On the Main Drainage of London, and the Interception of the Sewage from the River Thames ... |
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18 feet 30 feet 9 feet Abbey Mills adopted aqueduct Barking Creek beam engines boiler-house boilers branch brickwork Canal carried channels coal stores Commissioners of Sewers Commissions of Sewers concrete constructed Cremorne Gardens culverts Deptford Creek depth district drainage of London drains embankment executed fall feet 6 inches feet in diameter feet per mile floods formed gravel gravitation Grosvenor Canal ground High Level Sewer high water inches in diameter intercepting sewers invert iron laid large number lifted line of sewer Low Level Sewer low water lower Main Drainage Main Line Main Sewers Majesty marshes Messrs metropolis Metropolitan Board Middle Level Sewers North London Railway North side Northern Outfall Sewer outlet pass penstocks pipes plungers portion pump-wells pumping station quantity of sewage Railway rainfall Regent's Canal reservoir River Lea Road sand sayd sewage sluice South side square miles Stephenson and Sir Street surface Thames tunnel varies weirs William Cubitt wrought-iron
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Seite 10 - According to the system which it was sought to improve, the London Main Sewers fell into the valley of the Thames, and most of . them, passing under the low grounds on the margin of the river before they reached it, discharged their contents into that river at or about the level, and at the time of low water only. As the tide rose it closed the outlets, and ponded back the sewage flowing from the high grounds ; this accumulated in the lowlying portions of the sewers, where it remained stagnant in...
Seite 14 - The habits of the population in various parts of London are indicated by the flow of sewage through the sewers ; the maximum flow in the more fashionable districts of the West end being two or three hours later than from the East end. Taking, as before, a liberal margin beyond the results of actual measurements, provision has been made for one-half of the sewage to flow off within six hours of the day ; and thus the maximum quantity of sewage, likely hereafter to enter the sewers at various parts...
Seite 37 - The sum for defraying the cost of these works is raised by loan, and paid off by a 3d. rate levied in the metropolis, which produces £180,262 per annum, the rateable value being £14,421,011, and the principal and interest of the loan will be paid off in forty years.
Seite 5 - Up to about the year 1815 it was penal to discharge sewage or other offensive matters into the sewers. Cesspools were regarded as the proper receptacles for house drainage, and sewers as the legitimate channels for carrying off surface waters only ; afterwards it became permissive, and in the year 1847 the first Act was obtained making it compulsory to drain houses into the streets.
Seite 21 - Sewer, besides intercepting the sewage from the low level area, which contains 11 square miles, is also the main outlet for a district of about 14£ square miles, forming the western suburb of London, which is so low, that its sewage has to be lifted at Chelsea a height of 17£ feet, into the upper end of the Low Level Sewer.
Seite 28 - Sewer, but the upper one hanging free, in order to serve as a tide-flap, and allow of the exit of the sewage into the Creek, when it rises in the sewer to a sufficient altitude. In cases of heavy floods, however, the lower flap can be opened, to admit of a free and full discharge from the sewers into the Creek. The entrances to the iron pipes are in troughs, or sumps, in the large sewers, a short distance within or behind the outlet flaps, and are fitted with penstocks, to shut off the sewage from...
Seite 12 - August, 9i miles below Barking Creek, being a distance of 16 miles during the falling off of spring tides to neap tides. The excess of ebbs over the floods would in this case have been about 7 miles in fourteen days. The wind and other causes would vary the result, but it may be roughly assumed, that a substance in suspension works up the river about 1 mile a day at each high water as the springs strengthen, and down the river 2 miles a day as they fall off.
Seite 36 - Ibs., on 1 ^ square inch, seven days after being made in an iron mould, and immersed in water during the interval of seven days.
Seite 17 - Upper Level Sewer, and their aggregate stream will flow through the Northern Outfall Sewer, which is carried on a concrete embankment across the marshes to Barking Creek, and there discharges into the river by gravitation. On the South side, the three intercepting lines unite at Deptford Creek, and the contents of the Low Level Sewer are there pumped to the Upper Level, and the united streams of all three flow in one channel through Woolwich to Crossness Point in Erith Marshes. Here the full volume...
Seite 16 - ... of an inch per day, during the six hours of the maximum flow, there would not be more than twelve days in a year on which the sewers would be overcharged, and then only for short periods during such days. But exceptional rain-storms must be provided for, however rare their occurrence, or they would deluge the property on which they fell. As it would not have been wise, or practicable, to have increased the sizes of the intercepting sewers much beyond their present dimensions, in order to carry...