sixth or last pavilion is designed for special diseases, and the wards are therefore smaller. The floors of the wards are laid with wainscot as being non-absorbent, and tongued with hoop iron, and prepared for waxing and polishing; the walls are plastered with Parian cement with the same object, the finishing coat of which is tinted to avoid the glare of the white. The windows are constructed in three divisions, the lower part being hung to open in the usual way, and the upper sash drops to the depth of the transom. They are glazed with plate glass. 2975f. The general entrance to the hospital is placed in the centre, and the hall forms the substructure of the chapel. Near to it is the kitchen department. On the first floor are the resident medical officer's department, two operating theatres, &c., placed between the ends of the blocks next the side public thoroughfare. The administrative department is placed at the end, adjoining the bridge, in a detached building, and comprises the governors' hall, committee room, countinghouse, clerk and surveyor's offices, the treasurer's residence, and many other apartments necessarily required for so large an establishment. The training institution for nurses adjoins the matron's residence between the first and second wards, and affords accommodation for forty probationers, each having a separate bedroom. 2975g. The Warming and Ventilating Arrangements.— For the latter, the natural system is depended upon as much as possible, but in order to change the air during cold and boisterous weather and at night, a main extracting shaft is carried up in the well-hole of the staircase, and in this is placed the smoke flue from the boiler, consisting of a wrought iron tube 15 in. in diameter. In the upper part of this shaft is also placed the hot-water cistern. Shafts are carried from the ends of all the wards, both at the ceiling and floor level, and from the centre of the stove hereafter mentioned, communicating with a horizontal trunk in the roof, which trunk is connected with the heated shaft previously referred to. To replace the air thus extracted, fresh air is introduced by means of zinc tubes laid between the "Dennett arching" and the floor boards, communicating with the stoves and hot-water coils, the whole admitting of regulation by valves. The wards generally are warmed by three open fireplaces, aided in cold weather by an auxiliary system of hot water. These stand in the middle of the wards with vertical shafts, an inner one of wrought iron 15 in. diameter, and an outer case of cast iron, the space between forming a ventilating shaft, which is connected with the main trunk in the roof. The smoke tube is carried down to the basement, from whence it can be swept. The ventilation of the lavatories and water closets is entirely independent of the wards, and is carried up the shaft in the river turret. That of the medical museum and school buildings, placed beyond the hospital buildings, is on the same general principle, the ventilating and smoke shaft being contained in the tower at the southern end of the building. There is an hydraulic lift to each pavilion. For the numerous other details the student must be referred to the paper itself, which contains a plan and perspective view of this admirably designed building. 2975h. VILLAGE HOSPITALS. Each village ought to have the means of accommodating instantly, or at a few hours' notice, say four cases of infectious disease, in at least two separate rooms, without requiring their removal to a distance. A decent four-room or six-room cottage, at the disposal of the authorities, would answer the purpose. When such provision as this has been made, and cases of disease in excess of the accommodation occur, the sick should not be crowded together, but temporary further provision be made for them. The most rapid and the cheapest way of obtaining this further accommodation may often be to hire other neighbouring cottages; or in default of this, tents or huts might be erected upon adjacent ground. The regulation bell tent is 14 feet diameter, 10 feet in height, the area of base 54 square and 1 foot, and cubic space 513 feet. The regulation hospital marquée is 29 feet long, 14 feet wide, with side walls 5 feet 4 in.; height to ridge 11 feet 8 in., giving a cubic capacity of a little over 3,000 feet. 2975i. CONVALESCENT HOSPITALS, erected in the country for the recovery of patients after they have been treated for their diseases in town hospitals, and then only requiring a short time of change and fresh air before returning to work, are now considered desirable adjuncts to hospital treatment. SECT. XVII. INFIRMARIES, 2976. The word infirmary appears to have two opposite meanings. In one it designates a place for aged, blind, or impotent persons; the other, a place for the cure of wounded or diseased persons: such are hospitals, which buildings were originally called infirmaries. The infirmary proper is the place appropriated to the sick in a large establishment, such as an asylum, a prison, a workhouse, or a school. Greenwich Hospital has an infirmary attached to it. 2976a. Workhouse infirmaries were until lately greatly condemned for the want of accommodation; the want of classification and separation; imperfect ventilation, owing to the insufficient supply of cubic space, sometimes aggravated by essential defects in construction; 500 cubic feet per bed only being provided where 1,000 feet at least is required; insufficient washing arrangements; and other comforts for the patients, as well as for the nurses, and officers neglected. 