copper. Waterproofing Calico.-Boiled linseed oil, 1 quart; soft soap, 1 oz.; beeswax, 1 oz.; the whole to be boiled down to three-fourths of its previous quantity. Another method is-hard yellow soap, 4 oz., cut into shavings, and beat with sufficient water to the consistency of cream; then stir it well into pint boiled linseed oil. Apply with a brush on one side of the calico only. Tarpaulin Dressing for Waterproofing Sheets for Railway Wagons and Carts, &c.—Linseed oil, 95 gallons; litharge, 8 lbs.; umber, 7 lb.; boil for 24 hours, and colour with vegetable black, 8 lbs. Waterproofing Brick Walls.—Soft paraffin wax, 2 lb.; shellac, lb.; powdered resin, lb.; benzoline spirit, 2 quarts; dissolve by gentle heat in a water bath; then add 1 gallon benzoline spirit; and apply warm. Being very inflammable, keep it away from fire. Waterproofing Woollen Cloth.-Mix lb. alum and lb. sugar of lead in 2 gallons of rain water; stir up repeatedly at intervals during 3 hours; then allow to settle, and pour off the clear solution, in which immerse the cloth for 24 hours; after which let the cloth drip and dry, without wringing. Another method is to dissolve equal parts of isinglass, alum, and soap in water; each to be dissolved separately, and then all well mixed together; brush the solution on the wrong side of the cloth, and dry; afterwards brush the cloth well first with a dry brush, and then brush lightly with a brush dipped in rain water, and dry. Another process is:— boil the cloth in a solution of water, 1 gallon; soap, 2 oz.; glue, 4 oz., for several hours; afterwards wring and dry; and then steep for 10 hours in a solution of water, 1 gallon; alum, 13 oz.; salt. 15 oz.; wring and dry at 80° temperature. Waterproofing Packing Paper.-First dissolve 1 lb. of white soap. in 1 quart water; next dissolve 2 oz. of gum arabic and 5 oz. glue in a quart of water; mix the two solutions and heat; soak the paper in the mixture and hang up to dry. Waterproof Dressing for Leather.-Beeswax, 1 oz.; powdered resin, 1 oz.; soap, 3 oz.; castor oil, 1 pint; boiled oil, 1 quart; boil, and afterwards thin to proper consistency with warm oil of turpentine. Mixture for Preserving Leather Belts.-First wash the belt with warm water, and apply a mixture of castor oil, 2 quarts; tallow, 1 lb. ; powdered resin, 1 oz. ; hard soap, 2 oz.; melt and mix. Dubbing.-Black resin, 2 lbs. ; tallow, 1 lb.; train oil, 1 gallon. |