29766. The requirements of the Local Government Board at Whitehall for a provincial workhouse sick ward or infirmary, comprise a separate building from the workhouse itself. The sick should be divided into: 1. Ordinary sick of both sexes; 2. Lying-in women, with a separate labour room adjoining the lying-in ward; 3. Itch cases of both sexes; 4. Dirty and offensive cases of both sexes; 5. Venereal cases of both sexes; 6. Children of both sexes; and, lastly, 7. Fever and small-pox cases of both sexes. Classes 1 to 6 may be accommodated in the infirmary; separate entrances for 3 and 5; a detached building with separate rooms for 7. In the case of large infectious wards, there should be a detached washhouse, otherwise a shed containing a copper, in which the linen may be disinfected by boiling before being taken to the general laundry. The length of dormitory wards should be calculated according to the following minimum wall-space for each bed, in addition to that occupied by doors or fireplaces, viz. for inmates in health, adults 4 feet; women with infants 5 feet; children, single beds 33 feet, double beds 5 feet; and for sick, itch, and venereal cases, 6 feet; for lying-in, offensive, fever, and small-pox cases, 8 feet. The day rooms should afford accommodation for not less than one-half of those who occupy the day and night rooms. A minimum of 20 feet floor space should be allowed for each sick person. Sick wards should be 20 feet wide and 10 to 12 feet in height. Infectious wards should be 20 feet wide and 12 feet in height, and should have external windows on their opposite sides. The gangways should be in the centre of the wards; but if a sick ward holds only one row of beds, which is not recommended, it should be at least 12 feet in width and have the gangway and fireplace on the side opposite to the beds. The dimensions above given are considered the most economical, and at the same time the most convenient for the various classes of wards. But where they are not so constructed, there should be In ordinary dormitories In sick wards Floor space. 36 feet 60 Cubic space. 600 960 In lying-in, offensive, and infectious wards 80 One room or a suite of rooms communicating by a gangway should rarely exceed 90 feet in length. Such a room or suite of rooms may be connected with a similar suite in the same line by the central part of the building, in which would be placed the apartments of the nurses and other offices; or they may be placed in blocks, parallel or otherwise, connected by.a corridor. Nurses' rooms and suitable kitchens and sculleries should be provided. Special means of ventilation, apart from the usual means of doors, windows, and fireplaces, should be provided. Air bricks are suggested, 9 in. by 3 in. or 9 in. by 6 in., covered on the inside with metal, having perforations of about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, inserted about 8 feet or 10 feet apart in the upper and lower parts of the external wall. The lower set may be fitted with hit-and-miss gratings, made to lock so that they may be regulated only by the proper authorities. Ventilating fireplaces are useful. Where hotwater pipes are used, they should run round the wards, and a portion of the fresh air pass over them, If no other system of warming be adopted, fireplaces should be provided in all inhabited rooms, say a fireplace to each 30 feet of length. The walls of all sick wards should be plastered internally. 2976c. The infirmary for the Central London District Schools at Hanwell, designed 1865 by Mr. Gale, accommodates 100 children of each sex. It forms three sides of a quadrangle and consists of ten wards, five on each floor. Each ward has a nurses' room, two fireplaces, and set of bath room, water-closets, &c.; six of the wards have double sets with two entrances for the convenience of subdivision. The corridors are all provided with open fire. places and draw-off sinks, with supply of hot and cold water. In each corridor, at a central point between the various wards, is a lift by which provisions, &c., are sent up direct from the kitchen. The windows of the corridors overlook the central airing court, which is used as a recreation ground for convalescent patients, and is open to the south. Under the wards are the offices, the kitchen having a central position, and in connection with it are the lifts, scullery, stores, coals, &c. At the entrance lobby on one side are the surgery, surgeon's examination room, visitors' waiting room; and on the other, the washhouse, coal stores, &c. A dead house, with accommodation for post-mortem examinations, is placed contiguous to the building. Ventilation to the wards is obtained from the outside by sliding regulators under the control of the nurses, and the vitiated air is carried off by circular apertures in the ceiling at each end of the ward communicating with air shafts carried up with the chimneys. In each of these apertures is a small gas jet kept constantly burning to assist the ventilation, and it also affords a diffused light to the ward at night. All the wards, corridors, and offices are supplied with pipes heated by steam from the boilers of the school. 2976d. The infirmary at Blackburn, erected 1858 by Messrs. Smith and Turnbull, may be described as arranged on the pavilion principle, consisting of a main corridor, on each side of which are placed eight wards alternating, each holding 8 beds in a ward, with their own set of bath rooms and water-closets. In the middle and separating the set is the building devoted to a chapel, the necessary offices and apartments, and the operating room, with two wards of four beds in each. SECT. XVIII. PRISONS. 2977. In considerable cities and towns, humanity, and indeed justice, demands, independent of the injury done to the morals of the public, that the same building which confines the convicted felon should not enclose the debtor and the untried prisoner, as well as him whose offence is not of an aggravated nature. Where there is a mixture of the several classes of those that have violated the laws, they that are young soon become infected by the old offenders with whom they come in contact, and return to society, after undergoing their punishment, much worse members of it than before their incarceration. In small towns, where there is only one, perhaps small, prison, the separation of the prisoners is more difficult to accomplish; but it ought always to be obtained. We hardly need say that the separation of the sexes in a prison is indispensable. 2978. For whatever class of prisoners a building is erected, salubrity and ventilation are as essential as the security of those confined. The loss of liberty is itself a punishment hard to endure, without superadding the risk of disease and death in their train, to persons who may be even innocent of the crimes with which they are charged. Besides which, the disease engendered in a gaol called the pr.son fever may spread into the city and carry off its inhabitants. 2979. We shall here place before the student the principal requisites which the celebrated Howard has specified for prisons. A county gaol, "and indeed every prison, should be built on a spot that is airy, and, if possible, near a river or brook. I have commonly found prisons near a river the cleanest and most healthy. They generally have not (and indeed could not well have) subterraneous dungeons, which have been so fatal to thousands; and by their nearness to running water another evil almost as noxious is prevented, that is, the stench of sewers. I said a gaol should be near a stream; but I must annex this caution, that it be not so near as that either the house or yard shall be within the reach of floods." ... "If it be not practicable to build near a stream, then an eminence should be chosen; for as the wall round a prison should be so high as greatly to obstruct a free circulation of air, this inconvenience should be lessened by rising ground, and the prison should not be surrounded by other buildings, nor built in the middle of a town or city. That part of the building which is detached from the walls, and contains the men felons' wards, may be square or rectangular, raised on arcades that it may be more airy, and have under it a dry walk in wet weather. These wards over arcades are also best for safety; for I have found that escapes have been most commonly effected by undermining cells and dungeons. If felons should find any other means to break out of the raised ward, they will still be stopped by the wall of the court, which is the principal security; and the walls of the wards need not then be of that great thickness they are generally built, whereby the access of light and air is impeded. I wish to have so many small rooms or cabins that each criminal may sleep alone; these rooms to be ten feet high to the crown of the arch, and to have double doors, one of them iron-latticed for the circulation of air. If it be difficult to prevent their being together in the daytime, they should by all means be separated at night. Solitude and silence are favourable to reflection, and may possibly lead to repentance." "The separation I am pleading for, especially at night, would prevent escapes, or make them very difficult, for that is the time in which they are generally planned and effected. Another reason for separation is, that it would free gaolers from a difficulty of which I have heard them complain; they hardly know where to keep criminals admitted to be evidence for the king; these would be murdered by their accomplices if put among them, and in more than one prison I have seen them for that reason put in the women's ward. Where there are opposite windows they should have shutters, but these should be open all day. In the men felons' ward the windows should be six feet from the floor; there should be no glass, nor should the prisoners be allowed to stop them with straw, &c. The women felons' ward should be quite distinct from that of the men, and the young criminals from old and hardened offenders. Each of these three classes should also have their day room or kitchen with a fireplace, and their court and offices all separate. Every court should be paved with flags or flat stones for the more convenient washing it, and have a good pump or water laid on, both if possible; and the pump and pipes should be repaired as soon as they need it, otherwise the gaols will soon be offensive and unwholesome, as I have always found them to be in such cases. A small stream constantly running in the court is very desirable. In a room or shed near the pump or pipe there should be a commodious bath, with steps (as there is in some country hospitals), to wash prisoners that come in dirty, and to induce them afterwards to the frequent use of it. It should be filled every morning, and let off in the evening through the sewers into the drains. There should also be a copper in the shed to heat a quantity of water sufficient to warm that in the bath for those that are sickly. There should also be an oven: nothing so effectually destroys vermin in clothes and bedding, nor purifies them so thoroughly when tainted with infection, as being a few hours in an oven moderately heated. The infirmary or sick ward should be in the most airy part of the court, quite detached from the rest of the gaol, and raised on arcades. These rooms should never be without crib-beds and bedding. In the middle of the floor of each room there should be a grate of twelve or fourteen inches square, covered with a shutter or hatch at night. The sewers or vaults of all prisons should be in the courts, and not in the passages, and (like those in colleges) close boarded between the seats up to the ceiling, the boards projecting ten inches before each seat. The infirmary and sheds will not render the court unsafe, provided the walls have parapets or small chevaux de frise. Debtors and felons should have wards totally separate; the peace, the cleanliness, the health and morals of debtors cannot be secured otherwise. The ward for men debtors should also be over arcades, and placed on one side of the gaoler's house. This house should be in or near the middle of the gaol, with windows to the felons' and to the debtors' courts. This would be a check on the prisoners to keep them in order, and would engage the gaoler to be attentive to cleanliness and constant washing to prevent his own apartments from being offensive. A chapel is necessary in a gaol. I have chosen for it what seems to me a proper situation. It should have a gallery for debtors or women; for the latter should be out of sight of all the other prisoners, and the rest may be separated below." Society owes a debt of infinite magnitude to the benevolent man from whom the foregoing quotation has been taken. 2980. The above general principles are excellent, and are followed in all gaols of modern construction. The tread-mill formerly introduced for punishment, is now discarded, but workshops for trades have been much introduced, to avoid the idleness of the prisoners, and to pay somewhat for their keep. 2981. One of the most celebrated prisons on a panoptical system in Europe is the celebrated house of correction at Ghent. It is situated on the north side of that city, on the Coupure canal, which is bordered by a double row of large trees. A plate of the plan is given, in No. 28. Durand's Parallèle d'Édifices. It was begun in 1773, under the reign of Maria Theresa, and is in the form of a slightly elongated octagon, in the centre of which is a spacious court, which communicates with the different quadrangles of the edifice. Each quadrangle or ward (eight in number) has a yard, and in the centre of that, belonging to the female ward, is a large basin of water, in which the female prisorers wash the linen of the whole establishment. Each prisoner sleeps alone, in a small but well-aired room, and is employed during the day in working at the trade or business to which he or she is competent. Of the produce of such labour, government retains one half when the prisoners are detained merely for correction, six tenths when condemned to a term of imprisonment under martial law, and seven tenths when they have been sentenced to hard labour. The remainder is divided into two portions, one given weekly to the prisoners for pocket money, the other given to them on the expiry of their imprisonment, to assist their reestablishment in society. Religious service and instruction are provided; and if prisoners are destitute of the first elements of knowledge, they are taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, besides receiving other instruction. Solitary confinement is the punishment for insubordination or refractory conduct. The shops for refreshments sold to the prisoners are strictly regulated by the officers of the institution; and the profits resulting from the sale of the different articles are reserved for rewarding the most industrious and bestbehaved prisoners. The new part of the building, designed 1824 by Mons. Roelandt, cost 40,000l. sterling; the whole edifice will contain upwards of 2.600 prisoners, half only being usually in detention at one time. The defect of the institution lies in the reception of unfortunate and criminal persons of all descriptions, from the simple mendicant to the hardened murderer. It is true that those confined for heinous crimes are separated from those who have been guilty of misdemeanours; but the knowledge, on the part of all its inmates, that they to a certain extent are considered in the same predicament, must necessarily so operate on their minds as to throw down the barriers between misfortune and crime, as well as between those who are only commencing a guilty course and those who have consummated their vicious career. 2981a. One of the latest prisons erected for the metropolis is the Model or Pentonville Prison in the Caledonian Road, erected 1840-42 by Major R. Jebb for 1,000 prisoners, and to which additions have lately been made. A Report was published at the time giving all the details of the cells, which are 13 feet by 7 feet by 9 feet high and intended for solitary confinement. Another, the new City Prison, in the Camden Road, erected 1849-52, by the late City architect, Mr. J. B. Bunning, has 418 cells. It is constructed on the radiating principle, having four wings diverging from the centre, with two others in front of the former. Each is twelve cells in length, or about 100 feet long and three stories high. The corridors are 16 feet wide, and are open up to the arched ceiling, with galleries leading to the upper cells. 2981b. Prison discipline is a problem the wisest of our legislators have not yet been able to solve. When Pentonville Prison was erected it was thought that complete separation, by its severity, would lessen crime. The result, however, has scarcely justified the belief. The Government have had ample opportunity of forming an opinion upon the merits of the separate system, consequently about 1851 some relaxation was made, and about ten per cent. were placed in association. The City authorities adopted a middle course, and they have the means of confining the vicious in separate cells; and have sufficient number of work rooms for classified association. SECT. XIX. BARRACKS. 2982. Barracks or buildings for the reception of the military, require little to be said, inasmuch as in respect of healthy situation, perfect ventilation, and security against fire, the principles which chiefly regulate the disposition and distribution of a hospital are equally applicable in building barracks, which are in truth, hospitia for the reception of men in health instead of sick persons. Private soldiers in barracks, however, usually sleep on inclined planes, raised from the floor, and at the head abutting against the wall, instead of being provided with separate beds. In Paris there are no less than thirty buildings used as barracks. The details necessary to be provided are a canteen or a public house, for the use of the privates and non-commissioned officers; a spacious mess-room and separate apartments for the officers, and an infirmary. In cavalry barracks, proper stabling and a riding-house of large dimensions must of course be added. For cleanliness, all the yards should be paved, and the utmost precaution taken for carrying off all filth and waste water by means of drainage into a sewer, having a considerable fall from the place. This will, as much as anything, tend to the healthiness of the building. A valuable Report by a Commission on this subject was issued in 1855. SECT. XX. PRIVATE BUILDINGS-GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 2983. Private buildings differ in their proper character from public buildings as much as one public building differs in character from another not of the same kind. The ends in both, however, in common, are suitableness and utility. The means are the same, namely, the observance of convenience and economy. The same elements are used in the formation of one as of the other; hence they are subject to the same principles and the same mechanical composition. Distribution, which is usually treated distinct from decoration and construction, and very improperly so, as applied to private edifices, is conducted as for public buildings, that is, as we have said, with a view to utility and economy. 2984. If the student thoroughly understand the true principles of architecture,—if he possess the facility of combining the different elements of buildings, or, in other words, fully comprehend the mechanism of composition, which it has in a previous part of this Book (III) been our object to explain, nothing will remain for him in the composition of private buildings, but to study the special or particular conveniences required in each. There are some quaint old aphorisms of Dr. Fuller, prebendary of Sarum, which are so |